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<dcterms:abstract>The concept of agriculture 4.0 has emerged as an evolution of precision agriculture (PA) through the spread of the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine learning data analytics, which have been applied throughout the value chain of the agricultural sector. However, the challenges facing agriculture today go far beyond merely technological ones. Achieving the Zero-Hunger goal by 2030 will require the use of Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) applications, essential for the primary sector to become a driver of economic and sustainable development. This article presents the concept of agriculture 4.0, the contexts of use, its technologies, their application in the agricultural sector, and the benefits to present the trends in the use of technologies at a global level. For this, English-language papers published in the last 5 years were considered, considering both review articles and research ones. Internet of Things, data analytics, artificial intelligence, and cloud computing, among others, have been identified as the most studied technologies in both agricultural systems. The range of opportunities opens to continue reviewing innovations that are specific to the regions and their communities.El concepto de agricultura 4.0 ha emergido como una evolución de la agricultura de precisión (AP) a través de la difusión del Internet de las cosas (IoT), la analítica de datos, y el machine learning, que han sido aplicados en toda la cadena de valor del sector agropecuario. Sin embargo, los desafíos que enfrenta la agricultura hoy en día van mucho más allá de los meramente tecnológicos. El logro de la meta Hambre Cero de aquí a 2030 exigirá que se utilicen aplicaciones de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (CTI), primordiales para que el sector primario se convierta en impulsor del desarrollo económico y sostenible. En el presente artículo se presenta el concepto de agricultura 4.0, los contextos particulares de su uso, así como sus beneficios y principales tecnologías aplicadas en el sector, con el fin de evidenciar las tendencias de uso a nivel global. Para ello, se tomaron en cuenta artículos en idioma inglés, publicados en los últimos 5 años, tanto de revisión como de investigación. El Internet de las cosas, la analítica de datos, la inteligencia artificial y la computación en la nube, entre otras, han sido identificadas como las tecnologías más estudiadas en sistemas agrícolas. Se abre un abanico de oportunidades para seguir revisando innovaciones que sean específicas para las regiones y sus comunidades</dcterms:abstract>
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<z:shortTitle>Agricultura 4.0</z:shortTitle>
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<foaf:surname>Arcila Diaz</foaf:surname>
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<foaf:givenName>Liliana Nataly</foaf:givenName>
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<dc:title>Uso de Machine Learning para estimar la producción de cultivos frutales: análisis de tendencias y agenda de investigación</dc:title>
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<dcterms:abstract>La estimación precisa de la producción de cultivos frutales es crucial para mejorar
|
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la planificación agrícola, optimizando la cosecha, el almacenamiento y la
|
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distribución, y, en última instancia, gestionando de manera más eficiente la cadena
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de suministro agrícola. Este estudio presenta una revisión sistemática sobre el uso
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de métodos de inteligencia artificial (IA) y machine learning (ML) en la estimación
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de la producción de cultivos frutales. Aplicando la metodología PRISMA, se
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identificaron 266 documentos en las bases de datos Scopus y Web of Science, de
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los cuales se analizaron 21 tras aplicar criterios de inclusión y exclusión. La
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investigación examina qué cultivos frutales utilizan técnicas de machine learning
|
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para la estimación de producción y qué técnicas muestran el mejor desempeño en
|
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la estimación o conteo de cultivos. Se identificaron tendencias emergentes, como la
|
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integración de variables climáticas, el uso de imágenes multiespectrales y la
|
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implementación de sistemas en tiempo real. Se propone una agenda de
|
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investigación para abordar las lagunas existentes, enfocándose en el desarrollo de
|
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soluciones ligeras y escalables para su implementación práctica en la agricultura.</dcterms:abstract>
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<dc:date>2024</dc:date>
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<dc:description>Accepted: 2024-09-23T20:27:44Z
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Publisher: Universidad Señor de Sipán</dc:description>
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<h2 xmlns=""><a href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0258-5936&lng=es&nrm=iso">Cultivos Tropicales</a></h2>
|
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<h2 xmlns="" id="printISSN">
|
||||
<font color="#0000A0"><!--ONLINes--><em>versión On-line</em> ISSN </font>1819-4087</h2>
|
||||
<h3 xmlns="">cultrop vol.40 no.4 La Habana oct.-dic. 2019
|
||||
Epub 01-Dic-2019</h3>
|
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<h4 xmlns="" id="doi"> </h4>
|
||||
<div xmlns="" class="index,pt">
|
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<!--version=xml-file--><div id="article-front" class="front">
|
||||
<p class="categoria">Artículo original</p>
|
||||
<div><p class="title">Aplicación combinada de quitosano y HMA en el rendimiento de maíz</p></div>
|
||||
<div class="autores">Yanebis Pérez-Madruga<sup><a href="#aff1">1</a>
|
||||
</sup><sup><a href="#c1">*</a>
|
||||
</sup>, Pedro Rafael Rosales-Jenquis<sup><a href="#aff1">1</a>
|
||||
</sup>, Daimy Costales- Menéndez<sup><a href="#aff1">1</a>
|
||||
</sup>, Alejandro Falcón-Rodríguez<sup><a href="#aff1">1</a>
|
||||
</sup>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="autores"></div>
|
||||
<p class="aff"><a name="aff1"></a><sup><sup>1</sup></sup>Instituto
|
||||
Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas (INCA), carretera San José-Tapaste, km
|
||||
3½, Gaveta Postal 1, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba. CP 32 700</p>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<div class="abstract">
|
||||
<p class="sec"><a name="RESUMEN">RESUMEN</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Se realizaron dos experimentos en condiciones de campo, con el objetivo de evaluar los bioestimulantes QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> y EcoMic<sup>®</sup>, solos y combinados, en el rendimiento de dos variedades de maíz (<em>Zea mays</em>
|
||||
L.), durante los años 2015 y 2016. En ambos experimentos, los
|
||||
bioestimulantes fueron aplicados por imbibición de granos en soluciones
|
||||
de QuitoMax<sup>®</sup>, que después fueron peletizadas con EcoMic<sup>®</sup>, previo a la siembra y, posteriormente, las plantas fueron asperjadas en el área foliar con QuitoMax<sup>®</sup>.
|
||||
En el primer experimento, las distintas combinaciones de los
|
||||
bioproductos estimularon la mayoría de los componentes del rendimiento
|
||||
del maíz, variedad Criolla. En el segundo, el tratamiento de los granos
|
||||
con QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> y EcoMic<sup>®</sup> estimuló el diámetro de la
|
||||
mazorca, el número de hileras de granos y el rendimiento agrícola de la
|
||||
variedad P 7928, conjuntamente con la aspersión foliar de QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> en el cultivo. En la variedad Criolla, el tratamiento de los granos previo a la siembra con QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> y EcoMic<sup>®</sup> seguido de la aspersión foliar de QuitoMax<sup>®</sup>, aumentó en 62 % el rendimiento respecto al control peletizado con EcoMic<sup>®</sup>,
|
||||
mientras que en la variedad P 7928, tanto los tratamientos de cada
|
||||
producto solo como sus combinaciones, aumentaron el rendimiento respecto
|
||||
al control no tratado entre 15 y 22 %. En general, el rendimiento del
|
||||
maíz aumentó significativamente con el empleo de los bioestimulantes, lo
|
||||
que sugiere que la aplicación en el campo de EcoMic<sup>®</sup> y QuitoMax<sup>®</sup>, solos y combinados, es una opción recomendable para aumentar los rendimientos del cultivo, en dependencia de la variedad. </p>
|
||||
<p><b>Palabras-clave: </b>bioestimulantes; biofertilizantes; micorrizas; polímeros</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div id="article-body" class="body">
|
||||
<div class="section">
|
||||
<a name="id2574619"><!-- named anchor --></a><p class="sec">INTRODUCCIÓN</p>
|
||||
<p>El maíz (<em>Zea mays</em> L.) es un cereal de gran importancia económica en el mundo para el consumo humano y animal <a href="#B1"><sup>1</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#B2"><sup>2</sup></a>,
|
||||
con una producción global de 500 millones de toneladas. Este cultivo
|
||||
cubre un área superior a los 120 millones de hectáreas y se cultiva en
|
||||
más de 70 países, aunque su zona fundamental es el continente americano.
|
||||
En Cuba, el maíz abarca una superficie entre 77 000 y 100 000
|
||||
hectáreas, destacándose las provincias de las regiones centrales y
|
||||
orientales con las mayores extensiones de superficie de siembra <a href="#B3"><sup>3</sup></a>.
|
||||
En el país existen 47 variedades comerciales, de las cuales sólo cuatro
|
||||
son tradicionales y el resto son cultivares procedentes de diferentes
|
||||
programas nacionales de mejoramiento genético. En la actualidad, la
|
||||
productividad de estos cultivares no superan las 1,44-2,35 t ha<sup>-1</sup> como promedio <a href="#B2"><sup>2</sup></a>. </p>
|
||||
<p>Los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) son organismos biotróficos
|
||||
obligatorios asociados a las raíces de plantas superiores, que reciben
|
||||
fuentes carbonadas provenientes de la planta, mientras que en estas se
|
||||
incrementa la capacidad de exploración del suelo, la absorción de
|
||||
nutrientes minerales y por consiguiente, el crecimiento y desarrollo <a href="#B4"><sup>4</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#B5"><sup>5</sup></a>.
|
||||
Por estas razones han sido utilizados como biofertilizantes para
|
||||
aumentar los rendimientos de diferentes cultivos entre los que se
|
||||
encuentra el maíz <a href="#B6"><sup>6</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#B7"><sup>7</sup></a>. En Cuba, el biofertilizante EcoMic<sup>®</sup> (HMA) ha sido empleado en el maíz y en otros cultivos como frijol (<em>Phaseolus vulgaris</em> L.), boniato (<em>Ipomoea batata</em> (L.) Lam), plátano (<em>Musa paradisiaca</em> L.), yuca (<em>Manihot esculenta</em> Crantz), tabaco (<em>Nicotiana tabacum</em> L.), tomate (<em>Solanum lycopersicum</em> L.), pimiento (<em>Capsicum annuum</em> L.) y arroz (<em>Oryza sativa</em> L.) <a href="#B1"><sup>1</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#B4"><sup>4</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#B5"><sup>5</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#B8"><sup>8</sup></a>. </p>
|
||||
<p>El quitosano es un derivado parcialmente desacetilado de la quitina,
|
||||
un polisacárido ampliamente distribuido en la naturaleza como componente
|
||||
de las estructuras de los invertebrados. El quitosano es un copolímero
|
||||
lineal formado por unidades de glucosamina y en menor medida de N-acetil
|
||||
D-glucosamina unidos por enlaces β 1-4 <a href="#B9"><sup>9</sup></a><sup>-</sup><a href="#B11"><sup>11</sup></a>.
|
||||
Se ha utilizado como bioestimulante por tener una amplia aplicación
|
||||
agrícola a partir de las potencialidades biológicas que se le han
|
||||
demostrado, como la promoción del crecimiento y desarrollo vegetal de
|
||||
varios cultivos de importancia económica <a href="#B9"><sup>9</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#B10"><sup>10</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#B12"><sup>12</sup></a> y la tolerancia al estrés abiótico <a href="#B9"><sup>9</sup></a> y biótico <a href="#B13"><sup>13</sup></a>.
|
||||
Es un compuesto con acción antimicrobiana por su actividad bactericida y
|
||||
fungicida en el crecimiento y desarrollo de hongos, bacterias y
|
||||
Oomicetos <a href="#B9"><sup>9</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#B12"><sup>12</sup></a><sup>-</sup><a href="#B15"><sup>15</sup></a>, además induce resistencia en las plantas contra patógenos <a href="#B9"><sup>9</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#B13"><sup>13</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#B16"><sup>16</sup></a>. </p>
|
||||
<p>En Cuba se ha utilizado el bioestimulante QuitoMax<sup>®</sup>, que
|
||||
es un producto líquido cuyo principal componente activo son polímeros de
|
||||
quitosano. Este bioestimulante es aplicado en diferentes cultivos y
|
||||
estimula el desarrollo y la calidad de los mismos. La aplicación de
|
||||
QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> provoca incrementos del rendimiento desde un 20 % hasta el 55 % en los cultivos del maíz, frijol y tomate <a href="#B2"><sup>2</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#B17"><sup>17</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#B18"><sup>18</sup></a>. La aplicación combinada de QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> con EcoMic<sup>®</sup> ha estimulado los rendimientos de frijol y pimiento <a href="#B8"><sup>8</sup></a>.</p>
|
||||
<p>En Cuba, a pesar de que se ha utilizado la combinación QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> - EcoMic<sup>®</sup> en presencia de la fertilización NPK en maíz <a href="#B8"><sup>8</sup></a>,
|
||||
no se conoce la acción estimuladora de ambos bioestimulantes combinados
|
||||
o no, sin la aplicación de fertilizantes inorgánicos. En este sentido,
|
||||
el objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la combinación del
|
||||
QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> y el EcoMic<sup>®</sup> en el rendimiento de las
|
||||
variedades Criolla y P 7928 cuando se aplican a las semillas previo a la
|
||||
siembra, y la aspersión foliar de QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> en diferentes momentos del desarrollo del cultivo.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="section">
|
||||
<a name="id2575097"><!-- named anchor --></a><p class="sec">MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS</p>
|
||||
<p>Se desarrollaron dos experimentos en la Finca “El Mulato”, ubicada a
|
||||
23°00'34.6"LN y 82°08'20.5"LO, a una altura de 122 m.s.n.m., que
|
||||
pertenece a la CCS Orlando Cuellar del Municipio San José de las Lajas,
|
||||
de la provincia Mayabeque, durante los años 2015-2016 sobre un suelo
|
||||
ferralítico rojo lixiviado agrogénico <a href="#B19"><sup>19</sup></a>.
