386 lines
54 KiB
HTML
386 lines
54 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<!--
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Copyright 2012 Mozilla Foundation
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Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
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you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
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You may obtain a copy of the License at
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http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
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Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
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distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
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WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
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See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
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limitations under the License.
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Adobe CMap resources are covered by their own copyright but the same license:
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Copyright 1990-2015 Adobe Systems Incorporated.
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See https://github.com/adobe-type-tools/cmap-resources
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-->
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<html dir="ltr" mozdisallowselectionprint=""><head>
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<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
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<meta charset="utf-8">
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1">
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<meta name="google" content="notranslate">
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<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
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<title>PDF.js viewer</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="viewer_data/viewer.css">
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<!-- This snippet is used in production (included from viewer.html) -->
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<link rel="resource" type="application/l10n" href="https://cienciasagricolas.inifap.gob.mx/plugins/generic/pdfJsViewer/pdf.js/web/locale/locale.properties">
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<script src="viewer_data/pdf.js"></script>
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<script src="viewer_data/viewer.js"></script>
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</head>
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<body tabindex="1" class="">
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<div id="outerContainer">
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<div id="sidebarContainer">
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<div id="toolbarSidebar">
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<div class="splitToolbarButton toggled">
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<button id="viewThumbnail" class="toolbarButton toggled" title="Mostrar miniaturas" tabindex="2" data-l10n-id="thumbs">
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<span data-l10n-id="thumbs_label">Miniaturas</span>
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</button>
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<button id="viewOutline" class="toolbarButton" title="Mostrar resumen del documento (doble clic para expandir/contraer todos los elementos)" tabindex="3" data-l10n-id="document_outline" disabled="disabled">
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<span data-l10n-id="document_outline_label">Resumen de documento</span>
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</button>
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<button id="viewAttachments" class="toolbarButton" title="Mostrar adjuntos" tabindex="4" data-l10n-id="attachments" disabled="disabled">
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<span data-l10n-id="attachments_label">Adjuntos</span>
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</button>
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<button id="viewLayers" class="toolbarButton pdfSidebarNotification" title="Show Layers (double-click to reset all layers to the default state)" tabindex="5" data-l10n-id="layers">
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<span data-l10n-id="layers_label">Layers</span>
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</button>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div id="sidebarContent">
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<div id="thumbnailView"><a href="#page=1" title="Página 1"><div class="thumbnail selected" data-page-number="1"><div class="thumbnailSelectionRing" style="width: 100px; height: 128px;"></div></div></a><a href="#page=2" title="Página 2"><div class="thumbnail" data-page-number="2"><div class="thumbnailSelectionRing" style="width: 100px; height: 128px;"></div></div></a><a href="#page=3" title="Página 3"><div class="thumbnail" data-page-number="3"><div class="thumbnailSelectionRing" style="width: 100px; height: 128px;"></div></div></a><a href="#page=4" title="Página 4"><div class="thumbnail" data-page-number="4"><div class="thumbnailSelectionRing" style="width: 100px; height: 128px;"></div></div></a><a href="#page=5" title="Página 5"><div class="thumbnail" data-page-number="5"><div class="thumbnailSelectionRing" style="width: 100px; height: 128px;"></div></div></a><a href="#page=6" title="Página 6"><div class="thumbnail" data-page-number="6"><div class="thumbnailSelectionRing" style="width: 100px; height: 128px;"></div></div></a><a href="#page=7" title="Página 7"><div class="thumbnail" data-page-number="7"><div class="thumbnailSelectionRing" style="width: 100px; height: 128px;"></div></div></a><a href="#page=8" title="Página 8"><div class="thumbnail" data-page-number="8"><div class="thumbnailSelectionRing" style="width: 100px; height: 128px;"></div></div></a><a href="#page=9" title="Página 9"><div class="thumbnail" data-page-number="9"><div class="thumbnailSelectionRing" style="width: 100px; height: 128px;"></div></div></a><a href="#page=10" title="Página 1"><div class="thumbnail" data-page-number="10"><div class="thumbnailSelectionRing" style="width: 100px; height: 128px;"></div></div></a></div>
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<div id="outlineView" class="hidden"></div>
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<div id="attachmentsView" class="hidden"></div>
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<div id="layersView" class="hidden treeWithDeepNesting"><div class="treeItem"><div class="treeItemToggler treeItemsHidden"></div><a style="font-style: italic;">Additional Layers</a><div class="treeItems"><div class="treeItem"><a><input type="checkbox" id="187R" checked="checked"><label for="187R">Background</label></a></div><div class="treeItem"><a><input type="checkbox" id="188R" checked="checked"><label for="188R">Headers/Footers</label></a></div></div></div></div>
