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<meta name=robots content=noarchive><meta name=description content="Plant, Cell & Environment is an ecology journal analysing the ways plants respond to their environment including biological, physiological and ecological factors."><meta property=og:title content="An overview of models of stomatal conductance at the leaf level"><meta property=og:type content=Article><meta property=og:url content=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02181.x><meta property=og:image content="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/asset/f38be756-01af-4bdf-82a3-fa831fedf230/pce.2010.33.issue-9.cover.gif?trick=1706720909767"><meta property=twitter:image content="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/asset/f38be756-01af-4bdf-82a3-fa831fedf230/pce.2010.33.issue-9.cover.gif?trick=1706720909767"><meta property=og:site_name content="Wiley Online Library"><meta property=og:description content="Plant, Cell & Environment is an ecology journal analysing the ways plants respond to their environment including biological, physiological and ecological factors."><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta name=google-site-verification content=ffz4i4DxIJCdGpRXe0XN6KG6o4FYI-nnFW9I_dg8piM><meta name=citation_doi content=10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02181.x><meta name=dc.identifier content=10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02181.x><meta name=citation_journal_title content="Plant, Cell & Environment"><meta name=citation_title content="An overview of models of stomatal conductance at the leaf level"><meta name=citation_keywords content="abscissic acid"><meta name=citation_keywords content="hydraulic conductance"><meta name=citation_keywords content="hydrogen peroxide"><meta name=citation_keywords content=photosynthesis><meta name=citation_keywords content=transpiration><meta name=citation_keywords content="water stress"><meta name=citation_volume content=33><meta name=citation_issue content=9><meta name=citation_firstpage content=1419><meta name=citation_lastpage content=1438><meta name=citation_publication_date content=2010/09/01><meta name=citation_online_date content=2010/06/02><meta name=citation_issn content=1365-3040><meta name=citation_language content=en><meta name=citation_author content="GAËLLE DAMOUR"><meta name=citation_author_institution content="CIRAD Persyst – UR HortSys, Station de Bassin Plat, 97455 Saint Pierre Cedex, La Réunion, France"><meta name=citation_author content="THIERRY SIMONNEAU"><meta