|
||||
El primer experimento fue realizado con la variedad Criolla (mezcla de
|
||||
otras variedades realizadas por el productor) en el período marzo-junio
|
||||
de 2015, con 25,2 ± 1,61 °C de temperatura promedio, 77,15 ± 5,46 % de
|
||||
humedad relativa y 619,8 mm de precipitaciones acumuladas. El segundo
|
||||
experimento fue realizado con la variedad P 7928 <a href="#B20"><sup>20</sup></a>
|
||||
en el período abril-julio de 2016, con 25,59 ± 1,81°C de temperatura
|
||||
promedio, 77,82 ± 6,40 % de humedad relativa y 620,7 mm de
|
||||
precipitaciones acumuladas. En ninguno de estos experimentos el cultivo
|
||||
se regó por lo que se considera maíz de temporal.</p>
|
||||
<p>En ambos experimentos se utilizó QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> (bioestimulante a base de polímeros de quitosano) a una dosis de 0,4 g ha<sup>-1 (</sup><a href="#B8"><sup>8</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#B17"><sup>17</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#B18"><sup>18</sup></a> y EcoMic<sup>®</sup> (HMA) a una dosis de 1,35 Kg ha<sup>-1</sup> con una concentración de 20 esporas g<sup>-1</sup> equivalente al 10 % del peso de las semillas <a href="#B4"><sup>4</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#B8"><sup>8</sup></a>. El QuitoMax<sup>®</sup>,
|
||||
además de aplicarse por imbibición de granos (IG) previo a la siembra,
|
||||
se aplicó por aspersión foliar (AF) en diferentes momentos después de la
|
||||
siembra (dds): en el primer experimento a los 25 y 45 dds, mientras
|
||||
que, en el segundo, a los 10 y 45 dds. El EcoMic<sup>®</sup> solo fue aplicado a los granos, luego de ser embebidos o no, con QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> mediante recubrimiento de los granos (RG) <a href="#B21"><sup>21</sup></a>,
|
||||
para un total de cuatro tratamientos en el primer experimento y seis
|
||||
tratamientos en el segundo, como aparecen conformados a continuación. </p>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
</p><div class="list">
|
||||
<a name="id2575268"><!-- named anchor --></a><ul style="list-style-type: none">
|
||||
<li><p>Primer experimento </p></li>
|
||||
<li><p>Control (EcoMic<sup>®</sup>) (CE)</p></li>
|
||||
<li><p>IG con QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> + RG EcoMic<sup>®</sup> + AF con QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> (QEAFQ)</p></li>
|
||||
<li><p>IG con QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> + RG con EcoMic<sup>®</sup> (QE)</p></li>
|
||||
<li><p>RG con EcoMic<sup>®</sup> + AF con QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> (EAFQ)</p></li>
|
||||
<li><p>Segundo experimento </p></li>
|
||||
<li><p>Control (sin EcoMic<sup>®</sup>) (CSE)</p></li>
|
||||
<li><p>RG con EcoMic<sup>®</sup> (CE)</p></li>
|
||||
<li><p>IG con QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> + RG con EcoMic<sup>®</sup> (QE)</p></li>
|
||||
<li><p>IG con QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> + RG con EcoMic<sup>®</sup> + AF con QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> (QEAFQ)</p></li>
|
||||
<li><p>RG con EcoMic<sup>®</sup> + AF con QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> (EAFQ)</p></li>
|
||||
<li><p>AF con QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> (AFQ)</p></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p>En ambos experimentos se analizaron tres bloques de 2,7 m de ancho y 6 m de largo, para una superficie por parcela de 16,2 m<sup>2</sup>
|
||||
por tratamiento. La distancia de plantación del cultivo fue de 0,90 m
|
||||
entre hileras y 0,30 m entre plantas. En el momento de la cosecha se
|
||||
evaluaron las variables del rendimiento (peso (cm), longitud (cm) y
|
||||
diámetro (cm)) de las mazorcas, cantidad de hileras y número de granos
|
||||
por mazorca, el peso de 100 granos (g) y el rendimiento estimado (t ha<sup>-1</sup>), a 20 y 12 plantas en el primer y segundo experimento, respectivamente.</p>
|
||||
<p>Se realizó un diseño de bloques al azar en el primer experimento, sin
|
||||
embargo, en el segundo se ejecutó un diseño completamente aleatorizado
|
||||
con seis surcos por tratamiento. Para la toma de muestra se utilizó el
|
||||
método de las diagonales. A los datos obtenidos se le realizó un
|
||||
análisis de varianza de clasificación doble efectuándose la Prueba de
|
||||
Rango Múltiple de Duncan para determinar diferencias significativas
|
||||
entre las medias mediante el Programa estadístico InfoStat <a href="#B22"><sup>22</sup></a>.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="section">
|
||||
<a name="id2575473"><!-- named anchor --></a><p class="sec">RESULTADOS</p>
|
||||
<p>En el primer experimento, las variables del rendimiento de la
|
||||
variedad Criolla de maíz fueron estimuladas con las distintas
|
||||
combinaciones de EcoMic<sup>®</sup> y QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> evaluadas, respecto al control micorrizado (CE) (<a href="#t1">Tabla 1</a>). </p>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<!--_ STANDARD _--></p><div class="table-wrap">
|
||||
<a name="t1"><!-- named anchor --></a><p class="label_caption"><span class="label">Tabla 1 </span><span class="caption">Comportamiento
|
||||
de las variables del rendimiento de la variedad Criolla de maíz con la
|
||||
aplicación combinada de los bioestimulantes QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> y EcoMic<sup>®</sup> </span></p>
|
||||
<div class="table"><table class="table">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col>
|
||||
<col span="7">
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<thead>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th align="center" rowspan="2">Tratamientos</th>
|
||||
<th align="center" colspan="7">Rendimiento de mazorcas de maíz (var. Criolla) </th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th align="center">Peso (g)</th>
|
||||
<th align="center">Largo (cm)</th>
|
||||
<th align="center">Diámetro (cm)</th>
|
||||
<th align="center">Cantidad de hileras</th>
|
||||
<th align="center">No. Granos</th>
|
||||
<th align="center">P 100 granos (g)</th>
|
||||
<th align="center">Rendimiento (t ha<sup>-1</sup>)</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</thead>
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td align="justify">CE</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">58,81 c</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">12,42 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">3,90 c</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">13,65 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">371,53 c</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">15,95 c</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">2,15 c</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td align="justify">QEAFQ</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">101,81 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">14,49 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">4,42 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">14,30 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">491,60 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">19,17 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">3,48 a</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td align="justify">QE</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">80,50 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">14,06 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">4,13 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">13,63 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">437,00 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">16,95 bc</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">2,74 b</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td align="justify">EAFQ</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">73,06 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">13,00 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">4,17 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">13,65 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">417,90 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">17,41 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">2,64 b</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table></div>
|
||||
<a name="TFN1"></a><p>Letras iguales en la misma columna no difieren estadísticamente para p <0,05, de acuerdo con la prueba de Duncan</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p>De todas las combinaciones de los bioestimulantes evaluadas, la que más se destacó fue la imbibición de granos con QuitoMax<sup>®</sup>, peletizados con EcoMic<sup>®</sup> más la posterior aspersión foliar de QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> a los 25 y 45 (dds) (QEAFQ). Con este tratamiento se lograron incrementos de 62 % en el rendimiento del cultivo (<a href="#t1">Tabla 1</a>). </p>
|
||||
<p>La <a href="#t2">Tabla 2</a> muestra los resultados del rendimiento de la variedad P 7928 (segundo experimento).</p>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<!--_ STANDARD _--></p><div class="table-wrap">
|
||||
<a name="t2"><!-- named anchor --></a><p class="label_caption"><span class="label">Tabla 2 </span><span class="caption">Comportamiento
|
||||
de las variables del rendimiento de la variedad P 7928 de maíz con la
|
||||
aplicación combinada de los bioestimulantes QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> y EcoMic<sup>®</sup> </span></p>
|
||||
<div class="table"><table class="table">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col>
|
||||
<col span="7">
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<thead>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th align="center" rowspan="2">Tratamientos</th>
|
||||
<th align="center" colspan="7">Rendimiento de mazorcas de maíz (var. P 7928) </th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th align="center">Peso (g)</th>
|
||||
<th align="center">Largo (cm)</th>
|
||||
<th align="center">Diámetro (cm)</th>
|
||||
<th align="center">Cantidad de hileras</th>
|
||||
<th align="center">No. granos</th>
|
||||
<th align="center">P 100 granos (g)</th>
|
||||
<th align="center">Rendimiento (t ha<sup>-1</sup>)</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</thead>
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td align="justify">CSE</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">136,22 c</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">14,47 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">4,57 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">13,90 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">422,17 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">29,93 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">4,68 c</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td align="justify">CE</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">149,41 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">15,97 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">4,60 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">14,07 ab</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">484,00 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">29,94 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">5,37 ab</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td align="justify">QE</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">161,33 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">15,51 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">4,96 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">14,93 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">492,33 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">31,32 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">5,71 a</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td align="justify">QEAFQ</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">195,75 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">15,53 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">4,71 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">14,33 ab</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">503,63 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">28,99 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">5,41 ab</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td align="justify">EAFQ</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">164,68 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">16,37 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">4,69 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">14,03 ab</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">484,67 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">28,40 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">5,10 bc</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td align="justify">AFQ</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">169,92 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">16,40 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">4,89 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">14,57 ab</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">503,77 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">30,51 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">5,69 a</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table></div>
|
||||
<a name="TFN2"></a><p>Letras iguales en la misma columna no difieren estadísticamente para p <0,05, de acuerdo con la prueba de Duncan</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p>El peso de las mazorcas se comportó mejor con la imbibición de granos con QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> más la peletización de los mismos con EcoMic<sup>®</sup> y la posterior aspersión foliar de QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> (QEAFQ) (<a href="#t2">Tabla 2</a>).
|
||||
El largo de la mazorca fue mejorado con los bioestimulantes combinados o
|
||||
no, con valores diferentes y superiores al control no micorrizado con
|
||||
EcoMic<sup>®</sup> (CSE). Lo mismo ocurrió con el número de granos por mazorca (<a href="#t2">Tabla 2</a>).
|
||||
Sin embargo, el diámetro de las mazorcas fue mejorado solo con la
|
||||
aplicación de los bioproductos combinados y aplicados a los granos,
|
||||
previo a la siembra (QE), y por la aspersión foliar del cultivo con
|
||||
QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> a los 10 y 45 dds (AFQ), mientras que la cantidad de hileras solo fue estimulada con el primer tratamiento mencionado (QE) (<a href="#t2">Tabla 2</a>). En cuanto al peso de los 100 granos no hubo diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos. </p>
|
||||
<p>Las combinaciones de los bioestimulantes que más estimularon el rendimiento del maíz fue la imbibición de granos con QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> y su posterior peletización con EcoMic<sup>®</sup> (QE) previo a la siembra con 22 % de incremento y la aspersión foliar de QuitoMax<sup>®</sup>
|
||||
(AFQ) con 21% de incremento, aunque sin diferencias significativas con
|
||||
la aplicación de formas combinadas de los dos tratamientos (QEAFQ) y del
|
||||
biofertilizante EcoMic<sup>®</sup> solo (CE) (<a href="#t2">Tabla 2</a>).</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="section">
|
||||
<a name="id2576407"><!-- named anchor --></a><p class="sec">DISCUSIÓN</p>
|
||||
<p>En la variedad Criolla se obtuvo un menor rendimiento que en la variedad P 7928 de maíz (<a href="#t1">Tabla 1</a> y (<a href="#t2">2</a>).
|
||||
La primera variedad fue obtenida por mezclas de otras variedades
|
||||
realizadas por el productor con el propósito de elevar la productividad
|
||||
del cultivo y que no se ha logrado en la actualidad. Sin embargo, con la
|
||||
aplicación de los bioestimulantes de forma combinada se logró aumentar
|
||||
el rendimiento de dicha variedad (<a href="#t1">Tabla 1</a>). A
|
||||
diferencia de la variedad Criolla, la P 7928 tuvo los mayores
|
||||
rendimientos con todas las combinaciones de los bioestimulantes
|
||||
evaluadas, fundamentalmente, con la aspersión foliar del QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> sin combinar, aunque no tuvo diferencias significativas con respecto a los tratamientos micorrizados con EcoMic<sup>®</sup> (<a href="#t2">Tabla 2</a>). Esto demuestra que es posible utilizar la aplicación individual del QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> para aumentar los rendimientos de la variedad. </p>
|
||||
<p>Con anterioridad, se empleó comparativamente el QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> y el EcoMic<sup>®</sup>
|
||||
en dos variedades de maíz blanco (Chuco y Cariaco) que elevaron los
|
||||
rendimientos del cultivo, con una concentración mayor (1 g L<sup>-1</sup>) de QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> aplicado en granos por imbibición <a href="#B2"><sup>2</sup></a>. Empleando foliarmente otro quitosano en el maíz, se obtuvieron resultados similares por otros autores <a href="#B23"><sup>23</sup></a>, pero utilizando concentraciones más elevadas que las ensayadas en este estudio.</p>
|
||||
<p>En ambas variedades de maíz, Criollo y P 7928, la combinación más efectiva fue la aplicación a granos de QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> por imbibición y luego la peletización con EcoMic<sup>®</sup> antes de la siembra, más la aspersión foliar del primero en los momentos indistintos del desarrollo del cultivo plantado (<a href="#t1">Tabla 1</a> y (<a href="#t2">2</a>).
|
||||
Este resultado corrobora lo anteriormente obtenido con la aplicación
|
||||
combinada de los bioestimulantes a similares dosis, pero en presencia de
|
||||
la fertilización inorgánica completa de NPK <a href="#B8"><sup>8</sup></a>. El rendimiento del maíz con la aplicación de EcoMic<sup>®</sup> más la fertilización de NPK (50 %) fue de 2,6 t ha<sup>-1</sup>, mientras que con la adición de QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> no se supera este rendimiento y si se alcanzaron valores superiores al aplicarse solamente el 50 % NPK. </p>
|
||||
<p>Por otra parte, el cultivo del maíz se coloniza eficientemente por
|
||||
los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) y como ocurre en otras
|
||||
especies, esta interacción simbiótica aumenta significativamente el
|
||||
crecimiento y desarrollo de las plantas, el contenido de fósforo, la
|
||||
acumulación de masa seca y la tasa fotosintética bajo condiciones de
|
||||
fósforo limitadas <a href="#B24"><sup>24</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#B25"><sup>25</sup></a>.
|
||||
La aplicación de HMA junto a fertilización mineral en la variedad de
|
||||
maíz híbrido amarillo HIMECA 3005 fue efectiva en aumentar los
|
||||
rendimientos hasta un 100 % (de 2 a 4 t ha<sup>-1</sup>), ya que los requerimientos nutricionales fueron cubiertos <a href="#B6"><sup>6</sup></a>.
|
||||
En este estudio se pudo constatar algo similar, aunque no se haya
|
||||
utilizado NPK. Esto sugiere que las distintas combinaciones de los
|
||||
bioproductos es una opción recomendable para aumentar los rendimientos
|
||||
del cultivo de maíz, en dependencia de la variedad.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="section">
|
||||
<a name="id2576667"><!-- named anchor --></a><p class="sec">CONCLUSIONES</p>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
</p><div class="list">
|
||||
<a name="id2576677"><!-- named anchor --></a><ul>
|
||||
<li><p>La combinación de la aplicación de QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> por imbibición de los granos y su peletización con EcoMic<sup>®</sup> más la posterior aplicación foliar de QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> en diferentes momentos del desarrollo del maíz, eleva los rendimientos de la variedad Criolla y P 7928. </p></li>
|
||||
<li><p>La aspersión foliar de QuitoMax<sup>®</sup>, sin la aplicación
|
||||
previa sobre granos de los bioestimulantes combinados, se destacó entre
|
||||
todas las combinaciones en el rendimiento de la variedad P 7928 de maíz.</p></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div id="article-back" class="back">
|
||||
<div class="ack">
|
||||
<p class="sec">AGRADECIMIENTOS</p>
|
||||
<p>Se agradece la contribución a la investigación de Yoel Gallardo
|
||||
productor de la Finca “El Mulato” perteneciente a la CCS Orlando
|
||||
Cuellar, Mayabeque, Cuba.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
<a name="references"></a><p class="sec"></p><p class="sec">BIBLIOGRAFÍA</p><p></p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B1"></a>1.