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</div>
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<div id="sidebarResizer" class=""></div>
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</div> <!-- sidebarContainer -->
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<div id="mainContainer">
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<div class="findbar hidden doorHanger" id="findbar">
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<div id="findbarInputContainer">
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<input id="findInput" class="toolbarField" title="Buscar" placeholder="Buscar en el documento…" tabindex="91" data-l10n-id="find_input">
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<div class="splitToolbarButton">
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<button id="findPrevious" class="toolbarButton findPrevious" title="Encontrar la anterior aparición de la frase" tabindex="92" data-l10n-id="find_previous">
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<span data-l10n-id="find_previous_label">Anterior</span>
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</button>
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<div class="splitToolbarButtonSeparator"></div>
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<button id="findNext" class="toolbarButton findNext" title="Encontrar la siguiente aparición de esta frase" tabindex="93" data-l10n-id="find_next">
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<span data-l10n-id="find_next_label">Siguiente</span>
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</button>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div id="findbarOptionsOneContainer">
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<input type="checkbox" id="findHighlightAll" class="toolbarField" tabindex="94">
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<label for="findHighlightAll" class="toolbarLabel" data-l10n-id="find_highlight">Resaltar todos</label>
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<input type="checkbox" id="findMatchCase" class="toolbarField" tabindex="95">
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<label for="findMatchCase" class="toolbarLabel" data-l10n-id="find_match_case_label">Coincidencia de mayús./minús.</label>
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</div>
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<div id="findbarOptionsTwoContainer">
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<input type="checkbox" id="findEntireWord" class="toolbarField" tabindex="96">
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<label for="findEntireWord" class="toolbarLabel" data-l10n-id="find_entire_word_label">Palabras completas</label>
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<span id="findResultsCount" class="toolbarLabel hidden"></span>
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</div>
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<div id="findbarMessageContainer">
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<span id="findMsg" class="toolbarLabel"></span>
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</div>
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</div> <!-- findbar -->
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<div id="secondaryToolbar" class="secondaryToolbar hidden doorHangerRight">
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<div id="secondaryToolbarButtonContainer">
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<button id="secondaryPresentationMode" class="secondaryToolbarButton presentationMode visibleLargeView" title="Cambiar al modo presentación" tabindex="51" data-l10n-id="presentation_mode">
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<span data-l10n-id="presentation_mode_label">Modo presentación</span>
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</button>
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<button id="secondaryOpenFile" class="secondaryToolbarButton openFile visibleLargeView" title="Abrir archivo" tabindex="52" data-l10n-id="open_file">
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<span data-l10n-id="open_file_label">Abrir</span>
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</button>
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<button id="secondaryPrint" class="secondaryToolbarButton print visibleMediumView" title="Imprimir" tabindex="53" data-l10n-id="print">
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<span data-l10n-id="print_label">Imprimir</span>
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</button>
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<button id="secondaryDownload" class="secondaryToolbarButton download visibleMediumView" title="Descargar" tabindex="54" data-l10n-id="download">
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<span data-l10n-id="download_label">Descargar</span>
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</button>
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<a href="#page=1&zoom=auto,-104,792" id="secondaryViewBookmark" class="secondaryToolbarButton bookmark visibleSmallView" title="Vista actual (copiar o abrir en una nueva ventana)" tabindex="55" data-l10n-id="bookmark">
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<span data-l10n-id="bookmark_label">Vista actual</span>
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</a>
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<div class="horizontalToolbarSeparator visibleLargeView"></div>
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<button id="firstPage" class="secondaryToolbarButton firstPage" title="Ir a la primera página" tabindex="56" data-l10n-id="first_page" disabled="disabled">
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<span data-l10n-id="first_page_label">Ir a la primera página</span>
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</button>
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<button id="lastPage" class="secondaryToolbarButton lastPage" title="Ir a la última página" tabindex="57" data-l10n-id="last_page">
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<span data-l10n-id="last_page_label">Ir a la última página</span>
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</button>
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<div class="horizontalToolbarSeparator"></div>
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<button id="pageRotateCw" class="secondaryToolbarButton rotateCw" title="Rotar en sentido horario" tabindex="58" data-l10n-id="page_rotate_cw">
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<span data-l10n-id="page_rotate_cw_label">Rotar en sentido horario</span>
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</button>
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<button id="pageRotateCcw" class="secondaryToolbarButton rotateCcw" title="Rotar en sentido antihorario" tabindex="59" data-l10n-id="page_rotate_ccw">
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<span data-l10n-id="page_rotate_ccw_label">Rotar en sentido antihorario</span>