name=citation_author_institution content="INRA – UMR LEPSE, SupAgro, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France"><meta name=citation_author content="HERVÉ COCHARD"><meta name=citation_author_institution content="INRA – UMR PIAF, Site de Crouël, 63039 Clermond-Ferrand Cedex 02, France"><meta name=citation_author content="LAURENT URBAN"><meta name=citation_author_institution content="University of Avignon – LPFL, Agrosciences, 84916 Avignon Cedex, France"><meta name=citation_abstract_html_url content=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02181.x><meta name=citation_fulltext_html_url content=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02181.x><meta name=citation_pdf_url content=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02181.x><meta name=citation_publisher content="John Wiley & Sons, Ltd"><meta name=article_references content="DAMOUR, G., SIMONNEAU, T., COCHARD, H. and URBAN, L. (2010), An overview of models of stomatal conductance at the leaf level. Plant, Cell & Environment, 33: 1419-1438. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02181.x"><meta name=Description content="ABSTRACT Stomata play a key role in plant adaptation to changing environmental conditions as they control both water losses and CO2 uptake. Particularly, in the context of global change, simulation..."><title>An overview of models of stomatal conductance at the leaf level - DAMOUR - 2010 - Plant, Cell & Environment - Wiley Online Library</title><meta name=referrer content=origin-when-cross-origin><link rel="shortcut icon" 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zoxImuVcjp0foS4/i3FSxJSlzZ5a0TRWbGrR6Khz4kfvq8qlzlhAPQI9FGuigVgVNEL3oHUapNaIzFYY4w+u+UQBwod89yKWifd/AJyZQvfFCYjgl7SVc7YcKnhGpYSxHdwLjoqhAtNHRkswpwbgGdmkwJKSF0i4K4ZD4c+uia6aj+c1nThuDl75RZ1wm+gOzyl8JVPFKKlKjJPfFK8QbdeIa1rM63RcXolFkqxqcHIdKg5mB1gfxM5RWLW7+VkE8GeaXpEP8F5a8t5Os2muWpeVoIDBJ2D5llKPL3DO3xJoc8bbHdQpxsDUwBWVaZkxNFuVGgGdtTtgju0WsRA/k+BsQREEfGpyzyEktj2nBGuWuZhHHMhg1anYqlDa3wyhFWFlU2W0d2Fh0Ib3QNsTV8s5/Bh0envdFV5CRib7Sz++L8ze9B6KJzRqG/0rOTzWLfQ3HQhcSVIZkY4yMm5Zl3YceUNeFz6yqj6ZwUw/nJRDEHbzlR6pl6iFy/lNlmVKmqGfASTSYhm+NapQz2E4r4sVteJgqi+N+9F/upv5GwUIaTvy4alOTpPvklspu+vBAcQ9QinQAtmAOgYw+5JTPBZrloruS/qw8p6HBaaG9wEX9oc9Rl91nqpZ/LrltPSVo5yM8LNdrIwEANRyll5//zwE8bzrwhTCk4/nN7SUrcp5HSJOQaG34AVQCiV1+9rjwBGzS4AwhGUIz7oTfZyCHE6y+9WTaDKK6zmgzHlAs/XjkOA5X61gUgSU/BgdqKdXrz9cIx0JhV2FTQmBdbYSJfq1F0Ychuj1qsjJ7A8MXi8FgpAcqPS4oTrTin2SRBCn4jcYWvojphzMoGdy4BaE4nTGnA6Rt1Bw4tb/Uc6LayLYYWFWm5PpvxjeNBVdbOtXK+UPBhlCRwhXz7+eBC8+W+yfUF/H5v+5omHZG/0uW1AxmeYFxfwEH5Y+9FPgkcK7ni04hkx9EuEvro