|
||||
|
||||
Mena Echevarría A, Fernández K, Olalde V, Serrato R. Diferencias en
|
||||
la respuesta del maíz Zea mays L.) a la inoculación con Glomus cubense
|
||||
(Y. Rodr. & Dalpé) y con un conglomerado de especies de hongos
|
||||
micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA). Cultivos Tropicales. 2013;34(2):12-5.
|
||||
[ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B2"></a>2.
|
||||
|
||||
Torres-Rodríguez JA, Reyes-Pérez JJ, González-Gómez LG,
|
||||
Jiménez-Pizarro M, Boicet-Fabre T, Enríquez-Acosta EA, et al. Respuesta
|
||||
agronomica de dos variedades de maiz blanco (Zea mays, L.) a la
|
||||
aplicacion de Quitomax, Azofert y Ecomic. Biotecnia. 2018;20(1):3-7.
|
||||
[ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B3"></a>3.
|
||||
|
||||
Acosta Roca R, Martínez Cruz M, Colomer López AR, Ríos Labrada H.
|
||||
Evaluación morfoagronómica de una población de maíz (Zea mays, L.) en
|
||||
condiciones de polinización abierta en el municipio Batabanó, provincia
|
||||
Mayabeque. Cultivos Tropicales. 2013;34(2):52-60. [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B4"></a>4.
|
||||
|
||||
Martín Alonso GM, Rivera Espinosa R, Arias Pérez L, Pérez Díaz A.
|
||||
Respuesta de la Canavalia ensiformis a la inoculación micorrízica con
|
||||
Glomus cubense (cepa INCAM-4), su efecto de permanencia en el cultivo
|
||||
del maiz. Cultivos Tropicales. 2012;33(2):20-8. [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B5"></a>5.
|
||||
|
||||
Martín GM, Rivera R. Influencia de la inoculación micorrízica en los
|
||||
abonos verdes. Efecto sobre el cultivo principal. Estudio de caso: el
|
||||
maíz. Cultivos Tropicales. 2015;36:34-50. [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B6"></a>6.
|
||||
|
||||
Herrera EMC, Toro M, Lopez D. Efecto de micorrizas nativas y fósforo
|
||||
en los rendimientos del maíz en Guárico, Venezuela. Temas Agrarios.
|
||||
2016;2:21-31. doi:10.21897/rta.v21i2.898 [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B7"></a>7.
|
||||
|
||||
Irizar Garza MBG, González Molina L, Larqué Saavedra BS, Martínez
|
||||
Trejo G, Díaz Valasis M, Muñiz Reyes É. Uso de micorriza y abonos
|
||||
orgánicos en el cultivo de maíz. México: Centro de Investigación
|
||||
Regional del Centro. 2016;37. [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B8"></a>8.
|
||||
|
||||
Rivera R, Nápoles MC, Ruíz M, Rodríguez Y, Simó J, Martín G, et al.
|
||||
Informe Final del megaproyecto “Manejo conjunto e impacto de
|
||||
biofertilizantes micorrízicos y otros bioproductos en la producción
|
||||
agrícola de diferentes cultivos”. Cuba: Instituto Nacional Ciencias
|
||||
Agrícolas. 2017. 127 p. [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B9"></a>9.
|
||||
|
||||
Pichyangkura R, Chadchawan S. Biostimulant activity of chitosan in
|
||||
horticulture. Scientia Horticulturae. 2015;196:49-65.
|
||||
doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2015.09.031 [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B10"></a>10.
|
||||
|
||||
Falcón Rodríguez AB, Costales Mené D, González-Peña Fundora D,
|
||||
Nápoles García MC. Nuevos productos naturales para la agricultura: las
|
||||
oligosacarinas. Cultivos Tropicales. 2015;36:111-29. [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B11"></a>11.
|
||||
|
||||
Rodríguez ABF, Costales D, Peña DG, Morales D, Mederos Y, Jerez E, et
|
||||
al. Chitosans of different molecular weight enhance potato (Solanum
|
||||
tuberosum L.) yield in a field trial. Spanish journal of agricultural
|
||||
research. 2017;15(1):25. [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B12"></a>12.
|
||||
|
||||
Badawy MEI, Rabea EI. A Biopolymer Chitosan and Its Derivatives as
|
||||
Promising Antimicrobial Agents against Plant Pathogens and Their
|
||||
Applications in Crop Protection [Internet]. International Journal of
|
||||
Carbohydrate Chemistry. 2011 [cited 19/10/2019]. doi:10.1155/2011/460381
|
||||
[ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B13"></a>13.
|
||||
|
||||
Falcón-Rodríguez AB, Wégria G, Cabrera JC. Exploiting plant innate
|
||||
immunity to protect crops against biotic stress: chitosaccharides as
|
||||
natural and suitable candidates for this purpose. In: Bandani AR (Ed).
|
||||
New perspectives in plant protection. 2012;139-66. [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B14"></a>14.
|
||||
|
||||
Palma-Guerrero J, Jansson H-B, Salinas J, Lopez-Llorca LV. Effect of
|
||||
chitosan on hyphal growth and spore germination of plant pathogenic and
|
||||
biocontrol fungi. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2008;104(2):541-53.
|
||||
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03567.x [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B15"></a>15.
|
||||
|
||||
Fundora DG-P, Rodríguez AF, Izaguirre GG, Morales AF. La quitosana:
|
||||
potencialidades antimicrobianas contra hongos y oomycetes. Fitosanidad.
|
||||
2013;17(2):111-5. [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B16"></a>16.
|
||||
|
||||
Abd El-Gawad HG, Bondok AM. Response of Tomato Plants to Salicyli c
|
||||
Acid and Chitosan under Infection with Tomato mosaic virus. Am.-Eur. J.
|
||||
Agric. Environ. Sci. 2015;15(8):1520-9. [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B17"></a>17.
|
||||
|
||||
Morales Guevara D, DellAmico Rodríguez J, Jerez Mompié E, Díaz
|
||||
Hernández Y, Martín Martín R. Effect of QuitoMax(r) on crop growth and
|
||||
yield of bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. Cultivos Tropicales.
|
||||
2016;37(1):142-7. [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B18"></a>18.
|
||||
|
||||
Terry Alfonso E, Falcón Rodríguez A, Ruiz Padrón J, Carrillo Sosa Y,
|
||||
Morales Morales H. Respuesta agronómica del cultivo de tomate al
|
||||
bioproducto QuitoMax(r). Cultivos Tropicales. 2017;38(1):147-54. [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B19"></a>19.
|
||||
|
||||
Hernández Jiménez A, Pérez Jiménez JM, Bosch Infante D, Castro Speck
|
||||
N. Clasificación de los suelos de Cuba 2015. Mayabeque, Cuba: Ediciones
|
||||
INCA; 2015. 91 p. [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B20"></a>20.
|
||||
|
||||
Pérez P, Rodríguez E, Grande O. Manual para la producción del cultivo
|
||||
del maíz Zea mays L. Editora Agroecológica, MINAGRI; 2012. 36 p.
|
||||
[ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B21"></a>21.
|
||||
|
||||
Fernández F, Gómez R, Vanegas LF, Martínez MA, de la Noval BM, Rivera
|
||||
R. Producto inoculante micorrizógeno. Oficina Nacional de Propiedad
|
||||
Industrial: Cuba, Patente no. 22641. 2000. [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B22"></a>22.
|
||||
|
||||
Di Rienzo JA, Casanoves F, Balzarini MG, González L, Tablada M,
|
||||
Robledo CW. InfoStat, versión 2008. [Internet]. Grupo InfoStat, FCA,
|
||||
Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina. 2008 [cited 19/10/2019].
|
||||
Available from: <a href="http://www.infostat.com.ar/" target="_blank">http://www.infostat.com.ar/</a>22.
|
||||
|
||||
[ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B23"></a>23.
|
||||
|
||||
Mondal MMA, Puteh AB, Dafader NC, Rafii MY, Malek MA. Foliar
|
||||
application of chitosan improves growth and yield in maize. J. Food
|
||||
Agric. Environ. 2013;11(2):520-3. [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B24"></a>24.
|
||||
|
||||
Deguchi S, Shimazaki Y, Uozumi S, Tawaraya K, Kawamoto H, Tanaka O.
|
||||
White clover living mulch increases the yield of silage corn via
|
||||
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus colonization. Plant and Soil.
|
||||
2007;291(1-2):291-9. doi:10.1007/s11104-007-9194-8 [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B25"></a>25.
|
||||
|
||||
Parniske M. Arbuscular mycorrhiza: the mother of plant root
|
||||
endosymbioses. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2008;6:763-75.
|
||||
doi:10.1038/nrmicro1987 [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="foot-notes">
|
||||
<div class="history"><p>Recebido:
|
||||
15 de Novembro de 2018; Aceito:
|
||||
08 de Outubro de 2019</p></div>
|
||||
<div class="author-notes"><p class="corresp"><a name="c1"></a>
|
||||
<sup>*</sup>Autor para correspondencia. <a href="mailto:yanebis@inca.edu.cu">yanebis@inca.edu.cu</a>
|
||||
</p></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="article-license"><p><a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.pt"><img src="Aplicaci%C3%B3n%20combinada%20de%20quitosano%20y%20HMA%20en%20el%20rendimiento%20de%20ma%C3%ADz_files/88x31.png" alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0"></a></p></div>
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text += " </table><br>\n";
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this.end;this.pos=this.state=1;this.update();this.options.curAnim[this.prop]=true;for(var f in this.options.curAnim)if(this.options.curAnim[f]!==true)d=false;if(d){if(this.options.display!=null){this.elem.style.overflow=this.options.overflow;a=c.data(this.elem,"olddisplay");this.elem.style.display=a?a:this.options.display;if(c.css(this.elem,"display")==="none")this.elem.style.display="block"}this.options.hide&&c(this.elem).hide();if(this.options.hide||this.options.show)for(var e in this.options.curAnim)c.style(this.elem,
|
||||
e,this.options.orig[e]);this.options.complete.call(this.elem)}return false}else{e=b-this.startTime;this.state=e/this.options.duration;a=this.options.easing||(c.easing.swing?"swing":"linear");this.pos=c.easing[this.options.specialEasing&&this.options.specialEasing[this.prop]||a](this.state,e,0,1,this.options.duration);this.now=this.start+(this.end-this.start)*this.pos;this.update()}return true}};c.extend(c.fx,{tick:function(){for(var a=c.timers,b=0;b<a.length;b++)a[b]()||a.splice(b--,1);a.length||
|
||||
c.fx.stop()},stop:function(){clearInterval(W);W=null},speeds:{slow:600,fast:200,_default:400},step:{opacity:function(a){c.style(a.elem,"opacity",a.now)},_default:function(a){if(a.elem.style&&a.elem.style[a.prop]!=null)a.elem.style[a.prop]=(a.prop==="width"||a.prop==="height"?Math.max(0,a.now):a.now)+a.unit;else a.elem[a.prop]=a.now}}});if(c.expr&&c.expr.filters)c.expr.filters.animated=function(a){return c.grep(c.timers,function(b){return a===b.elem}).length};c.fn.offset="getBoundingClientRect"in s.documentElement?