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</button>
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<div class="horizontalToolbarSeparator"></div>
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<button id="cursorSelectTool" class="secondaryToolbarButton selectTool toggled" title="Activar herramienta de selección de texto" tabindex="60" data-l10n-id="cursor_text_select_tool">
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<span data-l10n-id="cursor_text_select_tool_label">Herramienta de selección de texto</span>
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</button>
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<button id="cursorHandTool" class="secondaryToolbarButton handTool" title="Activar herramienta de mano" tabindex="61" data-l10n-id="cursor_hand_tool">
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<span data-l10n-id="cursor_hand_tool_label">Herramienta de mano</span>
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</button>
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<div class="horizontalToolbarSeparator"></div>
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<button id="scrollVertical" class="secondaryToolbarButton scrollModeButtons scrollVertical toggled" title="Usar desplazamiento vertical" tabindex="62" data-l10n-id="scroll_vertical">
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<span data-l10n-id="scroll_vertical_label">Desplazamiento vertical</span>
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</button>
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<button id="scrollHorizontal" class="secondaryToolbarButton scrollModeButtons scrollHorizontal" title="Usar desplazamiento horizontal" tabindex="63" data-l10n-id="scroll_horizontal">
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<span data-l10n-id="scroll_horizontal_label">Desplazamiento horizontal</span>
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</button>
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<button id="scrollWrapped" class="secondaryToolbarButton scrollModeButtons scrollWrapped" title="Usar desplazamiento en bloque" tabindex="64" data-l10n-id="scroll_wrapped">
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<span data-l10n-id="scroll_wrapped_label">Desplazamiento en bloque</span>
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</button>
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<div class="horizontalToolbarSeparator scrollModeButtons"></div>
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<button id="spreadNone" class="secondaryToolbarButton spreadModeButtons spreadNone toggled" title="No juntar páginas en vista de libro" tabindex="65" data-l10n-id="spread_none">
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<span data-l10n-id="spread_none_label">Vista de libro</span>
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</button>
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<button id="spreadOdd" class="secondaryToolbarButton spreadModeButtons spreadOdd" title="Juntar las páginas partiendo de una con número impar" tabindex="66" data-l10n-id="spread_odd">
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<span data-l10n-id="spread_odd_label">Vista de libro impar</span>
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</button>
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<button id="spreadEven" class="secondaryToolbarButton spreadModeButtons spreadEven" title="Juntar las páginas partiendo de una con número par" tabindex="67" data-l10n-id="spread_even">
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<span data-l10n-id="spread_even_label">Vista de libro par</span>
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</button>
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<div class="horizontalToolbarSeparator spreadModeButtons"></div>
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<button id="documentProperties" class="secondaryToolbarButton documentProperties" title="Propiedades del documento…" tabindex="68" data-l10n-id="document_properties">
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<span data-l10n-id="document_properties_label">Propiedades del documento…</span>
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</button>
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</div>
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</div> <!-- secondaryToolbar -->
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<div class="toolbar">
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<div id="toolbarContainer">
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<div id="toolbarViewer">
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<div id="toolbarViewerLeft">
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<button id="sidebarToggle" class="toolbarButton pdfSidebarNotification" title="Toggle Sidebar (document contains outline/attachments/layers)" tabindex="11" data-l10n-id="toggle_sidebar">
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<span data-l10n-id="toggle_sidebar_label">Cambiar barra lateral</span>
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</button>
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<div class="toolbarButtonSpacer"></div>
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<button id="viewFind" class="toolbarButton" title="Buscar en el documento" tabindex="12" data-l10n-id="findbar">
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<span data-l10n-id="findbar_label">Buscar</span>
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</button>
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<div class="splitToolbarButton hiddenSmallView">
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<button class="toolbarButton pageUp" title="Página anterior" id="previous" tabindex="13" data-l10n-id="previous" disabled="disabled">
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<span data-l10n-id="previous_label">Anterior</span>
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</button>
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<div class="splitToolbarButtonSeparator"></div>
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<button class="toolbarButton pageDown" title="Página siguiente" id="next" tabindex="14" data-l10n-id="next">
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<span data-l10n-id="next_label">Siguiente</span>
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</button>
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</div>
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<input type="text" id="pageNumber" class="toolbarField pageNumber" title="Página" value="1" size="4" min="1" tabindex="15" data-l10n-id="page" autocomplete="off" max="10">
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<span id="numPages" class="toolbarLabel">(1 de 10)</span>
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</div>
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<div id="toolbarViewerRight">
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<button id="presentationMode" class="toolbarButton presentationMode hiddenLargeView" title="Cambiar al modo presentación" tabindex="31" data-l10n-id="presentation_mode">