4QoUva582mMT4vTR5zE4vRfyXdkc1VH0LWrtS1oQwivvRVWRFLbDyXGQHmqMTPiRL+3eOSOk2xZy/YmUZAzHB7hv0q4Vi03XzTHNBUMWmNw/XSFn10M8HzzcKVCtk/qFd3WAdD4pkpBUJzJ7RklDyUf5mZG/OjJeuHrtA8zxve1qNsKDNtvhlyrJo0ypFI50FX3Cw8tqAAdWRJ3BrTGaV2vLzUGJIe+NVcTtf/iDVisFri4ABhqZn29hnBcIhoAB88spS+eVy1mgzkaHMMjy970BRf/7efCtged/Z5+T54fNi+hbq4HDzh/u+CsMmfpfkQk60Y+YzpHZW+GuLKmuBUYHh4WTefEGK/TOuGZPihYSkoVmct1hudTezwgWwzOpl1NOcUwr9WHzK7apyYuyn22spdDeL6zAhI0FL5USx8uQxkJDe0nBUK05EA9Ykyy2v7R5lk6FLbtBucmN/rfxCEs3ku9ylvQEnnwDT+F+7IqB63YFS09z8y0irKJXOi1Jf6wfWOXYBmxXtlyP2btIe7P9Wrnuj7oe5VbHOGs+xWaHU8l1nb09zPt10dBtpwgZjekHXJlIFI+OmkVAGUlPvx33ZUx/iwHRuumZw/g4LvPlyNoFli2XqbDgl7EXEfqSpX/NsYS73DuEHQW7rH3fPV40nObxUnfDU8eVcdqLu2dDqIdfFY3riT1cBSKPY3qyE+ozve5H723nWnWczjjpEGWtfW7RO8lt0W0JiFaJhq1Jtf73g4X7J0/PDKaa7o85w1cw4Kfi/cqFIHEie7ZjeZS5LoFJYzk8WbunNY7oRGu8g1jN64EqIMOGdOuwdhHYi9MTpUvDglCoMSUp13jQUWahx26w6F/eBzELtYaPBc3T47QQ131KsdRVIM7DMrA8x+1YX9NLgy7KESlYLlZsuTvZknfkXhN/7fjJr+l1Ex/Ta0/xadO39vCR+6/eZm/rpsdCn17K133f1LnvbUOu2wkbKM+o63tDEQoK/2PH0hPf/MVuFX2oVZZos7G/tFidWdbb/6cJ479bxd166ljN5vOrGXi/ktralbthW3kbofm2byX+dn/rl+SuRMjq5XxW7iyjyp1n30lM5QdXcUtKJ84JV6XvQ3KQcC7HZRnOTh3BCEuEEnbBCFWBqPbYK5F3rYtLA4nw2Wh14TVVetCOLfO1r76XH9ddQF9zMnnpxtOnU5svJ0mObOyGqlx2WH1sTVrbTR8Dv7xgHti2+WKZal2GzGpyRwYsUL9ZJRriTnUOkpi6KZHMYnbBPmCpKhMGnaqxEHcF57gyKNtS/ES521BNvc9mq32OfV51UKqX/dbGXMuYX76WJFPrmL2xwYBp2aLAVQpfkGAgv4ezwM6VKBtg0SomLQEg0ithZnAdwbnNW4/PBCjv19NPFG0MSkvvJtHrJWPGzb/Jp+UCm2pbq1mD7jSUA5OK2OIjdd2vPyQ3VbEstUqRt3XfWTjFTV07dmtN1rfj56p/vVlbFV9vy7XhFpdbh2/Yk590acd65rkTRRpam8NMIrnJHopde/vlQlP6N+27MRvCRElDBuaEYrM9MpCkCUyukI7FJLeGczmHat7fV3pU87Wt5cD3j4/PvtJ00RFu3FXNv7vDG3Zn6MOAeJcjHyWkwYcd0yZvrcv62lSXpT26p5K96dCQ0pGGQsJ2TYr1+TeDjw9tUTYOFUCe2cb6h5IkJFehU+ZYnlI4usAtRIxbBYspt6nn9UqJY2d7Wv2/XHSiBDuXxlqEHNy8t71l3mrvN+HWA1hxMS+aRKu05+zgNHjHyADFXLaJW3lDe0N1U1djfXVnZ31Zs8YL1mv+Qx/z1dI/kSTtDksqm2FxFhtPJg3U7uxrLR5PZO5p4chAkqYG68bjZfiADiQGiUQjEWgkEgO1f65PMFkf+vwlN44ulIKEqhgk5kdg1CqcttdSJAZx9z6thfWaw6K19iAfbMAx5t6JyZLjq6NpxUNuizvyKIdsW/nwTZBswk9i/bV9+7HZxMm961tz/lzadmRV0iWxY5UKFyfrYtAW6gtleAb4DKk+nFcXwi8YS3OQ6+vF71K4ugWydh7tG+xzdeu+/8dCsf5nc5l0KymhK9yWMOZUgf23ePe2hOLczfTSHvy/Fafyf8yu2Td0bkvKT4v+xq0JFxsLq2qni2iXN6+PvVhXUrf/yB8lLRbDI9ZQVjFK1k1W2784jJnp0SfiyvEcw1ukLREp1WjroMMMqUSzO0qTsxm1LyUGsd1LMtOVkxxBYTVgxQ7JToORHKWkdnX7maQZBHEdHLhRw02o7xEKosjx9YECB5HjCFmcY3PV1Yhu+lr4O0QpMLGEiG1RHKq1H7F3/u1lgoXMPQXsYrv15ng8A3yR1CWWdoUllc+wgeW6U+Le8c6BtuIxAWtPC9fW+tFMtdrn8RRiysQvtVOvppaosvCZB3aYLIiFUZN0wyalj/7TLy8kPej/TI8ypyXpGSvFW0m/tbXKzfLxtqDOnql/pgwht2XV6L0z2ejA1WlJc9ClcKOBmrxIhsueXZy+DKcwhneEdF1s9CG6wNBN52hzFOuyh87WqVZr8+OZXEO2xleuxlcNtmEZd2VxDS1D7