|
||||
function(a){var b=this[0];if(a)return this.each(function(e){c.offset.setOffset(this,a,e)});if(!b||!b.ownerDocument)return null;if(b===b.ownerDocument.body)return c.offset.bodyOffset(b);var d=b.getBoundingClientRect(),f=b.ownerDocument;b=f.body;f=f.documentElement;return{top:d.top+(self.pageYOffset||c.support.boxModel&&f.scrollTop||b.scrollTop)-(f.clientTop||b.clientTop||0),left:d.left+(self.pageXOffset||c.support.boxModel&&f.scrollLeft||b.scrollLeft)-(f.clientLeft||b.clientLeft||0)}}:function(a){var b=
|
||||
this[0];if(a)return this.each(function(r){c.offset.setOffset(this,a,r)});if(!b||!b.ownerDocument)return null;if(b===b.ownerDocument.body)return c.offset.bodyOffset(b);c.offset.initialize();var d=b.offsetParent,f=b,e=b.ownerDocument,j,i=e.documentElement,o=e.body;f=(e=e.defaultView)?e.getComputedStyle(b,null):b.currentStyle;for(var k=b.offsetTop,n=b.offsetLeft;(b=b.parentNode)&&b!==o&&b!==i;){if(c.offset.supportsFixedPosition&&f.position==="fixed")break;j=e?e.getComputedStyle(b,null):b.currentStyle;
|
||||
k-=b.scrollTop;n-=b.scrollLeft;if(b===d){k+=b.offsetTop;n+=b.offsetLeft;if(c.offset.doesNotAddBorder&&!(c.offset.doesAddBorderForTableAndCells&&/^t(able|d|h)$/i.test(b.nodeName))){k+=parseFloat(j.borderTopWidth)||0;n+=parseFloat(j.borderLeftWidth)||0}f=d;d=b.offsetParent}if(c.offset.subtractsBorderForOverflowNotVisible&&j.overflow!=="visible"){k+=parseFloat(j.borderTopWidth)||0;n+=parseFloat(j.borderLeftWidth)||0}f=j}if(f.position==="relative"||f.position==="static"){k+=o.offsetTop;n+=o.offsetLeft}if(c.offset.supportsFixedPosition&&
|
||||
f.position==="fixed"){k+=Math.max(i.scrollTop,o.scrollTop);n+=Math.max(i.scrollLeft,o.scrollLeft)}return{top:k,left:n}};c.offset={initialize:function(){var a=s.body,b=s.createElement("div"),d,f,e,j=parseFloat(c.curCSS(a,"marginTop",true))||0;c.extend(b.style,{position:"absolute",top:0,left:0,margin:0,border:0,width:"1px",height:"1px",visibility:"hidden"});b.innerHTML="<div style='position:absolute;top:0;left:0;margin:0;border:5px solid #000;padding:0;width:1px;height:1px;'><div></div></div><table style='position:absolute;top:0;left:0;margin:0;border:5px solid #000;padding:0;width:1px;height:1px;' cellpadding='0' cellspacing='0'><tr><td></td></tr></table>";
|
||||
a.insertBefore(b,a.firstChild);d=b.firstChild;f=d.firstChild;e=d.nextSibling.firstChild.firstChild;this.doesNotAddBorder=f.offsetTop!==5;this.doesAddBorderForTableAndCells=e.offsetTop===5;f.style.position="fixed";f.style.top="20px";this.supportsFixedPosition=f.offsetTop===20||f.offsetTop===15;f.style.position=f.style.top="";d.style.overflow="hidden";d.style.position="relative";this.subtractsBorderForOverflowNotVisible=f.offsetTop===-5;this.doesNotIncludeMarginInBodyOffset=a.offsetTop!==j;a.removeChild(b);
|
||||
c.offset.initialize=c.noop},bodyOffset:function(a){var b=a.offsetTop,d=a.offsetLeft;c.offset.initialize();if(c.offset.doesNotIncludeMarginInBodyOffset){b+=parseFloat(c.curCSS(a,"marginTop",true))||0;d+=parseFloat(c.curCSS(a,"marginLeft",true))||0}return{top:b,left:d}},setOffset:function(a,b,d){if(/static/.test(c.curCSS(a,"position")))a.style.position="relative";var f=c(a),e=f.offset(),j=parseInt(c.curCSS(a,"top",true),10)||0,i=parseInt(c.curCSS(a,"left",true),10)||0;if(c.isFunction(b))b=b.call(a,
|
||||
d,e);d={top:b.top-e.top+j,left:b.left-e.left+i};"using"in b?b.using.call(a,d):f.css(d)}};c.fn.extend({position:function(){if(!this[0])return null;var a=this[0],b=this.offsetParent(),d=this.offset(),f=/^body|html$/i.test(b[0].nodeName)?{top:0,left:0}:b.offset();d.top-=parseFloat(c.curCSS(a,"marginTop",true))||0;d.left-=parseFloat(c.curCSS(a,"marginLeft",true))||0;f.top+=parseFloat(c.curCSS(b[0],"borderTopWidth",true))||0;f.left+=parseFloat(c.curCSS(b[0],"borderLeftWidth",true))||0;return{top:d.top-
|
||||
f.top,left:d.left-f.left}},offsetParent:function(){return this.map(function(){for(var a=this.offsetParent||s.body;a&&!/^body|html$/i.test(a.nodeName)&&c.css(a,"position")==="static";)a=a.offsetParent;return a})}});c.each(["Left","Top"],function(a,b){var d="scroll"+b;c.fn[d]=function(f){var e=this[0],j;if(!e)return null;if(f!==w)return this.each(function(){if(j=wa(this))j.scrollTo(!a?f:c(j).scrollLeft(),a?f:c(j).scrollTop());else this[d]=f});else return(j=wa(e))?"pageXOffset"in j?j[a?"pageYOffset":
|
||||
"pageXOffset"]:c.support.boxModel&&j.document.documentElement[d]||j.document.body[d]:e[d]}});c.each(["Height","Width"],function(a,b){var d=b.toLowerCase();c.fn["inner"+b]=function(){return this[0]?c.css(this[0],d,false,"padding"):null};c.fn["outer"+b]=function(f){return this[0]?c.css(this[0],d,false,f?"margin":"border"):null};c.fn[d]=function(f){var e=this[0];if(!e)return f==null?null:this;if(c.isFunction(f))return this.each(function(j){var i=c(this);i[d](f.call(this,j,i[d]()))});return"scrollTo"in
|
||||
e&&e.document?e.document.compatMode==="CSS1Compat"&&e.document.documentElement["client"+b]||e.document.body["client"+b]:e.nodeType===9?Math.max(e.documentElement["client"+b],e.body["scroll"+b],e.documentElement["scroll"+b],e.body["offset"+b],e.documentElement["offset"+b]):f===w?c.css(e,d):this.css(d,typeof f==="string"?f:f+"px")}});A.jQuery=A.$=c})(window);
|
||||
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 572 B |
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|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 233 B |
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 235 B |
@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
||||
@import "screen/general.css";
|
||||
@import "screen/layout.css";
|
||||
@import "screen/styles.css";
|
||||
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 247 B |
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 233 B |
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 227 B |
@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
|
||||
var xmlHttp = false;
|
||||
var metaengine = "";
|
||||
var rateResult = "";
|
||||
|
||||
$(document).ready(function()
|
||||
{
|
||||
//all hide
|
||||
$('.box').hide();
|
||||
//Article show
|
||||
$('.box:eq(0)').show();
|
||||
//Indicators show
|
||||
$('.box:eq(1)').show();
|
||||
//Bookmark show
|
||||
$('.box:last').show();
|
||||
|
||||
$('.toolBoxSection').each(function(i)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if($(this).next(".box").is(":visible") == true )
|
||||
{
|
||||
$(this).css('background', 'url(../../img/collapsed2.png)');
|
||||
$(this).css('background-repeat', 'no-repeat');
|
||||
$(this).css('background-position', 'right');
|
||||
}
|
||||
else
|
||||
{
|
||||
$(this).css('background', 'url(../../img/expandd2.png)');
|
||||
$(this).css('background-repeat', 'no-repeat');
|
||||
$(this).css('background-position', 'right');
|
||||
}
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
$(".toolBoxSection").click(function()
|
||||
{
|
||||
if($(this).next(".box").is(":visible") == true )
|
||||
{
|
||||
|
||||
$(this).css('background', 'url(../../img/expandd2.png)');
|
||||
$(this).css('background-repeat', 'no-repeat');
|
||||
$(this).css('background-position', 'right');
|
||||
}
|
||||
else
|
||||
{
|
||||
$(this).css('background', 'url(../../img/collapsed2.png)');
|
||||
$(this).css('background-repeat', 'no-repeat');
|
||||
$(this).css('background-position', 'right');
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
$(this).next(".box").slideToggle(500);
|
||||
|
||||
});
|
||||
$('#permalink').click(function(){
|
||||
$('#permalink_box').toggle();
|
||||
if($('#permalink_box').css('display') != 'none'){
|
||||
$.getJSON('http://ref.scielo.org/api/v1/shorten?url=' + escape(document.URL) + '&callback=?',function(data){
|
||||
$('#short-url').val(data);
|
||||
});
|
||||
}
|
||||
});
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
function httpInit()
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (window.XMLHttpRequest)
|
||||
{ // Mozilla, Safari,...
|
||||
xmlHttp = new XMLHttpRequest();
|
||||
|
||||
if (xmlHttp.overrideMimeType)
|
||||
{
|
||||
xmlHttp.overrideMimeType('text/plain');
|
||||
}
|
||||
}else if (window.ActiveXObject)
|
||||
{ // IE
|
||||
try {
|
||||
xmlHttp = new ActiveXObject("Msxml2.XMLHTTP");
|
||||
}
|
||||
catch (e){
|
||||
try {
|
||||
xmlHttp = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
|
||||
}catch (e) {
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
if (!xmlHttp) {
|
||||
alert('Cannot create an XMLHTTP instance');
|
||||
return false;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* Pega todas as informa<6D><61>es poss<73>veis sobre o visitante, alem de incrementar
|
||||
* o log de acesso de servi<76>os
|
||||
*
|
||||
* @author Deivid Martins
|
||||
* @param serviceName String nome do servi<76>o acessado
|
||||
*
|
||||
*/
|
||||
function callUpdateArticleLog( serviceName ) /* modified by Gustavo Fonseca (gustavo.fonseca@bireme.org) */
|
||||
{
|
||||
var urlV = document.URL; /* URL do Documento */
|
||||
var pid = urlV.substr(urlV.lastIndexOf('pid=')+4,23);
|
||||
var lang = urlV.substr(urlV.lastIndexOf('tlng=')+5,2);
|
||||
|
||||
var dados = ""; /* Dados a serem enviados */
|
||||
var url = "/applications/scielo-org/ajax/updateIsisLog.php"; /* url para onde mandamos os dados */
|
||||
|
||||
serviceName = serviceName.toString();
|
||||
|
||||
dados = (String)("?serviceName=" + serviceName + "&pid=" + pid + "&lang=" + lang);
|
||||
|
||||
/* inicializa a XMLHttpRequest */
|
||||
httpInit();
|
||||
xmlHttp.open("GET", url+dados, true);
|
||||
xmlHttp.onreadystatechange = UpdateRate;
|
||||
|
||||
xmlHttp.send(null);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function UpdateRate(){
|
||||
if (xmlHttp.readyState == 4) {
|
||||
if (xmlHttp.status == 200) {
|
||||
ajaxResponse = xmlHttp.responseText;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function httpClose(){
|
||||
xmlHttp.abort();
|
||||
}
|
||||
function portletClose(portletId){
|
||||
httpClose();
|
||||
var portlet = document.getElementById(portletId);
|
||||
portlet.style.display = "none";
|
||||
return;
|
||||
}
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
|
||||
@charset "utf-8";
|
||||
|
||||
.categoria{
|
||||
text-align: right;
|
||||
text-transform: uppercase;
|
||||
font-weight: bold;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/*Títulos do artigo*/
|
||||
.title{
|
||||
/* font-size: 16pt; */
|
||||
font-weight: bold;
|
||||
font-size: 135%;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/*Titulo traduzido do artigo*/
|
||||
.trans-title{
|
||||
font-size: 120%;
|
||||
margin-top: 80px;
|
||||
margin-bottom: 80px;
|
||||
font-weight: bold;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.abstract .sec, .trans-abstract .sec {
|
||||
text-transform: uppercase;
|
||||
margin-top: 10px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.abstract {
|
||||
border-top: 1px solid;
|
||||
border-bottom: 1px solid;
|
||||
margin-top: 45px;
|
||||
font-size: 97%;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.trans-abstract {
|
||||
border-bottom: 1px solid;
|
||||
margin-top: 45px;
|
||||
font-size: 97%;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.sec {
|
||||
/* clear:both;
|
||||
font-size: 15pt;*/
|
||||
/* border-bottom: #CCC double thick; */
|
||||
margin-top: 40px;
|
||||
font-weight: bold;
|
||||
font-size: 120%;
|
||||
text-transform: uppercase;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.sub-subsec{
|
||||
padding-top: 10px;
|
||||
font-size: 100%;
|
||||
font-weight: bold;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/*Título das Subseções do artigo*/
|
||||
.subsec{
|
||||
font-size: 110%;
|
||||
margin-bottom: 0px;
|
||||
font-weight: bold;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/*Título das Subseções do artigo*/
|
||||
.sub-subsec, .subsection-title {
|
||||
font-size: 100%;
|
||||
font-weight: bold;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.table {
|
||||
font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif;
|
||||
display: table;
|
||||
border-collapse: collapse;
|
||||
border-spacing: 0;
|
||||
min-width: 95%;
|
||||
margin: 0 auto;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
.thead{display:table-header-group; border-color:black; vertical-align:middle; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border:black; text-align:center;}
|
||||
|
||||
.thead td, th{border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: 1px solid black;}
|
||||
|
||||
.tbody{display: table-row-group; border-color:black; vertical-align:middle; border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align:center; font-size: 15pt;}
|
||||
|
||||
.tbody td, tr:last-child{border-bottom: 1px solid black;}
|
||||
|
||||
.td {
|
||||
font-size: 8pt;
|
||||
border-spacing: 20pt;
|
||||
border-color: black;
|
||||
border-bottom: 1px solid black;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.col {
|
||||
display: table-column
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.colgroup {
|
||||
display: table-column-group
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.tfoot {
|
||||
display: table-footer-group;
|
||||
vertical-align: middle;
|
||||
border-color: inherit;
|
||||
text-align:justify;
|
||||
font-size: 8pt;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.dotted_table {
|
||||
empty-cells: show;
|
||||
border-style: dotted dotted dotted dotted;
|
||||
font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif;
|
||||
display: table;
|
||||
border-collapse: separate;
|
||||
border-spacing: 2px;
|
||||
border-color: gray;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.table_thumbnail {
|
||||
padding-top: 25px;
|
||||
border-top: 1px solid;
|
||||
min-height: 90px;
|
||||
padding-bottom: 25px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.td_thumbnail {
|
||||
vertical-align: top;
|
||||
|
||||
}
|
||||
.td_label_caption {
|
||||
text-align: justify;
|
||||
vertical-align: top;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.thumbnail{
|
||||
width: 120px;
|
||||
max-height: 75px;
|
||||
vertical-align: top;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.label_caption {
|
||||
padding-top: 5px;
|
||||
vertical-align: top;
|
||||
padding-bottom: 5px;
|
||||
font-family: arial;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.caption {
|
||||
text-align: justify;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.label {
|
||||
font-weight: bold;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.inline-formula {
|
||||
max-width: 800px;
|
||||
display: inline;
|
||||
max-height: 10%;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.disp-formula {
|
||||
padding: 25px;
|
||||
max-width: 800px;
|
||||
max-height: 10%;
|
||||
text-align: center;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.disp-formula .label {
|
||||
padding: 50px;
|
||||
display: inline-block;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.disp-formula .formula {
|
||||
padding: 50px;
|
||||
display: inline-block;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.graphic {
|
||||
padding: 25px;
|
||||
width: auto;
|
||||
max-width: 800px;
|
||||
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.inline-graphic{
|
||||
display: inline;
|
||||
max-height: 40px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.figure-group, .table-wrap-group {
|
||||
max-width: 800px;
|
||||
border-color: transparent;
|
||||
padding-top: 15px;
|
||||
padding-bottom: 15px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.figure {
|
||||
max-width: 800px;
|
||||
border-color: transparent;
|
||||
padding-top: 5px;
|
||||
padding-bottom: 5px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.table-wrap {
|
||||
max-width: 800px;
|
||||
border-color: transparent;
|
||||
padding-top: 5px;
|
||||
padding-bottom: 5px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
#article-footer {
|
||||
display: none;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.foot-notes {
|
||||
padding-top: 20px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.footnote {
|
||||
border-top: 1px solid;
|
||||
padding-top: 10px;
|
||||
vertical-align: top;
|
||||
padding-bottom: 10px;
|
||||
font-size: 90%;
|
||||
|
||||
}
|
||||
.fn-label {
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<dcterms:abstract>The concept of agriculture 4.0 has emerged as an evolution of precision agriculture (PA) through the spread of the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine learning data analytics, which have been applied throughout the value chain of the agricultural sector. However, the challenges facing agriculture today go far beyond merely technological ones. Achieving the Zero-Hunger goal by 2030 will require the use of Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) applications, essential for the primary sector to become a driver of economic and sustainable development. This article presents the concept of agriculture 4.0, the contexts of use, its technologies, their application in the agricultural sector, and the benefits to present the trends in the use of technologies at a global level. For this, English-language papers published in the last 5 years were considered, considering both review articles and research ones. Internet of Things, data analytics, artificial intelligence, and cloud computing, among others, have been identified as the most studied technologies in both agricultural systems. The range of opportunities opens to continue reviewing innovations that are specific to the regions and their communities.El concepto de agricultura 4.0 ha emergido como una evolución de la agricultura de precisión (AP) a través de la difusión del Internet de las cosas (IoT), la analítica de datos, y el machine learning, que han sido aplicados en toda la cadena de valor del sector agropecuario. Sin embargo, los desafíos que enfrenta la agricultura hoy en día van mucho más allá de los meramente tecnológicos. El logro de la meta Hambre Cero de aquí a 2030 exigirá que se utilicen aplicaciones de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (CTI), primordiales para que el sector primario se convierta en impulsor del desarrollo económico y sostenible. En el presente artículo se presenta el concepto de agricultura 4.0, los contextos particulares de su uso, así como sus beneficios y principales tecnologías aplicadas en el sector, con el fin de evidenciar las tendencias de uso a nivel global. Para ello, se tomaron en cuenta artículos en idioma inglés, publicados en los últimos 5 años, tanto de revisión como de investigación. El Internet de las cosas, la analítica de datos, la inteligencia artificial y la computación en la nube, entre otras, han sido identificadas como las tecnologías más estudiadas en sistemas agrícolas. Se abre un abanico de oportunidades para seguir revisando innovaciones que sean específicas para las regiones y sus comunidades</dcterms:abstract>
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<foaf:surname>Arcila Diaz</foaf:surname>
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<dc:title>Uso de Machine Learning para estimar la producción de cultivos frutales: análisis de tendencias y agenda de investigación</dc:title>
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<dcterms:abstract>La estimación precisa de la producción de cultivos frutales es crucial para mejorar
|
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|
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distribución, y, en última instancia, gestionando de manera más eficiente la cadena
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|
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|
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de la producción de cultivos frutales. Aplicando la metodología PRISMA, se
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investigación examina qué cultivos frutales utilizan técnicas de machine learning
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para la estimación de producción y qué técnicas muestran el mejor desempeño en
|
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la estimación o conteo de cultivos. Se identificaron tendencias emergentes, como la
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integración de variables climáticas, el uso de imágenes multiespectrales y la
|
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implementación de sistemas en tiempo real. Se propone una agenda de
|
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investigación para abordar las lagunas existentes, enfocándose en el desarrollo de
|
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soluciones ligeras y escalables para su implementación práctica en la agricultura.</dcterms:abstract>
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<dc:date>2024</dc:date>
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<dc:description>Accepted: 2024-09-23T20:27:44Z
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<h2 xmlns=""><a href="http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0258-5936&lng=es&nrm=iso">Cultivos Tropicales</a></h2>
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<h2 xmlns="" id="printISSN">
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<font color="#0000A0"><!--ONLINes--><em>versión On-line</em> ISSN </font>1819-4087</h2>
|
||||
<h3 xmlns="">cultrop vol.40 no.4 La Habana oct.-dic. 2019
|
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Epub 01-Dic-2019</h3>
|
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<h4 xmlns="" id="doi"> </h4>
|
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<div xmlns="" class="index,pt">
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<!--version=xml-file--><div id="article-front" class="front">
|
||||
<p class="categoria">Artículo original</p>
|
||||
<div><p class="title">Aplicación combinada de quitosano y HMA en el rendimiento de maíz</p></div>
|
||||
<div class="autores">Yanebis Pérez-Madruga<sup><a href="#aff1">1</a>
|
||||
</sup><sup><a href="#c1">*</a>
|
||||
</sup>, Pedro Rafael Rosales-Jenquis<sup><a href="#aff1">1</a>
|
||||
</sup>, Daimy Costales- Menéndez<sup><a href="#aff1">1</a>
|
||||
</sup>, Alejandro Falcón-Rodríguez<sup><a href="#aff1">1</a>
|
||||
</sup>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="autores"></div>
|
||||
<p class="aff"><a name="aff1"></a><sup><sup>1</sup></sup>Instituto
|
||||
Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas (INCA), carretera San José-Tapaste, km
|
||||
3½, Gaveta Postal 1, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba. CP 32 700</p>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<div class="abstract">
|
||||
<p class="sec"><a name="RESUMEN">RESUMEN</a></p>
|
||||
<p>Se realizaron dos experimentos en condiciones de campo, con el objetivo de evaluar los bioestimulantes QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> y EcoMic<sup>®</sup>, solos y combinados, en el rendimiento de dos variedades de maíz (<em>Zea mays</em>
|
||||
L.), durante los años 2015 y 2016. En ambos experimentos, los
|
||||
bioestimulantes fueron aplicados por imbibición de granos en soluciones
|
||||
de QuitoMax<sup>®</sup>, que después fueron peletizadas con EcoMic<sup>®</sup>, previo a la siembra y, posteriormente, las plantas fueron asperjadas en el área foliar con QuitoMax<sup>®</sup>.