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<span data-l10n-id="presentation_mode_label">Modo presentación</span>
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</button>
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<button id="openFile" class="toolbarButton openFile hiddenLargeView" title="Abrir archivo" tabindex="32" data-l10n-id="open_file">
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<span data-l10n-id="open_file_label">Abrir</span>
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</button>
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<button id="print" class="toolbarButton print hiddenMediumView" title="Imprimir" tabindex="33" data-l10n-id="print">
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<span data-l10n-id="print_label">Imprimir</span>
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</button>
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<button id="download" class="toolbarButton download hiddenMediumView" title="Descargar" tabindex="34" data-l10n-id="download">
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<span data-l10n-id="download_label">Descargar</span>
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</button>
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<a href="#page=1&zoom=auto,-104,792" id="viewBookmark" class="toolbarButton bookmark hiddenSmallView" title="Vista actual (copiar o abrir en una nueva ventana)" tabindex="35" data-l10n-id="bookmark">
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<span data-l10n-id="bookmark_label">Vista actual</span>
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</a>
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<div class="verticalToolbarSeparator hiddenSmallView"></div>
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<button id="secondaryToolbarToggle" class="toolbarButton" title="Herramientas" tabindex="36" data-l10n-id="tools">
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<span data-l10n-id="tools_label">Herramientas</span>
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</button>
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</div>
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<div id="toolbarViewerMiddle">
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<div class="splitToolbarButton">
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<button id="zoomOut" class="toolbarButton zoomOut" title="Reducir" tabindex="21" data-l10n-id="zoom_out">
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<span data-l10n-id="zoom_out_label">Reducir</span>
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</button>
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<div class="splitToolbarButtonSeparator"></div>
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<button id="zoomIn" class="toolbarButton zoomIn" title="Aumentar" tabindex="22" data-l10n-id="zoom_in">
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<span data-l10n-id="zoom_in_label">Aumentar</span>
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</button>
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</div>
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<span id="scaleSelectContainer" class="dropdownToolbarButton" style="width: 156.1px;">
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<select id="scaleSelect" title="Tamaño" tabindex="23" data-l10n-id="zoom" style="width: 178.1px;">
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<option id="pageAutoOption" title="" value="auto" selected="selected" data-l10n-id="page_scale_auto">Tamaño automático</option>
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<option id="pageActualOption" title="" value="page-actual" data-l10n-id="page_scale_actual">Tamaño real</option>
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<option id="pageFitOption" title="" value="page-fit" data-l10n-id="page_scale_fit">Ajuste de la página</option>
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<option id="pageWidthOption" title="" value="page-width" data-l10n-id="page_scale_width">Anchura de la página</option>
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<option id="customScaleOption" title="" value="custom" disabled="disabled" hidden="true"></option>
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<option title="" value="0.5" data-l10n-id="page_scale_percent" data-l10n-args="{ "scale": 50 }">50%</option>
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<option title="" value="0.75" data-l10n-id="page_scale_percent" data-l10n-args="{ "scale": 75 }">75%</option>
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<option title="" value="1" data-l10n-id="page_scale_percent" data-l10n-args="{ "scale": 100 }">100%</option>
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<option title="" value="1.25" data-l10n-id="page_scale_percent" data-l10n-args="{ "scale": 125 }">125%</option>
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<option title="" value="1.5" data-l10n-id="page_scale_percent" data-l10n-args="{ "scale": 150 }">150%</option>
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<option title="" value="2" data-l10n-id="page_scale_percent" data-l10n-args="{ "scale": 200 }">200%</option>
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<option title="" value="3" data-l10n-id="page_scale_percent" data-l10n-args="{ "scale": 300 }">300%</option>
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<option title="" value="4" data-l10n-id="page_scale_percent" data-l10n-args="{ "scale": 400 }">400%</option>
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</select>
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</span>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div id="loadingBar" class="hidden">
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<div class="progress" style="height: 100%; width: 100%;">
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<div class="glimmer">
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<menu type="context" id="viewerContextMenu">
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<menuitem id="contextFirstPage" label="First Page" data-l10n-id="first_page" title="Ir a la primera página"></menuitem>
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<menuitem id="contextLastPage" label="Last Page" data-l10n-id="last_page" title="Ir a la última página"></menuitem>
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<menuitem id="contextPageRotateCw" label="Rotate Clockwise" data-l10n-id="page_rotate_cw" title="Rotar en sentido horario"></menuitem>
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<menuitem id="contextPageRotateCcw" label="Rotate Counter-Clockwise" data-l10n-id="page_rotate_ccw" title="Rotar en sentido antihorario"></menuitem>
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</menu>
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<div id="viewerContainer" tabindex="0">