|
||||
En el primer experimento, las distintas combinaciones de los
|
||||
bioproductos estimularon la mayoría de los componentes del rendimiento
|
||||
del maíz, variedad Criolla. En el segundo, el tratamiento de los granos
|
||||
con QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> y EcoMic<sup>®</sup> estimuló el diámetro de la
|
||||
mazorca, el número de hileras de granos y el rendimiento agrícola de la
|
||||
variedad P 7928, conjuntamente con la aspersión foliar de QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> en el cultivo. En la variedad Criolla, el tratamiento de los granos previo a la siembra con QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> y EcoMic<sup>®</sup> seguido de la aspersión foliar de QuitoMax<sup>®</sup>, aumentó en 62 % el rendimiento respecto al control peletizado con EcoMic<sup>®</sup>,
|
||||
mientras que en la variedad P 7928, tanto los tratamientos de cada
|
||||
producto solo como sus combinaciones, aumentaron el rendimiento respecto
|
||||
al control no tratado entre 15 y 22 %. En general, el rendimiento del
|
||||
maíz aumentó significativamente con el empleo de los bioestimulantes, lo
|
||||
que sugiere que la aplicación en el campo de EcoMic<sup>®</sup> y QuitoMax<sup>®</sup>, solos y combinados, es una opción recomendable para aumentar los rendimientos del cultivo, en dependencia de la variedad. </p>
|
||||
<p><b>Palabras-clave: </b>bioestimulantes; biofertilizantes; micorrizas; polímeros</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div id="article-body" class="body">
|
||||
<div class="section">
|
||||
<a name="id2574619"><!-- named anchor --></a><p class="sec">INTRODUCCIÓN</p>
|
||||
<p>El maíz (<em>Zea mays</em> L.) es un cereal de gran importancia económica en el mundo para el consumo humano y animal <a href="#B1"><sup>1</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#B2"><sup>2</sup></a>,
|
||||
con una producción global de 500 millones de toneladas. Este cultivo
|
||||
cubre un área superior a los 120 millones de hectáreas y se cultiva en
|
||||
más de 70 países, aunque su zona fundamental es el continente americano.
|
||||
En Cuba, el maíz abarca una superficie entre 77 000 y 100 000
|
||||
hectáreas, destacándose las provincias de las regiones centrales y
|
||||
orientales con las mayores extensiones de superficie de siembra <a href="#B3"><sup>3</sup></a>.
|
||||
En el país existen 47 variedades comerciales, de las cuales sólo cuatro
|
||||
son tradicionales y el resto son cultivares procedentes de diferentes
|
||||
programas nacionales de mejoramiento genético. En la actualidad, la
|
||||
productividad de estos cultivares no superan las 1,44-2,35 t ha<sup>-1</sup> como promedio <a href="#B2"><sup>2</sup></a>. </p>
|
||||
<p>Los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) son organismos biotróficos
|
||||
obligatorios asociados a las raíces de plantas superiores, que reciben
|
||||
fuentes carbonadas provenientes de la planta, mientras que en estas se
|
||||
incrementa la capacidad de exploración del suelo, la absorción de
|
||||
nutrientes minerales y por consiguiente, el crecimiento y desarrollo <a href="#B4"><sup>4</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#B5"><sup>5</sup></a>.
|
||||
Por estas razones han sido utilizados como biofertilizantes para
|
||||
aumentar los rendimientos de diferentes cultivos entre los que se
|
||||
encuentra el maíz <a href="#B6"><sup>6</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#B7"><sup>7</sup></a>. En Cuba, el biofertilizante EcoMic<sup>®</sup> (HMA) ha sido empleado en el maíz y en otros cultivos como frijol (<em>Phaseolus vulgaris</em> L.), boniato (<em>Ipomoea batata</em> (L.) Lam), plátano (<em>Musa paradisiaca</em> L.), yuca (<em>Manihot esculenta</em> Crantz), tabaco (<em>Nicotiana tabacum</em> L.), tomate (<em>Solanum lycopersicum</em> L.), pimiento (<em>Capsicum annuum</em> L.) y arroz (<em>Oryza sativa</em> L.) <a href="#B1"><sup>1</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#B4"><sup>4</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#B5"><sup>5</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#B8"><sup>8</sup></a>. </p>
|
||||
<p>El quitosano es un derivado parcialmente desacetilado de la quitina,
|
||||
un polisacárido ampliamente distribuido en la naturaleza como componente
|
||||
de las estructuras de los invertebrados. El quitosano es un copolímero
|
||||
lineal formado por unidades de glucosamina y en menor medida de N-acetil
|
||||
D-glucosamina unidos por enlaces β 1-4 <a href="#B9"><sup>9</sup></a><sup>-</sup><a href="#B11"><sup>11</sup></a>.
|
||||
Se ha utilizado como bioestimulante por tener una amplia aplicación
|
||||
agrícola a partir de las potencialidades biológicas que se le han
|
||||
demostrado, como la promoción del crecimiento y desarrollo vegetal de
|
||||
varios cultivos de importancia económica <a href="#B9"><sup>9</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#B10"><sup>10</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#B12"><sup>12</sup></a> y la tolerancia al estrés abiótico <a href="#B9"><sup>9</sup></a> y biótico <a href="#B13"><sup>13</sup></a>.
|
||||
Es un compuesto con acción antimicrobiana por su actividad bactericida y
|
||||
fungicida en el crecimiento y desarrollo de hongos, bacterias y
|
||||
Oomicetos <a href="#B9"><sup>9</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#B12"><sup>12</sup></a><sup>-</sup><a href="#B15"><sup>15</sup></a>, además induce resistencia en las plantas contra patógenos <a href="#B9"><sup>9</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#B13"><sup>13</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#B16"><sup>16</sup></a>. </p>
|
||||
<p>En Cuba se ha utilizado el bioestimulante QuitoMax<sup>®</sup>, que
|
||||
es un producto líquido cuyo principal componente activo son polímeros de
|
||||
quitosano. Este bioestimulante es aplicado en diferentes cultivos y
|
||||
estimula el desarrollo y la calidad de los mismos. La aplicación de
|
||||
QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> provoca incrementos del rendimiento desde un 20 % hasta el 55 % en los cultivos del maíz, frijol y tomate <a href="#B2"><sup>2</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#B17"><sup>17</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#B18"><sup>18</sup></a>. La aplicación combinada de QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> con EcoMic<sup>®</sup> ha estimulado los rendimientos de frijol y pimiento <a href="#B8"><sup>8</sup></a>.</p>
|
||||
<p>En Cuba, a pesar de que se ha utilizado la combinación QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> - EcoMic<sup>®</sup> en presencia de la fertilización NPK en maíz <a href="#B8"><sup>8</sup></a>,
|
||||
no se conoce la acción estimuladora de ambos bioestimulantes combinados
|
||||
o no, sin la aplicación de fertilizantes inorgánicos. En este sentido,
|
||||
el objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la combinación del
|
||||
QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> y el EcoMic<sup>®</sup> en el rendimiento de las
|
||||
variedades Criolla y P 7928 cuando se aplican a las semillas previo a la
|
||||
siembra, y la aspersión foliar de QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> en diferentes momentos del desarrollo del cultivo.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="section">
|
||||
<a name="id2575097"><!-- named anchor --></a><p class="sec">MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS</p>
|
||||
<p>Se desarrollaron dos experimentos en la Finca “El Mulato”, ubicada a
|
||||
23°00'34.6"LN y 82°08'20.5"LO, a una altura de 122 m.s.n.m., que
|
||||
pertenece a la CCS Orlando Cuellar del Municipio San José de las Lajas,
|
||||
de la provincia Mayabeque, durante los años 2015-2016 sobre un suelo
|
||||
ferralítico rojo lixiviado agrogénico <a href="#B19"><sup>19</sup></a>.
|
||||
El primer experimento fue realizado con la variedad Criolla (mezcla de
|
||||
otras variedades realizadas por el productor) en el período marzo-junio
|
||||
de 2015, con 25,2 ± 1,61 °C de temperatura promedio, 77,15 ± 5,46 % de
|
||||
humedad relativa y 619,8 mm de precipitaciones acumuladas. El segundo
|
||||
experimento fue realizado con la variedad P 7928 <a href="#B20"><sup>20</sup></a>
|
||||
en el período abril-julio de 2016, con 25,59 ± 1,81°C de temperatura
|
||||
promedio, 77,82 ± 6,40 % de humedad relativa y 620,7 mm de
|
||||
precipitaciones acumuladas. En ninguno de estos experimentos el cultivo
|
||||
se regó por lo que se considera maíz de temporal.</p>
|
||||
<p>En ambos experimentos se utilizó QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> (bioestimulante a base de polímeros de quitosano) a una dosis de 0,4 g ha<sup>-1 (</sup><a href="#B8"><sup>8</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#B17"><sup>17</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#B18"><sup>18</sup></a> y EcoMic<sup>®</sup> (HMA) a una dosis de 1,35 Kg ha<sup>-1</sup> con una concentración de 20 esporas g<sup>-1</sup> equivalente al 10 % del peso de las semillas <a href="#B4"><sup>4</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#B8"><sup>8</sup></a>. El QuitoMax<sup>®</sup>,
|
||||
además de aplicarse por imbibición de granos (IG) previo a la siembra,
|
||||
se aplicó por aspersión foliar (AF) en diferentes momentos después de la
|
||||
siembra (dds): en el primer experimento a los 25 y 45 dds, mientras
|
||||
que, en el segundo, a los 10 y 45 dds. El EcoMic<sup>®</sup> solo fue aplicado a los granos, luego de ser embebidos o no, con QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> mediante recubrimiento de los granos (RG) <a href="#B21"><sup>21</sup></a>,
|
||||
para un total de cuatro tratamientos en el primer experimento y seis
|
||||
tratamientos en el segundo, como aparecen conformados a continuación. </p>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
</p><div class="list">
|
||||
<a name="id2575268"><!-- named anchor --></a><ul style="list-style-type: none">
|
||||
<li><p>Primer experimento </p></li>
|
||||
<li><p>Control (EcoMic<sup>®</sup>) (CE)</p></li>
|
||||
<li><p>IG con QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> + RG EcoMic<sup>®</sup> + AF con QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> (QEAFQ)</p></li>
|
||||
<li><p>IG con QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> + RG con EcoMic<sup>®</sup> (QE)</p></li>
|
||||
<li><p>RG con EcoMic<sup>®</sup> + AF con QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> (EAFQ)</p></li>
|
||||
<li><p>Segundo experimento </p></li>
|
||||
<li><p>Control (sin EcoMic<sup>®</sup>) (CSE)</p></li>
|
||||
<li><p>RG con EcoMic<sup>®</sup> (CE)</p></li>
|
||||
<li><p>IG con QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> + RG con EcoMic<sup>®</sup> (QE)</p></li>
|
||||
<li><p>IG con QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> + RG con EcoMic<sup>®</sup> + AF con QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> (QEAFQ)</p></li>
|
||||
<li><p>RG con EcoMic<sup>®</sup> + AF con QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> (EAFQ)</p></li>
|
||||
<li><p>AF con QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> (AFQ)</p></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p>En ambos experimentos se analizaron tres bloques de 2,7 m de ancho y 6 m de largo, para una superficie por parcela de 16,2 m<sup>2</sup>
|
||||
por tratamiento. La distancia de plantación del cultivo fue de 0,90 m
|
||||
entre hileras y 0,30 m entre plantas. En el momento de la cosecha se
|
||||
evaluaron las variables del rendimiento (peso (cm), longitud (cm) y
|
||||
diámetro (cm)) de las mazorcas, cantidad de hileras y número de granos
|
||||
por mazorca, el peso de 100 granos (g) y el rendimiento estimado (t ha<sup>-1</sup>), a 20 y 12 plantas en el primer y segundo experimento, respectivamente.</p>
|
||||
<p>Se realizó un diseño de bloques al azar en el primer experimento, sin
|
||||
embargo, en el segundo se ejecutó un diseño completamente aleatorizado
|
||||
con seis surcos por tratamiento. Para la toma de muestra se utilizó el
|
||||
método de las diagonales. A los datos obtenidos se le realizó un
|
||||
análisis de varianza de clasificación doble efectuándose la Prueba de
|
||||
Rango Múltiple de Duncan para determinar diferencias significativas
|
||||
entre las medias mediante el Programa estadístico InfoStat <a href="#B22"><sup>22</sup></a>.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="section">
|
||||
<a name="id2575473"><!-- named anchor --></a><p class="sec">RESULTADOS</p>
|
||||
<p>En el primer experimento, las variables del rendimiento de la
|
||||
variedad Criolla de maíz fueron estimuladas con las distintas
|
||||
combinaciones de EcoMic<sup>®</sup> y QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> evaluadas, respecto al control micorrizado (CE) (<a href="#t1">Tabla 1</a>). </p>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<!--_ STANDARD _--></p><div class="table-wrap">
|
||||
<a name="t1"><!-- named anchor --></a><p class="label_caption"><span class="label">Tabla 1 </span><span class="caption">Comportamiento
|
||||
de las variables del rendimiento de la variedad Criolla de maíz con la
|
||||
aplicación combinada de los bioestimulantes QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> y EcoMic<sup>®</sup> </span></p>
|
||||
<div class="table"><table class="table">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col>
|
||||
<col span="7">
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<thead>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th align="center" rowspan="2">Tratamientos</th>
|
||||
<th align="center" colspan="7">Rendimiento de mazorcas de maíz (var. Criolla) </th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th align="center">Peso (g)</th>
|
||||
<th align="center">Largo (cm)</th>
|
||||
<th align="center">Diámetro (cm)</th>
|
||||
<th align="center">Cantidad de hileras</th>
|
||||
<th align="center">No. Granos</th>
|
||||
<th align="center">P 100 granos (g)</th>
|
||||
<th align="center">Rendimiento (t ha<sup>-1</sup>)</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</thead>
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td align="justify">CE</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">58,81 c</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">12,42 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">3,90 c</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">13,65 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">371,53 c</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">15,95 c</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">2,15 c</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td align="justify">QEAFQ</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">101,81 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">14,49 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">4,42 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">14,30 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">491,60 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">19,17 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">3,48 a</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td align="justify">QE</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">80,50 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">14,06 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">4,13 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">13,63 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">437,00 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">16,95 bc</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">2,74 b</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td align="justify">EAFQ</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">73,06 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">13,00 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">4,17 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">13,65 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">417,90 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">17,41 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">2,64 b</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table></div>
|
||||
<a name="TFN1"></a><p>Letras iguales en la misma columna no difieren estadísticamente para p <0,05, de acuerdo con la prueba de Duncan</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p>De todas las combinaciones de los bioestimulantes evaluadas, la que más se destacó fue la imbibición de granos con QuitoMax<sup>®</sup>, peletizados con EcoMic<sup>®</sup> más la posterior aspersión foliar de QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> a los 25 y 45 (dds) (QEAFQ). Con este tratamiento se lograron incrementos de 62 % en el rendimiento del cultivo (<a href="#t1">Tabla 1</a>). </p>
|
||||
<p>La <a href="#t2">Tabla 2</a> muestra los resultados del rendimiento de la variedad P 7928 (segundo experimento).</p>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<!--_ STANDARD _--></p><div class="table-wrap">
|
||||
<a name="t2"><!-- named anchor --></a><p class="label_caption"><span class="label">Tabla 2 </span><span class="caption">Comportamiento
|
||||
de las variables del rendimiento de la variedad P 7928 de maíz con la
|
||||
aplicación combinada de los bioestimulantes QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> y EcoMic<sup>®</sup> </span></p>
|
||||
<div class="table"><table class="table">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col>
|
||||
<col span="7">
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<thead>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th align="center" rowspan="2">Tratamientos</th>
|
||||
<th align="center" colspan="7">Rendimiento de mazorcas de maíz (var. P 7928) </th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th align="center">Peso (g)</th>
|
||||
<th align="center">Largo (cm)</th>
|
||||
<th align="center">Diámetro (cm)</th>
|
||||
<th align="center">Cantidad de hileras</th>
|
||||
<th align="center">No. granos</th>
|
||||
<th align="center">P 100 granos (g)</th>
|
||||
<th align="center">Rendimiento (t ha<sup>-1</sup>)</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</thead>
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td align="justify">CSE</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">136,22 c</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">14,47 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">4,57 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">13,90 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">422,17 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">29,93 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">4,68 c</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td align="justify">CE</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">149,41 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">15,97 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">4,60 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">14,07 ab</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">484,00 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">29,94 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">5,37 ab</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td align="justify">QE</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">161,33 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">15,51 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">4,96 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">14,93 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">492,33 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">31,32 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">5,71 a</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td align="justify">QEAFQ</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">195,75 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">15,53 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">4,71 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">14,33 ab</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">503,63 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">28,99 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">5,41 ab</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td align="justify">EAFQ</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">164,68 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">16,37 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">4,69 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">14,03 ab</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">484,67 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">28,40 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">5,10 bc</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td align="justify">AFQ</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">169,92 b</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">16,40 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">4,89 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">14,57 ab</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">503,77 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">30,51 a</td>
|
||||
<td align="center">5,69 a</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table></div>
|
||||
<a name="TFN2"></a><p>Letras iguales en la misma columna no difieren estadísticamente para p <0,05, de acuerdo con la prueba de Duncan</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
<p>El peso de las mazorcas se comportó mejor con la imbibición de granos con QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> más la peletización de los mismos con EcoMic<sup>®</sup> y la posterior aspersión foliar de QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> (QEAFQ) (<a href="#t2">Tabla 2</a>).
|
||||
El largo de la mazorca fue mejorado con los bioestimulantes combinados o
|
||||
no, con valores diferentes y superiores al control no micorrizado con
|
||||
EcoMic<sup>®</sup> (CSE). Lo mismo ocurrió con el número de granos por mazorca (<a href="#t2">Tabla 2</a>).
|
||||
Sin embargo, el diámetro de las mazorcas fue mejorado solo con la
|
||||
aplicación de los bioproductos combinados y aplicados a los granos,
|
||||
previo a la siembra (QE), y por la aspersión foliar del cultivo con
|
||||
QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> a los 10 y 45 dds (AFQ), mientras que la cantidad de hileras solo fue estimulada con el primer tratamiento mencionado (QE) (<a href="#t2">Tabla 2</a>). En cuanto al peso de los 100 granos no hubo diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos. </p>
|
||||
<p>Las combinaciones de los bioestimulantes que más estimularon el rendimiento del maíz fue la imbibición de granos con QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> y su posterior peletización con EcoMic<sup>®</sup> (QE) previo a la siembra con 22 % de incremento y la aspersión foliar de QuitoMax<sup>®</sup>
|
||||
(AFQ) con 21% de incremento, aunque sin diferencias significativas con
|
||||
la aplicación de formas combinadas de los dos tratamientos (QEAFQ) y del
|
||||
biofertilizante EcoMic<sup>®</sup> solo (CE) (<a href="#t2">Tabla 2</a>).</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="section">
|
||||
<a name="id2576407"><!-- named anchor --></a><p class="sec">DISCUSIÓN</p>
|
||||
<p>En la variedad Criolla se obtuvo un menor rendimiento que en la variedad P 7928 de maíz (<a href="#t1">Tabla 1</a> y (<a href="#t2">2</a>).
|
||||
La primera variedad fue obtenida por mezclas de otras variedades
|
||||
realizadas por el productor con el propósito de elevar la productividad
|
||||
del cultivo y que no se ha logrado en la actualidad. Sin embargo, con la
|
||||
aplicación de los bioestimulantes de forma combinada se logró aumentar
|
||||
el rendimiento de dicha variedad (<a href="#t1">Tabla 1</a>). A
|
||||
diferencia de la variedad Criolla, la P 7928 tuvo los mayores
|
||||
rendimientos con todas las combinaciones de los bioestimulantes
|
||||
evaluadas, fundamentalmente, con la aspersión foliar del QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> sin combinar, aunque no tuvo diferencias significativas con respecto a los tratamientos micorrizados con EcoMic<sup>®</sup> (<a href="#t2">Tabla 2</a>). Esto demuestra que es posible utilizar la aplicación individual del QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> para aumentar los rendimientos de la variedad. </p>
|
||||
<p>Con anterioridad, se empleó comparativamente el QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> y el EcoMic<sup>®</sup>
|
||||
en dos variedades de maíz blanco (Chuco y Cariaco) que elevaron los
|
||||
rendimientos del cultivo, con una concentración mayor (1 g L<sup>-1</sup>) de QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> aplicado en granos por imbibición <a href="#B2"><sup>2</sup></a>. Empleando foliarmente otro quitosano en el maíz, se obtuvieron resultados similares por otros autores <a href="#B23"><sup>23</sup></a>, pero utilizando concentraciones más elevadas que las ensayadas en este estudio.</p>
|
||||
<p>En ambas variedades de maíz, Criollo y P 7928, la combinación más efectiva fue la aplicación a granos de QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> por imbibición y luego la peletización con EcoMic<sup>®</sup> antes de la siembra, más la aspersión foliar del primero en los momentos indistintos del desarrollo del cultivo plantado (<a href="#t1">Tabla 1</a> y (<a href="#t2">2</a>).
|
||||
Este resultado corrobora lo anteriormente obtenido con la aplicación
|
||||
combinada de los bioestimulantes a similares dosis, pero en presencia de
|
||||
la fertilización inorgánica completa de NPK <a href="#B8"><sup>8</sup></a>. El rendimiento del maíz con la aplicación de EcoMic<sup>®</sup> más la fertilización de NPK (50 %) fue de 2,6 t ha<sup>-1</sup>, mientras que con la adición de QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> no se supera este rendimiento y si se alcanzaron valores superiores al aplicarse solamente el 50 % NPK. </p>
|
||||
<p>Por otra parte, el cultivo del maíz se coloniza eficientemente por
|
||||
los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) y como ocurre en otras
|
||||
especies, esta interacción simbiótica aumenta significativamente el
|
||||
crecimiento y desarrollo de las plantas, el contenido de fósforo, la
|
||||
acumulación de masa seca y la tasa fotosintética bajo condiciones de
|
||||
fósforo limitadas <a href="#B24"><sup>24</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#B25"><sup>25</sup></a>.
|
||||
La aplicación de HMA junto a fertilización mineral en la variedad de
|
||||
maíz híbrido amarillo HIMECA 3005 fue efectiva en aumentar los
|
||||
rendimientos hasta un 100 % (de 2 a 4 t ha<sup>-1</sup>), ya que los requerimientos nutricionales fueron cubiertos <a href="#B6"><sup>6</sup></a>.
|
||||
En este estudio se pudo constatar algo similar, aunque no se haya
|
||||
utilizado NPK. Esto sugiere que las distintas combinaciones de los
|
||||
bioproductos es una opción recomendable para aumentar los rendimientos
|
||||
del cultivo de maíz, en dependencia de la variedad.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="section">
|
||||
<a name="id2576667"><!-- named anchor --></a><p class="sec">CONCLUSIONES</p>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
</p><div class="list">
|
||||
<a name="id2576677"><!-- named anchor --></a><ul>
|
||||
<li><p>La combinación de la aplicación de QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> por imbibición de los granos y su peletización con EcoMic<sup>®</sup> más la posterior aplicación foliar de QuitoMax<sup>®</sup> en diferentes momentos del desarrollo del maíz, eleva los rendimientos de la variedad Criolla y P 7928. </p></li>
|
||||
<li><p>La aspersión foliar de QuitoMax<sup>®</sup>, sin la aplicación
|
||||
previa sobre granos de los bioestimulantes combinados, se destacó entre
|
||||
todas las combinaciones en el rendimiento de la variedad P 7928 de maíz.</p></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div id="article-back" class="back">
|
||||
<div class="ack">
|
||||
<p class="sec">AGRADECIMIENTOS</p>
|
||||
<p>Se agradece la contribución a la investigación de Yoel Gallardo
|
||||
productor de la Finca “El Mulato” perteneciente a la CCS Orlando
|
||||
Cuellar, Mayabeque, Cuba.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
<a name="references"></a><p class="sec"></p><p class="sec">BIBLIOGRAFÍA</p><p></p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B1"></a>1.
|
||||
|
||||
Mena Echevarría A, Fernández K, Olalde V, Serrato R. Diferencias en
|
||||
la respuesta del maíz Zea mays L.) a la inoculación con Glomus cubense
|
||||
(Y. Rodr. & Dalpé) y con un conglomerado de especies de hongos
|
||||
micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA). Cultivos Tropicales. 2013;34(2):12-5.
|
||||
[ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B2"></a>2.
|
||||
|
||||
Torres-Rodríguez JA, Reyes-Pérez JJ, González-Gómez LG,
|
||||
Jiménez-Pizarro M, Boicet-Fabre T, Enríquez-Acosta EA, et al. Respuesta
|
||||
agronomica de dos variedades de maiz blanco (Zea mays, L.) a la
|
||||
aplicacion de Quitomax, Azofert y Ecomic. Biotecnia. 2018;20(1):3-7.
|
||||
[ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B3"></a>3.
|
||||
|
||||
Acosta Roca R, Martínez Cruz M, Colomer López AR, Ríos Labrada H.
|
||||
Evaluación morfoagronómica de una población de maíz (Zea mays, L.) en
|
||||
condiciones de polinización abierta en el municipio Batabanó, provincia
|
||||
Mayabeque. Cultivos Tropicales. 2013;34(2):52-60. [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B4"></a>4.
|
||||
|
||||
Martín Alonso GM, Rivera Espinosa R, Arias Pérez L, Pérez Díaz A.