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<div id="viewer" class="pdfViewer"><div class="page" style="width: 1019px; height: 1319px;" data-page-number="1" data-loaded="true" data-page-label="1"><div style="width: 1019px; height: 1319px;" class="canvasWrapper"><canvas moz-opaque="" width="1020" height="1320" style="width: 1020px; height: 1320px;" aria-label="Página 1"></canvas></div><div class="textLayer" style="width: 1019px; height: 1319px;"><span style="left: 149.828px; top: 102.5px; font-size: 23.3333px; font-family: monospace; transform: scaleX(0.802517);">Modelos de simulación de culvos como herramienta para el </span><span style="left: 149.828px; top: 130.833px; font-size: 23.3333px; font-family: monospace; transform: scaleX(0.716511);">análisis de</span><span style="left: 256.012px; top: 130.833px; font-size: 23.3333px; font-family: monospace; transform: scaleX(0.840974);">agroecosistemas</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 189.167px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: monospace; transform: scaleX(0.788368);">Roberto de Jesús López-Escudero</span><span style="left: 375.463px; top: 188.25px; font-size: 11px; font-family: monospace;">1</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 209.167px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: monospace; transform: scaleX(0.755877);">Felipe Gallardo-López</span><span style="left: 296.435px; top: 208.25px; font-size: 11px; font-family: monospace;">1</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 229.167px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: monospace; transform: scaleX(0.85642);">Gustavo López-Romero</span><span style="left: 308.017px; top: 228.25px; font-size: 11px; font-family: monospace;">1</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 249.167px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: monospace; transform: scaleX(0.82262);">Verónica Lango-Reynoso</span><span style="left: 316.952px; top: 248.25px; font-size: 11px; font-family: monospace; transform: scaleX(0.759394);">1,§</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 269.167px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: monospace; transform: scaleX(0.753423);">Catalino Jorge López-Collado</span><span style="left: 344.605px; top: 268.25px; font-size: 11px; font-family: monospace;">1</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 289.167px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: monospace; transform: scaleX(0.742752);">Héctor Daniel Inurreta-Agruirre</span><span style="left: 362.467px; top: 288.25px; font-size: 11px; font-family: monospace;">2</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 325.833px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: monospace; transform: scaleX(0.77083);">1 Campus Veracruz-Colegio de Postgraduados. Carretera Xalapa-Veracruz km 88.5, Manlio Fabio</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 345.833px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: monospace; transform: scaleX(0.764693);">Altamirano, Veracruz, México. CP. 91690. (lopez.roberto@colpos.mx; gallardo.felipe@colpos.mx;</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 365.833px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: monospace; transform: scaleX(0.783635);">gustavolr@colpos.mx; ljorge@colpos.mx). </span><span style="left: 150px; top: 402.5px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: monospace; transform: scaleX(0.753886);">2 INIFAP. Carretera Federal Veracruz-Córdoba km 22.5, Medellín, Veracruz. México.</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 422.5px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: monospace; transform: scaleX(0.751658);">(inurreta.hector@inifap.gob.mx). </span><span style="left: 150px; top: 452.5px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: monospace; transform: scaleX(0.795387);">Autora para correspondencia: lango.veronica@colpos.mx</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 541.667px; font-size: 23.3333px; font-family: monospace; transform: scaleX(1.00052);">Resumen</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 570.925px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.941875);">La teoría de sistemas pretende contextualizar y comprender el entorno del ser humano, siendo</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 590.925px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.970167);">el agroecosistema un concepto que trata de comprender los procesos productivos de bienes</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 610.925px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.960571);">y servicios derivados de la relación sinérgica entre naturaleza y sociedad. El concepto se ha</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 630.925px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.996416);">deconstruido en al menos tres generaciones del pensamiento sistémico, logrando una visión más</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 650.925px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.00807);">objetiva y práctica para utilizarse como una unidad de estudio en el diseño, gestión y evaluación</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 670.925px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.995094);">de los agroecosistemas, por lo que se requieren herramientas que consideren la complejidad que</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 690.925px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.954696);">conlleva el uso del concepto. En este sentido, los modelos de cultivos son una opción viable</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 710.925px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.992629);">para analizar el ámbito biofísico de los agroecosistemas, considerando la importancia y necesaria</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 730.925px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.00421);">complementariedad del paradigma introspectivo vivencial para comprender el entorno social que</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 750.925px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.975112);">conlleva la cibernética de los sistemas de producción. El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 770.925px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.996448);">teóricamente la aplicación de los modelos de simulación de cultivos en la gestión y evaluación de</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 790.925px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.994727);">agroecosistemas para coadyuvar a su eficiente desarrollo.</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 815px; font-size: 23.3333px; font-family: monospace; transform: scaleX(0.744111);">Palabras clave:</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 844.258px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.994879);">modelaje, pensamiento sistémico, sistemas agrícolas.</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 1187.86px; font-size: 13.5px; font-family: monospace; transform: scaleX(0.735054);">License (open-access): </span><span style="left: 275.508px; top: 1186.73px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.904443);">Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia </span><span style="left: 669.528px; top: 1186.73px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.916001);">Creative Commons</span><span style="left: 805.42px; top: 53.3133px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.873844);">Ensayo</span><span style="left: 362.503px; top: 43.8602px; font-size: 13.3333px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.995892);">DOI: https://doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v16i4.3674</span><span style="left: 453.662px; top: 1258.53px; font-size: 13.3333px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.995875);">elocation-id: e3727</span><span style="left: 892.586px; top: 1258.53px; font-size: 13.3333px; font-family: sans-serif;">1</span><div class="endOfContent"></div></div><div class="annotationLayer"><section data-annotation-id="190R" style="transform: matrix(1.66667, 0, 0, 1.66667, 0, 0); transform-origin: -210.126px -18.126px 0px; left: 210.126px; top: 18.126px; width: 189.314px; height: 30.21px;" class="linkAnnotation"><a title="https://doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v16i4.3674" href="https://doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v16i4.3674" target="_top" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow"></a></section></div></div><div class="page" style="width: 1019px; height: 1319px;" data-page-number="2" data-page-label="2" data-loaded="true"><div style="width: 1019px; height: 1319px;" class="canvasWrapper"><canvas moz-opaque="" width="1020" height="1320" style="width: 1020px; height: 1320px;" aria-label="Página 2"></canvas></div><div class="textLayer" style="width: 1019px; height: 1319px;"><span style="left: 150px; top: 117.592px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.981392);">La agricultura transformó la vida de la humanidad al pasar de formas nómadas a sedentarias y sus</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 137.592px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.996596);">excedentes productivos originaron la división social del trabajo y el aumento en la complejidad de</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 157.592px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.97765);">las sociedades (Harari, 2015). El enfoque de agroecosistemas (AES) considera los aspectos físico-</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 177.592px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.978936);">biológicos de la ecología y el contenido social de lo agrícola. La diferencia entre un ecosistema y el</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 197.592px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.00045);">agroecosistema radica en la intervención del hombre como transformador del ecosistema natural</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 217.592px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.994782);">para obtener productos (Gliessman, 2002).</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 244.258px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.967788);">Por lo tanto, este sistema considera los aspectos físico-biológicos relacionados con la ecología y los</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 264.258px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.00431);">aspectos sociales, económicos, culturales y políticos que influencian la producción de alimentos,</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 284.258px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.991452);">bienes y servicios. Esta corriente de pensamiento se fundamenta en el holismo y la teoría general</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 304.258px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.01923);">de sistemas (TGS) de Von Bertalanffy (1976), cuya episteme considera a las ciencias agrícolas</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 324.258px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.00426);">como un ente interrelacionado por saberes disciplinarios, y adopta un pensamiento basado en la</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 344.258px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.99484);">totalidad y sus componentes, para entender la realidad del sector productivo.</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 370.925px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.992714);">En los sistemas sus partes actúan con una orientación y finalidad común, requiriendo del correcto</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 390.925px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.00168);">funcionamiento de sus elementos para su desempeño eficaz (Chiavenato, 1997). En analogía, el</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 410.925px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.00818);">desarrollo agrícola es un proceso de cambio que impacta las estructuras nacionales económica,</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 430.925px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.995389);">social, política, física, así como el sistema de valores y la forma de vida del pueblo (Weitz,1971).</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 457.592px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.993953);">Los agroecosistemas son complejos y al modificarlos hay que considerar sus elementos e</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 477.592px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.971514);">interacciones. Los modelos de cultivos mecanicistas (MCM) son útiles para abordar tal complejidad.</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 497.592px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.01217);">Estos modelos son una representación matemática detallada de los procesos físicos, biológicos</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 517.592px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.997917);">y químicos en un cultivo determinado, para entender y simular su comportamiento. Los MCM son</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 537.592px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.947657);">altamente detallados y precisos, pero requieren un gran volumen de datos y un alto grado de</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 557.64px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.994711);">complejidad para su construcción y uso (Jones </span><span style="left: 501.107px; top: 557.64px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.995261);">et al</span><span style="left: 532.607px; top: 557.64px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.995054);">., 2017a).</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 584.307px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.0015);">La mayoría de los MCM incluyen un módulo de manejo de cultivos (Williams </span><span style="left: 721.838px; top: 584.307px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.0049);">et al</span><span style="left: 753.643px; top: 584.307px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.00024);">., 1989; Brisson</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 604.307px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.980885);">et al</span><span style="left: 181.045px; top: 604.307px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.986744);">., 2003; Jones </span><span style="left: 289.03px; top: 604.307px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.980885);">et al</span><span style="left: 320.075px; top: 604.307px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.98453);">., 2003), el cual permite al usuario alterar el sistema a voluntad, además de</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 624.258px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.982683);">realizar múltiples simulaciones bajo diferentes escenarios de manejo, extendiendo la capacidad de</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 644.258px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.00035);">predicción con un reducido costo en tiempo y recursos. Considerando la importancia del enfoque</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 664.258px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.958391);">de AES para modificar la productividad agrícola y la aplicación de los MCM para este fin, el</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 684.258px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.961818);">presente trabajo describe teóricamente la actuación de los modelos de simulación de cultivos</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 704.258px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.02279);">en la gestión y evaluación de los agroecosistemas para su eficiente desarrollo. Para lo cual, se</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 724.258px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.00691);">incluye una descripción sobre la evolución del concepto de AES, así como la perspectiva teórica</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 744.258px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.994863);">del funcionamiento y uso de los MCM en la gestión y evaluación de agroecosistemas.</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 788.333px; font-size: 26.6667px; font-family: monospace; transform: scaleX(0.77144);">El concept</span><span style="left: 263.172px; top: 788.333px; font-size: 26.6667px; font-family: monospace; transform: scaleX(0.798626);">o de agroecosist</span><span style="left: 442.012px; top: 788.333px; font-size: 26.6667px; font-family: monospace; transform: scaleX(0.844712);">ema: primer</span><span style="left: 578.123px; top: 788.333px; font-size: 26.6667px; font-family: monospace; transform: scaleX(0.77501);">a y segunda </span><span style="left: 715.013px; top: 788.333px; font-size: 26.6667px; font-family: monospace; transform: scaleX(0.795333);">gener ación </span><span style="left: 843.085px; top: 788.333px; font-size: 26.6667px; font-family: monospace; transform: scaleX(0.942404);">de</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 818.333px; font-size: 26.6667px; font-family: monospace; transform: scaleX(0.824258);">pensamiento sistémico</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 850.925px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.986495);">Los planteamientos de la primera generación del pensamiento sistémico, como la cibernética y las</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 870.925px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.977637);">teorías de investigación de operaciones e información, fueron insuficientes para abordar la realidad</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 890.925px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.948782);">agrícola, al considerar el funcionamiento de sistemas cerrados. Durante la segunda generación</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 910.925px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.00739);">del pensamiento sistémico, la TGS de Von Bertalanffy (1976), fundamentó a la agroecología y al</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 930.925px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.994814);">agroecosistema como su unidad de estudio.</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 957.592px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.06736);">La </span><span style="left: 175.825px; top: 957.592px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.02776);">agroecología </span><span style="left: 281.147px; top: 957.592px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.07017);">se </span><span style="left: 306.035px; top: 957.592px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.0325);">consolidó </span><span style="left: 384.907px; top: 957.592px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.03152);">mediante </span><span style="left: 461.755px; top: 957.592px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.02046);">la</span><span style="left: 475.055px; top: 957.592px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.06356);"> jerarquía </span><span style="left: 556.245px; top: 957.592px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.04762);">para </span><span style="left: 597.222px; top: 957.592px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.04513);">definir </span><span style="left: 650.735px; top: 957.592px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.09058);">el </span><span style="left: 670.993px; top: 957.592px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.0418);">objeto </span><span style="left: 724.355px; top: 957.592px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.06736);">de </span><span style="left: 750.18px; top: 957.592px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.03781);">estudio </span><span style="left: 812.043px; top: 957.592px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.04697);">a través </span><span style="left: 150px; top: 977.592px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.01252);">de</span><span style="left: 180.685px; top: 977.592px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.02356);">la </span><span style="left: 205.8px; top: 977.592px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.98478);">identificación de subsistemas, sistemas y suprasistemas planteados por la TGS, </span><span style="left: 150px; top: 997.64px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.0388);">facilitando el</span><span style="left: 262.94px; top: 997.64px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.963722);">diseño </span><span style="left: 326.067px; top: 997.64px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.987347);">metodológico </span><span style="left: 440.218px; top: 997.64px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.905907);">de </span><span style="left: 472.105px; top: 997.64px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.0179);">las</span><span style="left: 493.905px; top: 997.64px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.00742);"> investigaciones</span><span style="left: 623.382px; top: 997.64px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.973677);"> (Casanova </span><span style="left: 731.512px; top: 997.64px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.01909);">et</span><span style="left: 745.745px; top: 997.64px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.97517);"> al</span><span style="left: 765.483px; top: 997.64px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.862276);">., </span><span style="left: 794.673px; top: 997.64px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.962823);">2016). </span><span style="left: 855.945px; top: 