|
||||
Respuesta de la Canavalia ensiformis a la inoculación micorrízica con
|
||||
Glomus cubense (cepa INCAM-4), su efecto de permanencia en el cultivo
|
||||
del maiz. Cultivos Tropicales. 2012;33(2):20-8. [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B5"></a>5.
|
||||
|
||||
Martín GM, Rivera R. Influencia de la inoculación micorrízica en los
|
||||
abonos verdes. Efecto sobre el cultivo principal. Estudio de caso: el
|
||||
maíz. Cultivos Tropicales. 2015;36:34-50. [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B6"></a>6.
|
||||
|
||||
Herrera EMC, Toro M, Lopez D. Efecto de micorrizas nativas y fósforo
|
||||
en los rendimientos del maíz en Guárico, Venezuela. Temas Agrarios.
|
||||
2016;2:21-31. doi:10.21897/rta.v21i2.898 [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B7"></a>7.
|
||||
|
||||
Irizar Garza MBG, González Molina L, Larqué Saavedra BS, Martínez
|
||||
Trejo G, Díaz Valasis M, Muñiz Reyes É. Uso de micorriza y abonos
|
||||
orgánicos en el cultivo de maíz. México: Centro de Investigación
|
||||
Regional del Centro. 2016;37. [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B8"></a>8.
|
||||
|
||||
Rivera R, Nápoles MC, Ruíz M, Rodríguez Y, Simó J, Martín G, et al.
|
||||
Informe Final del megaproyecto “Manejo conjunto e impacto de
|
||||
biofertilizantes micorrízicos y otros bioproductos en la producción
|
||||
agrícola de diferentes cultivos”. Cuba: Instituto Nacional Ciencias
|
||||
Agrícolas. 2017. 127 p. [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B9"></a>9.
|
||||
|
||||
Pichyangkura R, Chadchawan S. Biostimulant activity of chitosan in
|
||||
horticulture. Scientia Horticulturae. 2015;196:49-65.
|
||||
doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2015.09.031 [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B10"></a>10.
|
||||
|
||||
Falcón Rodríguez AB, Costales Mené D, González-Peña Fundora D,
|
||||
Nápoles García MC. Nuevos productos naturales para la agricultura: las
|
||||
oligosacarinas. Cultivos Tropicales. 2015;36:111-29. [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B11"></a>11.
|
||||
|
||||
Rodríguez ABF, Costales D, Peña DG, Morales D, Mederos Y, Jerez E, et
|
||||
al. Chitosans of different molecular weight enhance potato (Solanum
|
||||
tuberosum L.) yield in a field trial. Spanish journal of agricultural
|
||||
research. 2017;15(1):25. [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B12"></a>12.
|
||||
|
||||
Badawy MEI, Rabea EI. A Biopolymer Chitosan and Its Derivatives as
|
||||
Promising Antimicrobial Agents against Plant Pathogens and Their
|
||||
Applications in Crop Protection [Internet]. International Journal of
|
||||
Carbohydrate Chemistry. 2011 [cited 19/10/2019]. doi:10.1155/2011/460381
|
||||
[ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B13"></a>13.
|
||||
|
||||
Falcón-Rodríguez AB, Wégria G, Cabrera JC. Exploiting plant innate
|
||||
immunity to protect crops against biotic stress: chitosaccharides as
|
||||
natural and suitable candidates for this purpose. In: Bandani AR (Ed).
|
||||
New perspectives in plant protection. 2012;139-66. [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B14"></a>14.
|
||||
|
||||
Palma-Guerrero J, Jansson H-B, Salinas J, Lopez-Llorca LV. Effect of
|
||||
chitosan on hyphal growth and spore germination of plant pathogenic and
|
||||
biocontrol fungi. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2008;104(2):541-53.
|
||||
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03567.x [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B15"></a>15.
|
||||
|
||||
Fundora DG-P, Rodríguez AF, Izaguirre GG, Morales AF. La quitosana:
|
||||
potencialidades antimicrobianas contra hongos y oomycetes. Fitosanidad.
|
||||
2013;17(2):111-5. [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B16"></a>16.
|
||||
|
||||
Abd El-Gawad HG, Bondok AM. Response of Tomato Plants to Salicyli c
|
||||
Acid and Chitosan under Infection with Tomato mosaic virus. Am.-Eur. J.
|
||||
Agric. Environ. Sci. 2015;15(8):1520-9. [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B17"></a>17.
|
||||
|
||||
Morales Guevara D, DellAmico Rodríguez J, Jerez Mompié E, Díaz
|
||||
Hernández Y, Martín Martín R. Effect of QuitoMax(r) on crop growth and
|
||||
yield of bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. Cultivos Tropicales.
|
||||
2016;37(1):142-7. [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B18"></a>18.
|
||||
|
||||
Terry Alfonso E, Falcón Rodríguez A, Ruiz Padrón J, Carrillo Sosa Y,
|
||||
Morales Morales H. Respuesta agronómica del cultivo de tomate al
|
||||
bioproducto QuitoMax(r). Cultivos Tropicales. 2017;38(1):147-54. [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B19"></a>19.
|
||||
|
||||
Hernández Jiménez A, Pérez Jiménez JM, Bosch Infante D, Castro Speck
|
||||
N. Clasificación de los suelos de Cuba 2015. Mayabeque, Cuba: Ediciones
|
||||
INCA; 2015. 91 p. [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B20"></a>20.
|
||||
|
||||
Pérez P, Rodríguez E, Grande O. Manual para la producción del cultivo
|
||||
del maíz Zea mays L. Editora Agroecológica, MINAGRI; 2012. 36 p.
|
||||
[ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B21"></a>21.
|
||||
|
||||
Fernández F, Gómez R, Vanegas LF, Martínez MA, de la Noval BM, Rivera
|
||||
R. Producto inoculante micorrizógeno. Oficina Nacional de Propiedad
|
||||
Industrial: Cuba, Patente no. 22641. 2000. [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B22"></a>22.
|
||||
|
||||
Di Rienzo JA, Casanoves F, Balzarini MG, González L, Tablada M,
|
||||
Robledo CW. InfoStat, versión 2008. [Internet]. Grupo InfoStat, FCA,
|
||||
Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina. 2008 [cited 19/10/2019].
|
||||
Available from: <a href="http://www.infostat.com.ar/" target="_blank">http://www.infostat.com.ar/</a>22.
|
||||
|
||||
[ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B23"></a>23.
|
||||
|
||||
Mondal MMA, Puteh AB, Dafader NC, Rafii MY, Malek MA. Foliar
|
||||
application of chitosan improves growth and yield in maize. J. Food
|
||||
Agric. Environ. 2013;11(2):520-3. [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B24"></a>24.
|
||||
|
||||
Deguchi S, Shimazaki Y, Uozumi S, Tawaraya K, Kawamoto H, Tanaka O.
|
||||
White clover living mulch increases the yield of silage corn via
|
||||
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus colonization. Plant and Soil.
|
||||
2007;291(1-2):291-9. doi:10.1007/s11104-007-9194-8 [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
<p class="ref" onclick="window.history.back();"><a name="B25"></a>25.
|
||||
|
||||
Parniske M. Arbuscular mycorrhiza: the mother of plant root
|
||||
endosymbioses. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2008;6:763-75.
|
||||
doi:10.1038/nrmicro1987 [ <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&pid=S0258-5936201900040000600000&lng=en','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a> ] </p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="foot-notes">
|
||||
<div class="history"><p>Recebido:
|
||||
15 de Novembro de 2018; Aceito:
|
||||
08 de Outubro de 2019</p></div>
|
||||
<div class="author-notes"><p class="corresp"><a name="c1"></a>
|
||||
<sup>*</sup>Autor para correspondencia. <a href="mailto:yanebis@inca.edu.cu">yanebis@inca.edu.cu</a>
|
||||
</p></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="article-license"><p><a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.pt"><img src="Aplicaci%C3%B3n%20combinada%20de%20quitosano%20y%20HMA%20en%20el%20rendimiento%20de%20ma%C3%ADz_files/88x31.png" alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0"></a></p></div>
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Inserts an author in the Lattes window.
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c.fx.step._default)(this);if((this.prop==="height"||this.prop==="width")&&this.elem.style)this.elem.style.display="block"},cur:function(a){if(this.elem[this.prop]!=null&&(!this.elem.style||this.elem.style[this.prop]==null))return this.elem[this.prop];return(a=parseFloat(c.css(this.elem,this.prop,a)))&&a>-10000?a:parseFloat(c.curCSS(this.elem,this.prop))||0},custom:function(a,b,d){function f(j){return e.step(j)}this.startTime=J();this.start=a;this.end=b;this.unit=d||this.unit||"px";this.now=this.start;
|
||||
this.pos=this.state=0;var e=this;f.elem=this.elem;if(f()&&c.timers.push(f)&&!W)W=setInterval(c.fx.tick,13)},show:function(){this.options.orig[this.prop]=c.style(this.elem,this.prop);this.options.show=true;this.custom(this.prop==="width"||this.prop==="height"?1:0,this.cur());c(this.elem).show()},hide:function(){this.options.orig[this.prop]=c.style(this.elem,this.prop);this.options.hide=true;this.custom(this.cur(),0)},step:function(a){var b=J(),d=true;if(a||b>=this.options.duration+this.startTime){this.now=
|
||||
this.end;this.pos=this.state=1;this.update();this.options.curAnim[this.prop]=true;for(var f in this.options.curAnim)if(this.options.curAnim[f]!==true)d=false;if(d){if(this.options.display!=null){this.elem.style.overflow=this.options.overflow;a=c.data(this.elem,"olddisplay");this.elem.style.display=a?a:this.options.display;if(c.css(this.elem,"display")==="none")this.elem.style.display="block"}this.options.hide&&c(this.elem).hide();if(this.options.hide||this.options.show)for(var e in this.options.curAnim)c.style(this.elem,
|
||||
e,this.options.orig[e]);this.options.complete.call(this.elem)}return false}else{e=b-this.startTime;this.state=e/this.options.duration;a=this.options.easing||(c.easing.swing?"swing":"linear");this.pos=c.easing[this.options.specialEasing&&this.options.specialEasing[this.prop]||a](this.state,e,0,1,this.options.duration);this.now=this.start+(this.end-this.start)*this.pos;this.update()}return true}};c.extend(c.fx,{tick:function(){for(var a=c.timers,b=0;b<a.length;b++)a[b]()||a.splice(b--,1);a.length||
|
||||
c.fx.stop()},stop:function(){clearInterval(W);W=null},speeds:{slow:600,fast:200,_default:400},step:{opacity:function(a){c.style(a.elem,"opacity",a.now)},_default:function(a){if(a.elem.style&&a.elem.style[a.prop]!=null)a.elem.style[a.prop]=(a.prop==="width"||a.prop==="height"?Math.max(0,a.now):a.now)+a.unit;else a.elem[a.prop]=a.now}}});if(c.expr&&c.expr.filters)c.expr.filters.animated=function(a){return c.grep(c.timers,function(b){return a===b.elem}).length};c.fn.offset="getBoundingClientRect"in s.documentElement?
|
||||
function(a){var b=this[0];if(a)return this.each(function(e){c.offset.setOffset(this,a,e)});if(!b||!b.ownerDocument)return null;if(b===b.ownerDocument.body)return c.offset.bodyOffset(b);var d=b.getBoundingClientRect(),f=b.ownerDocument;b=f.body;f=f.documentElement;return{top:d.top+(self.pageYOffset||c.support.boxModel&&f.scrollTop||b.scrollTop)-(f.clientTop||b.clientTop||0),left:d.left+(self.pageXOffset||c.support.boxModel&&f.scrollLeft||b.scrollLeft)-(f.clientLeft||b.clientLeft||0)}}:function(a){var b=
|
||||
this[0];if(a)return this.each(function(r){c.offset.setOffset(this,a,r)});if(!b||!b.ownerDocument)return null;if(b===b.ownerDocument.body)return c.offset.bodyOffset(b);c.offset.initialize();var d=b.offsetParent,f=b,e=b.ownerDocument,j,i=e.documentElement,o=e.body;f=(e=e.defaultView)?e.getComputedStyle(b,null):b.currentStyle;for(var k=b.offsetTop,n=b.offsetLeft;(b=b.parentNode)&&b!==o&&b!==i;){if(c.offset.supportsFixedPosition&&f.position==="fixed")break;j=e?e.getComputedStyle(b,null):b.currentStyle;
|
||||
k-=b.scrollTop;n-=b.scrollLeft;if(b===d){k+=b.offsetTop;n+=b.offsetLeft;if(c.offset.doesNotAddBorder&&!(c.offset.doesAddBorderForTableAndCells&&/^t(able|d|h)$/i.test(b.nodeName))){k+=parseFloat(j.borderTopWidth)||0;n+=parseFloat(j.borderLeftWidth)||0}f=d;d=b.offsetParent}if(c.offset.subtractsBorderForOverflowNotVisible&&j.overflow!=="visible"){k+=parseFloat(j.borderTopWidth)||0;n+=parseFloat(j.borderLeftWidth)||0}f=j}if(f.position==="relative"||f.position==="static"){k+=o.offsetTop;n+=o.offsetLeft}if(c.offset.supportsFixedPosition&&
|
||||
f.position==="fixed"){k+=Math.max(i.scrollTop,o.scrollTop);n+=Math.max(i.scrollLeft,o.scrollLeft)}return{top:k,left:n}};c.offset={initialize:function(){var a=s.body,b=s.createElement("div"),d,f,e,j=parseFloat(c.curCSS(a,"marginTop",true))||0;c.extend(b.style,{position:"absolute",top:0,left:0,margin:0,border:0,width:"1px",height:"1px",visibility:"hidden"});b.innerHTML="<div style='position:absolute;top:0;left:0;margin:0;border:5px solid #000;padding:0;width:1px;height:1px;'><div></div></div><table style='position:absolute;top:0;left:0;margin:0;border:5px solid #000;padding:0;width:1px;height:1px;' cellpadding='0' cellspacing='0'><tr><td></td></tr></table>";
|
||||
a.insertBefore(b,a.firstChild);d=b.firstChild;f=d.firstChild;e=d.nextSibling.firstChild.firstChild;this.doesNotAddBorder=f.offsetTop!==5;this.doesAddBorderForTableAndCells=e.offsetTop===5;f.style.position="fixed";f.style.top="20px";this.supportsFixedPosition=f.offsetTop===20||f.offsetTop===15;f.style.position=f.style.top="";d.style.overflow="hidden";d.style.position="relative";this.subtractsBorderForOverflowNotVisible=f.offsetTop===-5;this.doesNotIncludeMarginInBodyOffset=a.offsetTop!==j;a.removeChild(b);
|
||||
c.offset.initialize=c.noop},bodyOffset:function(a){var b=a.offsetTop,d=a.offsetLeft;c.offset.initialize();if(c.offset.doesNotIncludeMarginInBodyOffset){b+=parseFloat(c.curCSS(a,"marginTop",true))||0;d+=parseFloat(c.curCSS(a,"marginLeft",true))||0}return{top:b,left:d}},setOffset:function(a,b,d){if(/static/.test(c.curCSS(a,"position")))a.style.position="relative";var f=c(a),e=f.offset(),j=parseInt(c.curCSS(a,"top",true),10)||0,i=parseInt(c.curCSS(a,"left",true),10)||0;if(c.isFunction(b))b=b.call(a,
|
||||
d,e);d={top:b.top-e.top+j,left:b.left-e.left+i};"using"in b?b.using.call(a,d):f.css(d)}};c.fn.extend({position:function(){if(!this[0])return null;var a=this[0],b=this.offsetParent(),d=this.offset(),f=/^body|html$/i.test(b[0].nodeName)?{top:0,left:0}:b.offset();d.top-=parseFloat(c.curCSS(a,"marginTop",true))||0;d.left-=parseFloat(c.curCSS(a,"marginLeft",true))||0;f.top+=parseFloat(c.curCSS(b[0],"borderTopWidth",true))||0;f.left+=parseFloat(c.curCSS(b[0],"borderLeftWidth",true))||0;return{top:d.top-
|
||||
f.top,left:d.left-f.left}},offsetParent:function(){return this.map(function(){for(var a=this.offsetParent||s.body;a&&!/^body|html$/i.test(a.nodeName)&&c.css(a,"position")==="static";)a=a.offsetParent;return a})}});c.each(["Left","Top"],function(a,b){var d="scroll"+b;c.fn[d]=function(f){var e=this[0],j;if(!e)return null;if(f!==w)return this.each(function(){if(j=wa(this))j.scrollTo(!a?f:c(j).scrollLeft(),a?f:c(j).scrollTop());else this[d]=f});else return(j=wa(e))?"pageXOffset"in j?j[a?"pageYOffset":
|
||||
"pageXOffset"]:c.support.boxModel&&j.document.documentElement[d]||j.document.body[d]:e[d]}});c.each(["Height","Width"],function(a,b){var d=b.toLowerCase();c.fn["inner"+b]=function(){return this[0]?c.css(this[0],d,false,"padding"):null};c.fn["outer"+b]=function(f){return this[0]?c.css(this[0],d,false,f?"margin":"border"):null};c.fn[d]=function(f){var e=this[0];if(!e)return f==null?null:this;if(c.isFunction(f))return this.each(function(j){var i=c(this);i[d](f.call(this,j,i[d]()))});return"scrollTo"in
|
||||
e&&e.document?e.document.compatMode==="CSS1Compat"&&e.document.documentElement["client"+b]||e.document.body["client"+b]:e.nodeType===9?Math.max(e.documentElement["client"+b],e.body["scroll"+b],e.documentElement["scroll"+b],e.body["offset"+b],e.documentElement["offset"+b]):f===w?c.css(e,d):this.css(d,typeof f==="string"?f:f+"px")}});A.jQuery=A.$=c})(window);
|
||||
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 572 B |
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 233 B |
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 235 B |
@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
||||
@import "screen/general.css";
|
||||
@import "screen/layout.css";
|
||||
@import "screen/styles.css";
|
||||
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 247 B |
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 233 B |
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 227 B |
@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
|
||||
var xmlHttp = false;
|
||||
var metaengine = "";
|
||||
var rateResult = "";
|
||||
|
||||
$(document).ready(function()
|
||||
{
|
||||
//all hide
|
||||
$('.box').hide();
|
||||
//Article show
|
||||
$('.box:eq(0)').show();
|
||||
//Indicators show
|
||||
$('.box:eq(1)').show();
|
||||
//Bookmark show
|
||||
$('.box:last').show();
|
||||
|
||||
$('.toolBoxSection').each(function(i)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if($(this).next(".box").is(":visible") == true )
|
||||
{
|
||||
$(this).css('background', 'url(../../img/collapsed2.png)');
|
||||
$(this).css('background-repeat', 'no-repeat');
|
||||
$(this).css('background-position', 'right');
|
||||
}
|
||||
else
|
||||
{
|
||||
$(this).css('background', 'url(../../img/expandd2.png)');
|
||||
$(this).css('background-repeat', 'no-repeat');
|
||||
$(this).css('background-position', 'right');
|
||||
}
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
$(".toolBoxSection").click(function()
|
||||
{
|
||||
if($(this).next(".box").is(":visible") == true )
|
||||
{
|
||||
|
||||
$(this).css('background', 'url(../../img/expandd2.png)');
|
||||
$(this).css('background-repeat', 'no-repeat');
|
||||
$(this).css('background-position', 'right');
|
||||
}
|
||||
else
|
||||
{
|
||||
$(this).css('background', 'url(../../img/collapsed2.png)');
|
||||
$(this).css('background-repeat', 'no-repeat');
|
||||
$(this).css('background-position', 'right');
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
$(this).next(".box").slideToggle(500);
|
||||
|
||||
});
|
||||
$('#permalink').click(function(){
|
||||
$('#permalink_box').toggle();
|
||||
if($('#permalink_box').css('display') != 'none'){
|
||||
$.getJSON('http://ref.scielo.org/api/v1/shorten?url=' + escape(document.URL) + '&callback=?',function(data){
|
||||
$('#short-url').val(data);
|
||||
});
|
||||
}
|
||||
});
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
function httpInit()
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (window.XMLHttpRequest)
|
||||
{ // Mozilla, Safari,...
|
||||
xmlHttp = new XMLHttpRequest();
|
||||
|
||||
if (xmlHttp.overrideMimeType)
|
||||
{
|
||||
xmlHttp.overrideMimeType('text/plain');
|
||||
}
|
||||
}else if (window.ActiveXObject)
|
||||
{ // IE
|
||||
try {
|
||||
xmlHttp = new ActiveXObject("Msxml2.XMLHTTP");
|
||||
}
|
||||
catch (e){
|
||||
try {
|
||||
xmlHttp = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
|
||||
}catch (e) {
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
if (!xmlHttp) {
|
||||
alert('Cannot create an XMLHTTP instance');
|
||||
return false;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* Pega todas as informa<6D><61>es poss<73>veis sobre o visitante, alem de incrementar
|
||||
* o log de acesso de servi<76>os
|
||||
*
|
||||
* @author Deivid Martins
|
||||
* @param serviceName String nome do servi<76>o acessado
|
||||
*
|
||||
*/
|
||||
function callUpdateArticleLog( serviceName ) /* modified by Gustavo Fonseca (gustavo.fonseca@bireme.org) */
|
||||
{
|
||||
var urlV = document.URL; /* URL do Documento */
|
||||
var pid = urlV.substr(urlV.lastIndexOf('pid=')+4,23);
|
||||
var lang = urlV.substr(urlV.lastIndexOf('tlng=')+5,2);
|
||||
|
||||
var dados = ""; /* Dados a serem enviados */
|
||||
var url = "/applications/scielo-org/ajax/updateIsisLog.php"; /* url para onde mandamos os dados */
|
||||
|
||||
serviceName = serviceName.toString();
|
||||
|
||||
dados = (String)("?serviceName=" + serviceName + "&pid=" + pid + "&lang=" + lang);
|
||||
|
||||
/* inicializa a XMLHttpRequest */
|
||||
httpInit();
|
||||
xmlHttp.open("GET", url+dados, true);
|
||||
xmlHttp.onreadystatechange = UpdateRate;
|
||||
|
||||
xmlHttp.send(null);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function UpdateRate(){
|
||||
if (xmlHttp.readyState == 4) {
|
||||
if (xmlHttp.status == 200) {
|
||||
ajaxResponse = xmlHttp.responseText;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function httpClose(){
|
||||
xmlHttp.abort();
|
||||
}
|
||||
function portletClose(portletId){
|
||||
httpClose();
|
||||
var portlet = document.getElementById(portletId);
|
||||
portlet.style.display = "none";
|
||||
return;
|
||||
}
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
|
||||
@charset "utf-8";
|
||||
|
||||
.categoria{
|
||||
text-align: right;
|
||||
text-transform: uppercase;
|
||||
font-weight: bold;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/*Títulos do artigo*/
|
||||
.title{
|
||||
/* font-size: 16pt; */
|
||||
font-weight: bold;
|
||||
font-size: 135%;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/*Titulo traduzido do artigo*/
|
||||
.trans-title{
|
||||
font-size: 120%;
|
||||
margin-top: 80px;
|
||||
margin-bottom: 80px;
|
||||
font-weight: bold;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.abstract .sec, .trans-abstract .sec {
|
||||
text-transform: uppercase;
|
||||
margin-top: 10px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.abstract {
|
||||
border-top: 1px solid;
|
||||
border-bottom: 1px solid;
|
||||
margin-top: 45px;
|
||||
font-size: 97%;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.trans-abstract {
|
||||
border-bottom: 1px solid;
|
||||
margin-top: 45px;
|
||||
font-size: 97%;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.sec {
|
||||
/* clear:both;
|
||||
font-size: 15pt;*/
|
||||
/* border-bottom: #CCC double thick; */
|
||||
margin-top: 40px;
|
||||
font-weight: bold;
|
||||
font-size: 120%;
|
||||
text-transform: uppercase;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.sub-subsec{
|
||||
padding-top: 10px;
|
||||
font-size: 100%;
|
||||
font-weight: bold;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/*Título das Subseções do artigo*/
|
||||
.subsec{
|
||||
font-size: 110%;
|
||||
margin-bottom: 0px;
|
||||
font-weight: bold;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/*Título das Subseções do artigo*/
|
||||
.sub-subsec, .subsection-title {
|
||||
font-size: 100%;
|
||||
font-weight: bold;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.table {
|
||||
font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif;
|
||||
display: table;
|
||||
border-collapse: collapse;
|
||||
border-spacing: 0;
|
||||
min-width: 95%;
|
||||
margin: 0 auto;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
.thead{display:table-header-group; border-color:black; vertical-align:middle; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border:black; text-align:center;}
|
||||
|
||||
.thead td, th{border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: 1px solid black;}
|
||||
|
||||
.tbody{display: table-row-group; border-color:black; vertical-align:middle; border-bottom: 1px solid black; text-align:center; font-size: 15pt;}
|
||||
|
||||
.tbody td, tr:last-child{border-bottom: 1px solid black;}
|
||||
|
||||
.td {
|
||||
font-size: 8pt;
|
||||
border-spacing: 20pt;
|
||||
border-color: black;
|
||||
border-bottom: 1px solid black;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.col {
|
||||
display: table-column
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.colgroup {
|
||||
display: table-column-group
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.tfoot {
|
||||
display: table-footer-group;
|
||||
vertical-align: middle;
|
||||
border-color: inherit;
|
||||
text-align:justify;
|
||||
font-size: 8pt;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.dotted_table {
|
||||
empty-cells: show;
|
||||
border-style: dotted dotted dotted dotted;
|
||||
font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif;
|
||||
display: table;
|
||||
border-collapse: separate;
|
||||
border-spacing: 2px;
|
||||
border-color: gray;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.table_thumbnail {
|
||||
padding-top: 25px;
|
||||
border-top: 1px solid;
|
||||
min-height: 90px;
|
||||
padding-bottom: 25px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.td_thumbnail {
|
||||
vertical-align: top;
|
||||
|
||||
}
|
||||
.td_label_caption {
|
||||
text-align: justify;
|
||||
vertical-align: top;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.thumbnail{
|
||||
width: 120px;
|
||||
max-height: 75px;
|
||||
vertical-align: top;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.label_caption {
|
||||
padding-top: 5px;
|
||||
vertical-align: top;
|
||||
padding-bottom: 5px;
|
||||
font-family: arial;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.caption {
|
||||
text-align: justify;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.label {
|
||||
font-weight: bold;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.inline-formula {
|
||||
max-width: 800px;
|
||||
display: inline;
|
||||
max-height: 10%;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.disp-formula {
|
||||
padding: 25px;
|
||||
max-width: 800px;
|
||||
max-height: 10%;
|
||||
text-align: center;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.disp-formula .label {
|
||||
padding: 50px;
|
||||
display: inline-block;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.disp-formula .formula {
|
||||
padding: 50px;
|
||||
display: inline-block;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.graphic {
|
||||
padding: 25px;
|
||||
width: auto;
|
||||
max-width: 800px;
|
||||
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.inline-graphic{
|
||||
display: inline;
|
||||
max-height: 40px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.figure-group, .table-wrap-group {
|
||||
max-width: 800px;
|
||||
border-color: transparent;
|
||||
padding-top: 15px;
|
||||
padding-bottom: 15px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.figure {
|
||||
max-width: 800px;
|
||||
border-color: transparent;
|
||||
padding-top: 5px;
|
||||
padding-bottom: 5px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.table-wrap {
|
||||
max-width: 800px;
|
||||
border-color: transparent;
|
||||
padding-top: 5px;
|
||||
padding-bottom: 5px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
#article-footer {
|
||||
display: none;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.foot-notes {
|
||||
padding-top: 20px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.footnote {
|
||||
border-top: 1px solid;
|
||||
padding-top: 10px;
|
||||
vertical-align: top;
|
||||
padding-bottom: 10px;
|
||||
font-size: 90%;
|
||||
|
||||
}
|
||||
.fn-label {
|
||||
font-size: 80%;
|
||||
padding-top: 0px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.fn-author {}
|
||||
|
||||
.corresp {}
|
||||
|
||||
.sig-block {
|
||||
text-align: right;
|
||||
padding-top: 5%;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.autores{
|
||||
margin-bottom: 25px;
|
||||
font-weight: bold;
|
||||
font-size: 97%;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.aff {
|
||||
margin: 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.sub-article {
|
||||
border-top: 1px double #CCC ;
|
||||
padding-top: 5%;
|
||||
padding-bottom: 5%;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.ack {
|
||||
padding-top: 2%;
|
||||
padding-bottom: 1%;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.boxed-text {
|
||||
padding: 25px;
|
||||
border: 2px solid black;
|
||||
margin: 25px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.article-license P, .article-license A, .article-license SPAN{
|
||||
text-align: left;
|
||||
font-size: 8pt;
|
||||
color: black
|
||||
}
|
||||
.fn-block {
|
||||
margin-left: 10px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.fn {
|
||||
margin-top: 20px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.product {
|
||||
font-family: Book Antiqua;
|
||||
font-size: 10pt;
|
||||
padding: 10px 10px 10px 10px;
|
||||
margin: 5px 5px 5px 5px;
|
||||
background-color: #DADFE5;
|
||||
width:60%;
|
||||
}
|
||||
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Daniel/Tesis Daniel/Documento de tesis/articulo-1.pdf
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Daniel/Tesis Daniel/Documento de tesis/articulo-1.pdf
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Daniel/Tesis Daniel/Documento de tesis/ctr01112.pdf
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Daniel/Tesis Daniel/Documento de tesis/ctr01112.pdf
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Daniel/Tesis Daniel/Documento de tesis/maiz con ecomic.pdf
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Daniel/Tesis Daniel/Documento de tesis/maiz con ecomic.pdf
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Some files were not shown because too many files have changed in this diff Show More
Reference in New Issue
Block a user