997.64px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.01646);">La </span><span style="left: 150px; top: 1017.59px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.980736);">diferencia </span><span style="left: 231.897px; top: 1017.59px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.953071);">entre </span><span style="left: 278.682px; top: 1017.59px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.01127);">ambas</span><span style="left: 335.865px; top: 1017.59px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.994889);">generaciones </span><span style="left: 446.752px; top: 1017.59px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.01644);">radica</span><span style="left: 493.135px; top: 1017.59px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.835177);"> en </span><span style="left: 529.645px; top: 1017.59px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.921866);">el </span><span style="left: 551.765px; top: 1017.59px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.997735);">reconocimiento </span><span style="left: 675.933px; top: 1017.59px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.936337);">de </span><span style="left: 703.618px; top: 1017.59px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.921866);">la </span><span style="left: 725.738px; top: 1017.59px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.993464);">complejidad </span><span style="left: 825.325px; top: 1017.59px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.936337);">de </span><span style="left: 853.012px; top: 1017.59px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.02046);">los </span><span style="left: 150px; top: 1037.59px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.01311);">AES,</span><span style="left: 188.65px; top: 1037.59px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.966247);"> incluyendo </span><span style="left: 292.488px; top: 1037.59px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.01441);">aspectos</span><span style="left: 369.283px; top: 1037.59px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.01074);">sociales, </span><span style="left: 448.532px; top: 1037.59px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.01304);">políticos, </span><span style="left: 528.875px; top: 1037.59px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.01324);">económicos</span><span style="left: 619.458px; top: 1037.59px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.960116);"> y </span><span style="left: 653.785px; top: 1037.59px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.0111);">ecológicos, </span><span style="left: 751.905px; top: 1037.59px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.01147);">además</span><span style="left: 812.188px; top: 1037.59px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.972503);"> de </span><span style="left: 856.88px; top: 1037.59px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.01715);">su </span><span style="left: 150px; top: 1057.59px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.00801);">consideración como un modelo</span><span style="left: 402.587px; top: 1057.59px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.01634);">conceptual.</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 1084.26px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.00439);">Al definir </span><span style="left: 220.755px; top: 1084.26px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.00483);">el agroecosistema, históricamente los conceptos de los autores presentan similitudes y</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 1104.26px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.999047);">diferencias de acuerdo con su corriente de pensamiento. Hernández (1977), lo describe como un</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 1124.26px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.00687);">ecosistema con modificaciones graduales para aprovechar recursos naturales. Montaldo (1982),</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 1144.26px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.01069);">enfatiza en la responsabilidad humana en la creación de estos sistemas y su sostenibilidad. Hart</span><span style="left: 150px; top: 1164.26px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.956345);">(1985), lo considera un sistema con interacciones específicas de especies y flujos de energía. </span><span style="left: 150px; top: 1184.26px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.994819);">Para</span><span style="left: 185.2px; top: 1185.84px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.04401);"> Marten y Rambo (1988), son ecosistemas modificados por el hombre para la producción </span><span style="left: 150px; top: 1205.84px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.985245);">agrícola y pecuaria. Platas-Rosado et al. (2017) lo describen como un área de estudio con </span><span style="left: 150px; top: 1225.84px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.994679);">características propias.</span><span style="left: 362.503px; top: 43.8602px; font-size: 13.3333px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.995892);">DOI: https://doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v16i4.3674</span><span style="left: 453.662px; top: 1258.53px; font-size: 13.3333px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.995875);">elocation-id: e3727</span><span style="left: 892.586px; top: 1258.53px; font-size: 13.3333px; font-family: sans-serif;">2</span><div class="endOfContent"></div></div><div class="annotationLayer"><section data-annotation-id="62R" style="transform: matrix(1.66667, 0, 0, 1.66667, 0, 0); transform-origin: -210.461px -21.483px 0px; left: 210.461px; top: 21.483px; width: 192px; height: 25.174px;" class="linkAnnotation"><a title="https://doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v16i4.3674" href="https://doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v16i4.3674" target="_top" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow"></a></section></div></div><div class="page" style="width: 1019px; height: 1319px;" data-page-number="3" data-page-label="3"><div class="loadingIcon"></div></div><div class="page" style="width: 1019px; height: 1319px;" data-page-number="4" data-page-label="4"><div class="loadingIcon"></div></div><div class="page" style="width: 1019px; height: 1319px;" data-page-number="5" data-page-label="5"><div class="loadingIcon"></div></div><div class="page" style="width: 1019px; height: 1319px;" data-page-number="6" data-page-label="6"><div class="loadingIcon"></div></div><div class="page" style="width: 1019px; height: 1319px;" data-page-number="7" data-page-label="7"><div class="loadingIcon"></div></div><div class="page" style="width: 1019px; height: 1319px;" data-page-number="8" data-page-label="8"><div class="loadingIcon"></div></div><div class="page" style="width: 1019px; height: 1319px;" data-page-number="9" data-page-label="9"><div class="loadingIcon"></div></div><div class="page" style="width: 1019px; height: 1319px;" data-page-number="10" data-page-label="1"><div class="loadingIcon"></div></div></div>
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