tc1VV3kBKsk0RMAJk1FgRWJlezcfWYauLApowheSIyW5cOpAgwOKw9O0g4/ScWqZQw3LxI0WQKK8NmnhEydi63HhOPuaqG6YDx2i86ZHwl6LpM7njqOj+OeLS9/xe+hzdPC6c1KvqFou7CD+tLXi0haXbfAosXB795lxRkXX1zxJMWvYomXnOi02f++n/kX7WPDVIPkgPxhgVTqnLFnmPLZI9jH3NjZagmr9MdnI0pO7nZ77yby0ZH90mCR6pk/pmFUIqtuWzX3LrbV5/7Tgbcno9sdeSghHT7gKMqYjMqpcGA7AumVQ1GqjD5f9ACyCjruBlbr98vxG2tbSmkD7vT996nLdu/ExqEyK41Pwa6OAPfN+lfkxiqWpVYo8lUDibRZUN4ZrnHn39RLBbDjttWkBBDGnGYUPye3VIt6QmryOgl+JZtCYtCnSmQwveeR2/1FaRtIvqp2dAzmP4tDZXHwITT88J58j7j9R/58uRenMdGKONJd5kMz75tYGD1KCqT1LzBR/6a5a32YOPmvs5oPXRXM3BTf3CcY+BxMuSIDbISTWvXunvKjqi/z93/9+OTMS13yvz1fg+Uw2B6l4xOSAQekfE6QTypXfigKd7Xhp3gKDVs0wE+69cl5srlxKGgobIgqoYqYTTJosf+4GLKd2ShYr/nZmeCZ93paPtr6J5KSesKS1DMszrJmV8qW0a5+z3Wy3a0U2afK4P6zXGNqXzt2q/AjV66Ki3rhm3dmZeAznAVazQRf+P+4r/OzGplMoQzpaAAvyo48VOpTtxuGsbkPZdtj1m1vrQY8yUu5zikPKiUepGMrh+iD/sBs47N92ZD1EV8FFH3vjNCw8tRg2RqiCpaHlTgurAR2XvhDhH4+UIntaDJInCyJn+4BbP1GX+j9WB969honJl4o7R3t6mspmkhk7WrlyvAMyGXSrcSEznA/3LykGeZj1Fk4p45Wysvr7E/O0/7kcDn+Woy66IZTCi/lEMeNwHRnloD8iO/S8mQKCvLy1g/fe6YFOSR/xIRyIlotUvDXaz8UJgepLNkpgV85CMLRPwnW5auZ2e1dE/IZddxkJ5DmRwP7zgO+eShQzVrOmnOhf1mxbGkQw6z0+k1TNoCVrsSpRU0ReJFMVod/diFrRnNySn7dtD9Dn66Kmmyjw4245jsjoEw5IC7OE0uKc6UJCXKCuXP+DtXp7tR/u7/R2f+NrHJmNxc8ef440/aXKz+eQqDHE+QvXgKFEW98TAmg8cmipmJIjB2RSIohUJEbhM+Vkg7fgU7DYKm09bg4GhaTQAsloMWBYUKsWJ3D46uzJcLSXFEceCI2NIv93pdqwgdieL2BkvlHT0+2a2Jmi5RcaExljvrJz+zSymgoV6gEskstzRFXNwYrExVcs+jK7LKrv3LLKmPMuGIFoGy2RR23BtwBE+2W/2T93BUF4czKxiqDPG+2TxTgjMOx4L7kFDPDhpEwvKaJSt7t8NIcibAkT0DvTwFfos7lEnFUOgabEB+OSYjHYqh08BGwPLqo5VFqJH1UfWVc8dkOz/DkMjBR45Ung4EirXP3i3cjBhPdkd6EcCO+l+HSlAKWH9WNsO1x84p4oIEM7ygnmG84ncgi0367lC2pCnKu8D4ySHGIy7eWg+slVt3h0JTZsraufRorvbp5W4+1rMk/OpOyT7HFn+VHlIOk7a7c/8bStnJyJpm8uZp2RsBSiOLA6a4GFTC4SG/I52WNbx7d1Dr7p5vpv7eK4tbz1ACTafSoI5kS7FJlX29RKQdbjrMlELTKWBWuwoMkhoMXVKmcJ7l+BLkee5h7Qn8P7SfnJeaFZjOzPRw9tp+WHET+4AZH2GqcWS0dIwvzA8yBn3g/B7Pg3QSBta/oQSgfLAnzGSq6EDz+L/y3VbWZdehooqfFxdZ//26OptpPVxacdGglJaSCRGu3gL0Ydm/8WOfiyX1hoRdfC19/XurOozucSuanEYwN/ZLDfHNZxrXWY07wfw2ASJG40DDXWzfeob2QKuaqY/BdCuuAJIen/tFSx3PStl11dmRcQdFASznv/ImGslCPDcIqU414RVxWLJkuz7u2x6//5WKXKXPwSW2FX9YtO9gua6oV14zlC9aytIP9tgv7EkEapFdLEZQV5T8RkZfiFF+X9eppUyq+bcuN12XRY4vFLbZUzGSNx2yWSPymKHC23GwKWjtx8kt63eSH9LpTQTcnXw6X/deafhfwFT5RUcgSgeyAwbb8ebmLLzfgvi98uZSv+66pa9/bhhy3E9aQCHL3t4YiV9vFaVbfpU1Zv46EpK+53BPUcNIaF55DISBb1Is1b+JxT2sRUctBh8Q76Beb8qrqpgpol7Ztir1YW1h/4PAPtaCgHf+X+5JQalHKko4vtyRSIEeTITuPVb36XH5CXw2C3q/l68+fzmy+mCQ+sqHHjo540ot7LS7CJ0qwBJPs9VFPkrSzs2L2YSfFPZ/wLfv/Hw0VV4iIZKdirpv1xxc+ERwGTKfES+9IhAnfKSCA4kdCNpLIwJxnVhb/D6PHMmsXKzR1NtdebV/zrmrBvW0+yxdJ+pdE4CqiOY84vamoBxX4bY0pGZsODS3yOH694nR8doM9259bDxoRFW6rq806OZlZlTEOD5cNTXtKdx7cPz6xerCXzkQn+ycINGi5eotUvK/xmPh6VdGDJ6Vahg03HaleIYnWxM+p9C6U0j6vz2NVixci3eZmddJTwN3rQOaiSXUe6dpF7OTRHAQLQt6rIcRyMOa7OQyKl73J5dY9Zu/OngMiNRWJAggpS6lNENEm7arb+Vy0L/6FhJS/IPJ079a2zlMrp3Rb1Kxj47VHlcl1B8ObHI3xtVwkxstMNvRVMIXq3Os1/g7EoYszc6L8dg2LpaFp6OCSIAfUBx+PDG1PZT87bFpMe6uQ4MystDjfWOjz5CicNIjfPvYhOj4hpRayX2vgGQQQgPCIPQiUx+fC0+AkEFs3F8/IuTvV06JZaVR7Dd3OFKEJxLiz3W+IfWuZti2ItyNeLXZhVkh3S9bOMk2/MgpT9V5YpM+FnyfVeI5d7EvFtCAAJANdwVFhFF1wwGkgp3eH2NftLIFdfZMPOLqGt8JWlfVHfA1duFo/9ZzekU3pHUbSe0ZMek9q0zuzMdnptkmg0XRRYmRcLpPAqKhxg5Rq0umMiVMlk95+l9J7Mtrbk8PcLpVovD9Fmq6N3tREon2mWvsaOb07t9K77U7vGdv7ehL/hCCDAJkAmDt6xtwkgdqZJnWi+VH18zo7E1Qm2d+A/pZNWgFO6+qDDNor8PDuPuSRQL8oerB09n0VZbR9vLqnR4rCBAZkMRyAMsrMDLfVsup4GPR3Vjnw5QwOw3oyWIQkFUDJSX1izYbyhE9eE4nw2dWr5n5WMTiS5V17CQlGPoEz+Lw35P8WBCRs/q/U8lGmbuZiOqLl1dHn0cUkOcN9nUlHNuAvAHm1S503v9UKsaQNJpd+NBVos8lt/ySnDWSCkWKBUpP6mdYa0HrgaslaYKE3mqqXEpQGOjvvG1KcYEfUmtmIvVvOLlAR73iCwC6DuAE3a8eR3mm4s/MxX8nBCN3X+tB7JKzuUqu0GiVHPKXKyf6Y+drZSk1yeleK07t8Te9OaXq37+m96UjvjXnaQJoZJLmA7xVoNVVJdgx1qpPsSHlUtUuT8R8htd0vJvV6WNO8VmfY1J20BHJ6T06l98S8r9Nd+Bt5QBvGmd6LmnSNQW1MND1q2pU2X3EUEYav+dH2wGD6/OGo5+8luZyuPz6l6w9+ul7cV+upd6Z3vus8UyuIfi93djY0pZ2aXaU51D53lOqbjopAsNv55gR2zVUOcDH5q892HrxXqyMA2k1Ure7nP7LO/o2663mzq5XCTm18rWxEF/GAUE2fS3uyQfa19wcyZTPAEdBWo3XZ/Zk28NmXz7oGTaOGtELjyOXszzN7ba0sGt96SHAhu2fsNDhdL25PazV9JUlfsMfny9qs/vFnD/eDH79If/99nvBgvZA9BEH66O9pOC4+uJ0S12/n7mWdx3dPMmzNXW+tLltq5sUSqNDqqn2vVFAa37xx2NxlMqK8m18juHgIELXwKIu10RgUVqtUIbzbTq0Z+7CsKb57msMmj4xYh0umBq0A3ju/dOILNA5aoahnnDhs8siIdaDPXYMFkhpb+Od8X5R+qsznnn4kLH537qUDGut6v+pfuJ3qkVnoz7LuD3Te7tlj6/9dw0wPl0SsVipwyHaN6NKe2H/nGTq2TZv+6oM2UdBkTBka+67eMz3IJEYpYVeN3nmaMx9sNG2WmitVAowi850cq14uWLGERie/qBaAaUcZs/Dve6XzFoZJnNbR7zaO4MKSuSuVAQHgvo43/sERWGXLGXBgDkcr0XIa4DsBPfW/Hv5OjTYVS1BiJJvBwMtsyc8vVhEhIgp4bu4iDOswt9ZNhseOKmFphjx3ZUXFW4RTo3h5xhYAI2PRQceNpg9TFkHGWePeQsTrFCed0tZkeuphRH/FSStoZUmGxKEzHC5FLyfmgPR53zVZA8RjG0Met8EL0Nw582Roxg/7ffZKgn2EyI2DKC++RqK77Bar5wKSpRWzNrwlz5K66m0yqy+NZx5oLyiaazArXxxOHjUbWd2adKVGxYlaRI5Z/IXROIeUMgb/Pp1xW/JzN0zD3Kn6X+U1I+XUwnykt+ZR57tZ1xUcH6t5oyHPXTAaSquvOCLWwTVYujiibEtI526nMOO2BZFFQjSz+xp3trOzRPoKixBtZjlYtLEspqns2mhoC6KMVvn5Ad2Zu6+7eHiMonAuFCcjLEG5Lslr3YZNmtUFTCK5xm0R6/hxsebUyvYqPGjnmOIQ9wy9yVBaswdQXbzGV3ImrrFCKNTmZ2cqOMGtBOSVi3W0BgzAaf3meBLcJqli8xINX51xViJ2cJ4wY+iZtMmXF1jNMtnJOPLgKnJijli+jswapPggg88T2FLMkNq80ifBJG2/VoNBdz+PkbxcN8SD5KwPOSOEdECsXrSnC7uOU0pdXIr5doPjPNvstJwOWgB7xlPpUuwPRko1yq09AvGH6g5yONE/gyHhfK2ZhtN27m/zB1GU49HYVBcgkvS0AIZLoaRTqVqRQscaLYfxtjqiUwMI/XaLDFUvigB25LcvUOsJwlJrcA3SyCyyZpeHOAzNr75ioI8/XizAHIa/qkIPII/MbyXn/Zscwe4mzUB58iRVrZrh4Giu6SJ5oYn7kcubQFOum42NNnScu3yljWdJUqHVPsbWk9eSEoS9kg+fBCBGzLrtLtLBeCLVWmhgaK/QjCipyduDMzmjJGyF6c+aVLqIQjQHAUvxikFWkYh1DnoWxTi2eepUrgNJ7iaFUGLEK2ti32OnNI2AEo/1h5jSidIiahKyFBVF5t2i/Pj9AYl0u3Y03dm+TYbe5nq9siSMxKEAOlpgKVQ/ma87On0vup7r/hjQhodNT26ji0cKTsnVBDX2ruYa4aO4X0dpTokxZXseKRbq2ogcur8pz6Ftja7TmsSp12aLauvej9WSsSjy/aoKAyrSdrEw0NrDQXcuEdzUuE/ZL070kGetaaKv+vhEof0avaPh48ig05cvUmf/eugFkxs0/+MxmE6DIM99Dyt0naa6N+buTrMSO8Fu5uAr/gebekswubAYq3qnk9g9trF7slwqTiyPMnRp6o/rWXieAeB3KDe89ymNnKxnX4GudW2WuxwgfLkmbde2ZadSp8/dNo8NuzGPjXM07Zhui3cjSkiWTVdpGoj+CulZ4MzqmnG5IOs2eSwff4hC5EcRf66Q/Wkfb1AS+/Eocyz6Zre8pZKLBv9ocD9D9uK3WA1pTGKL4nnAKU4NsKbRm7VrAN7WLRiDUsYDUB28dVlarTMGoGhJFnm9/+Bz3YmlmXpV8iTIsPTFk6iGp//tZkEBOwao75VnJSNrlSlWkzB+BkJiHWzC4MBoV2EAYM/xht8tbwUmvDTOWlCccJh8HqumutMZD444+iXr7sTnBhrJecWO4MQ84RBEXfsCVTWIZiDCHk4ZRXZaGeoRdbp/ZSV3RvSOkugepdyk2DEZO87ey9wv00we8ixePOtcnMaC3ue12LuelNhn7DnWxModquQn542udeIchQCzeoCtZOHpQRQcxwF1XcDO/YBIIh5X93P1At2e642izgXFWBKLOtKmi8C6CtnLCRWblTUu6Iux491NUyinmD25c4wnuN1qGxRCxmPR+6WLZS0ovBqGHW+E3LOkVvhmbkf12JGVEmRJojg+TJ3DxRg2dcQZUyegSCr4QJonzovC2KSECLPrGM4NYQFB+IG4MYxb2bZKsdk+PDw/T5TFxe7DuutMw+ErGL+L6Hh0GQOIpPy330WDfr/wsf7Yjhz+72qtI9VNlVpPQfed7v19r/S+FHH3Y2Pb20AnkyhnlAMLcNq+m/Thb1MHScqgzxkYBDcB8uTV94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)format("woff2");unicode-range:u+000-5ff}@font-face{font-family:Open 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)format("woff2");unicode-range:u+000-5ff}@font-face{font-family:Open 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yRlFonJ26c/eVEZZBydqImrjqVHA01EpFzP+oG2VngVJHV4p4QxccI0igLMZIb4qaAntL7dpRKgFGDXnMIcVr3boLFfo5odPVxLBI6cWipFHbPfPwV0cQifJaddLFd37e7Pj5KNLtOatBtWNXo0kNld3jGILW1AAwBymQJEXSS/bKFmn5681vrzJ6aNMQ3/lcmP0n0GaSx41zFw8eOJDXjJqRuTVuhIW9W8jtx0UNlFQjrPQsRl2oD1QTpyMoZi2VLU4xsEmvs6pC4AV6ekN3Mia7pjhmenKP52FBCTxg2n6r35NMfrXGdrWMdvREeL4Q6IA4kOu5yuWKgKqtrNsUXaW4AAKMVJeIQMIABDC/zIy1wXsInsgiThEGDp9Z7kjvaoxYrrWpYMrxtBHQ4NgbtoTNXVvGxcCQwT4hT4PhxKpN5Jz2ntUZPggGcDgNJpGskmAikGKioG8bu3XRKcLlqYpTwljzpmRrXgVz+/0pBlXD8QRz5ptck+6+3tBVNV+crOArHPwmyNUZKg2dAGKsb8Lb5XhU3ko6XCJNBtj1KU6U/7DSOcm5MftJWb0soo1bjAtitzQC0nLt6ZAwOygWVJV1/TNDqJHH31+YyRrTRt/B0E55vzf7ZJ/XWWInZ9ddCDzUyMJBrLfV8Pm2logTOpxCoPpP8P+9MZEPvz2uEjAwRZXjFlhNhKNN/h8Am3Fqnk8k5mo4NqrGh80ZybituJA6rifqoEUDmw5N6rDL3GrjQwFPC3Xblzeq+ncI6UIMVzUlYHmrT10lDQT+uEQygqbuuRF5PtZgTm/vIeSXApZpxtYbii6S7eihZUHPrBD1ooUOYNOeA/mpOIRSsmMuo32+O6CD26asP/3hbOuBf1Lb2RqzKt4wTVS1SrunebOF1pXkIl02CXNMd/rntJzd+Y4kir77yHrlJP438Q9b/6VWG57CdAj6Kvk4pPjNR3W4axK0RCvrSrQS/bSlFUdfhOQtc6FXf0sCs4t5jrbXeil54sEsE3D1OWoqk0Lo4bkE4qVFGGARJb8MKYnWxBhnPSEZxrJ+bE9oUJLXIzhvgg1FLcWj0K7K4hHntzGgEe3AQWI4NuE9oH3OGgvqBeriV17qvDEkHqmSa4QpxULOVr8bHGMRPesTUEy9ws6qIJBUSWSc43jc7Cb2g+0IqGTyAmTnZVqcVQuCBwk/iFnLvfy5ho8WCJzN4DVS0viHeMBgMQbcQ8e0pbfdKbs/27MyRwEPcynUY56Mur8fTRrxUrJFMoDbSqAUdjTWw5rc5QPk2OdmeXj/wYEqHZ+6GPCXWTC7u8aEFTufs0WdeFXJfqIZTkuFOq82G9IhBa3gsvTmVUx1SKuXgh9ZU45k5ulbY+mr9NypQY6PkLomsb+P6O4qWLQVEuWpFfCEwzkW7TAfneJmwrYfesW4X5JJu1FC+Ek5TrR61ctFv+eKC5smDfZo1B7vj587RlGjKIQ29cgGyXvm7zilbdlkXbtBrB33uN+7jop91LMQt4GgKnVTVRZXChwb7OmkvBJHSy5uw1NmM84Z0Pc9WgrrABBMk/frnih9D8LUZwIXrD93Hd7ssfzpZuf23ZO17x0UTE33MD5NM75l0V9+O6YxRrVa0bP+3ffIunS/a3c/sVscCXj1dptH3fyi6YxSl59YRoHHMPHHlX0etxPpaLvp310lWs9zIRpAibQPMvQH2vAbgwrkMkPGa4laKMBUSR5Vb+EvM83/7ogztogxtk6IAfPc8gI/Vh68IQsVfnEafGmh0JAt/284tv9zBfe7aJqFQiTy+Wn0v2l9tFS1qB88VaSAODtP2vyrfNpCq7I3//LRmZtxFKuE5BqLqsuIqgZ/AZwdeOyeKQ5bAmnyJuD193HxyCykNL4d1ulFH5SOO3Z8Nws6c+p0yNfc3RbBJl5191EEzOvD0tt56bwBx4/n+JMk7HbNztzoSJPcrv3P5M3eXnyyO0bYW7n0Tmr3anBPYXxdDUmxrO8VhmsVxfU1T3n7T/NXKDL+la7lY1U2qprJc+DJmKLBDslj1+YSf2k2rvPQeB0o6xd+d3UuvMonENVNiWGZVQbl5giuh9bmnDOlaVnwKbskwOrrcxpNFILtxWii5BuUmK4lR3Sr18wCOO9ft3n1GhjYlXB4o+fwnOyyppP1j9/zK/hOnT9TOxdJ3Z+/F5AQJFXKF89Kat07LMWRIZ0zUZjH+ckFnpSZuzisQhHvQK12HsKGYQAlqkLckQzpELuwcJrtxUUqz/YF8hHQwmkKPlUlRyv2HXulUdrpVfW9NLbvMds5UrapuvzzhZ7m51fCv3s1yc69hfUU7mmV9cb2oVC2e551JSYYrZDkxqIGhngFGWGmtzvAThxaPvi5UHxO9ywqo1Ith9xNCm9MmRRZ3IA8iPVsKszKCB8wJeAuer/YRax9nAeIccjo3NTorLLp9fWxckyPT+biQ9/vwZvXf14Vd9F6cqHmDTKW6Pbeb6XeosYZ4oC0uLaRRa2dnSq0qxkrm0hdlBeWfuAshFcZRpE/iLsgUjTUBQGBrFQaQj6KplSYu9Uv8zZNqlxservX1vDl7pvuutjYjsmmzOOlBV8J36Mb66dnEEe0grXa61jg+Y/hNecXv1T150FuNbXU1Q7vQA16AeVRnPl3x0dtbr0f5CZX8bPkJJ6qVk0e4l36QRrIgI48pWA+pVp0MtS5IOa1wQzfNc/L+xjGTnygLd0McxxdjdXTlcFebUPeodMXOZZvQeB8PR49sOcZhvzRjhzDPsK5IMVZqfn5+dnFhUT63qLQoszjfWDYYe1lPJMBdTDGRUqPnX70UGLrYdGbySH1JXUVRW6TLSqWzACCwyrIMIlFAZPTpT9rZTukb1tjaVWMM3lr6o9frXv+n5xXoz/4t+M52banyBz+ZdtWGeMsiI+uN1dODc5WRvgGcwylVx/ddvZW9VYmoLmyeAggsLngaILDT4kGMyNW1g5cvTJ6q4VZnjbSurXCmToVZ5LIdyGlVYQ5LFV4CYq1C/w5RFrlY15s3E6kdvcM6+kCkniE78vjm4au/prDj/AmXn3/xoR36KZQaPWVvqE4d4WoVfz8pL11IquYTr9btLfz7pHqo+1FNyV8r3Eo14Sg/KZvbnkQ4Wl1FOMxPyJkffowxwEbifRCr2D6BO1LVI8cqJM68IYg0TWyQOo1UiWGXOirauhslJbYc86nLntZ81OeBW7dmtpRFUI0tvPLdknQSdXsp9KyIxkeda6wFHT+cbbWnSp9uQHaRv4elnTvPPl4nXrsrIICrhMnWD5KYrTgXL2Ue0uzE4Fc0DNIG3dzfs/+5V7rXJERzVD2ricSd8n07FFLItTqkysXA0MWGCzPH6otry4raIlyXK92VPZagx3hbchRp4gdvpM0DaV/ZgFtniw5IPyMuDEX+UcnBxhNEQ9EEaYosZfx00cqxwo8qCfKxBFFzWZZK/v8jkbPS34jKQOuM5c/FPprxylHFyMuW46qMZ0Urqtdea7PZXa0B8aY+qO4axksNl3AT9zCeY59Shnq6dkeoZeW7Ym0ZUrSiDIdr4ayjS7Ywd9PVMSszs3DW1omyMA/Q0TZDq+XhsU5eAYGhDKpThsJ3/2SfTJ70nCqzK5WvnieSpLmq5k81tLJNNqeLhi5mWGcoBuibEjCJGPD30u/7F5cMvguvddNvG3YaqtL9zS+vrWUb6skKH3iM73Z5+3PFL0jwrbR+oGugl9/2GpnTlfPzuKmxvu7Jqu2/JeouOGXeEQtfC05rtn/aQDgrTG3ZFcdIWbfwM2Y2cClJHZHMODb4aq3tLRt/A5m9+XyjCM+czLltf6XlFUuS/tPdQfW6QT76rNuTrSJrDhdz7gP+jSdFTk8dG2T3aQdotdO0BvGc2GGbgmRdshExPaXHIYU9SAhrTktL735AF8DWkT6NvMxU2qAZQcOS56tzyopdMRmmw7YK38UJdh1EbCBHclOjU8Miwht9qK2pmyqF/BnUqBSIO7Qzg2bpDdXZW/TvSe0QtVarOqQg1S+2ysnP41wlGq37llKvm8vIyyDGVjkSPU9b4croCjtXrpb5xag6zA8/7tqkKta0Xy03iFW2V3U/a1RCizk3lJKs+k/l89WOJm+Ln4dI0ao6wDuwX7B/gDdwf6f8gOijKGqliVP9UuuJE7gr9XfX+rqfnzvTdceAxgHW3O2zKcYYL/o1Vdigm8RmhTvYp4ZELnVjqK6hcRoMse8afpDWF4w64Wjfst6q3/o19wsg4dHWwT/p6eAD3e2CsQfWS9cP6YlQXFjEWn1S1SIjdKlJMDnwEWm5Uklwd6B04ICmGMWecdMiDj/dYJ3K+NVSzFsiLqnREcMUmMMpveYryiiUmNgWNNnZI3NXkvzcCm7eM5996UJ9r8okI83LM2MPV0OwVhtJyDjXcESp67k5MSssKBIHW39RUcZ2TH2XhAgr7BlRPWQ9bIhouSqo5RTSCF4p0kWUHwXw+dqIxZkgZQvaO3NPdF/d7JyWC8Wfza0vrikv5Ee47al0ExBrlYZ26CdSqvX8awzeo6mQ7dLC88ez8xUXn7i1c3/Mscnx89le997zn+2b7Mfwps5lMWW8006F1SYOLCEhLu6Ie+CiZYz/JTJyqy2ZlZjg7saLStidK+XoQUvVj5WrZS4EGHV+INTtU7x2Z1hcZvXI9Gh9yMwIKc05Vi5Nv+o/ujTaSvasS4JSml6FEg1rFBXMqWqXrZS6UEYa6CAk6xHFBI0v3VAaobTownPXA67ZNjZSxvu8NaF49g0F+2gCp5jLZFZmcTztYxTwjFt7dvFjpvlP9T/v2d2j4KboO16kK4uO9fCw8XB1sPdwtrHydLa3d3VTr5W+7BHsHBa8hUE6u/t7Uzx0dVYLMdBWyVaerra2Lm72Vu5uFvdjm0e7sS0doj3iS7nMuOKseLZxMKwrnpROKiW9LpC86+ntTIy2ks1pVw/GNYVlslLi5fLoWZzg4HR2IFcuJDYlNGNQHnvi9lBYWmyytyKXwY2XD8mKZ+QpxrOSw9KalQ26mLUhteJG8JeIAFJBnWdsRzcfWZwYohiCdbENkStiS4txnoRjU1z62x0mJ3pRVlxMhYqRUMaNjbH2cLO19XK1tHjg1svZDX3nkynGZLyFfjstVcThCFWCq18GGq51LwIfZetO0jA1CdTyN/HWwpv5PYwTz8loiDGiEXshammaOzxQtfDGY8WcA0ihlACVWIUbnsmuGeTFGPAYsSh1/Xj1nZeC8xYqOoZ2dyqIrmIPbq435h27zxnKndD10tCaBgjr8ZKLd1n1DSGtLoyOCi5Rd8g0aUUw1pka2jTmmZneHDHW01dZPlKhr/qXv4y28LkU0VbgPoUjFr1Sq1CukePlou2+volRgX5DHoReQ5JUpkjKRqMHTUZjlOXRmKWSJQPZ7ky0b5fvZ7cSNwzOUPt05qKRJ86h8m+HTmB2Ja9lebBkcM9g6XCkZrELaUqhFzSfJB5JMqtjb5Vu7dkq2WpsZmyuJhspWQslvty7EGMj4JVd8ul3c54CcOFvfhDD5sShlsmOheZ2cP3b8qdrNFu6hzpFLLikKEja2T/Zyb4w6sIIedTD/oRxbhopMVY0lw1L9e6vCmAxGr0C+yo+PWKq/MlyjlG7+D7Yoa6UysmrH2ytZt3ZPZ5pppBKKxTTMop1jXUj2ySELZd5VN3S0A3GStUapztkvY+QX8D6yzDQAWZo3Rs4+c+aaSo5EVMyUybpblwSGoVCYWhGzOIsDrsoOy6mKjsuoSJLJZy72toTXCysPFzsbS9iIsbvzzKwM6d+pUzNv6dAtHYYHng2/TeLwSmzp8jm+i1fw5ZknywxMQkxuUUcLdufKHmnY27+ZgdHcr/Sa9e/83f5SRLK4cmt/XFt6b+981IPpu31dfMcdwyQySUuXZOMcuazOf4qeDetMStcTJPXRntcdg6f5bXR2OB1iM/MXRi6pUybEm65obz8lYoDF6+JEY3KKfHFhDDJnIGcz1+zDVkNJ5TR6r6t01u107HkXVyhaij2y3WUj1EVOamAELIjeKmETSLX6PhX70HOzWxUXdh5/rjrdNEfd7J8cYC+wvU75CgGESOanii+QBIPNjM3J2k6qrBl2NZ5uoUV4bKoxIWDRQ6/nZ/eL0BuNXU0bRUnPexM+CFyZN+ZuYQRrWDtDrrmBP70sCeIPbKzgB5dO7RL0Xj1bO2RgGK+OkvboRx6hpW9VlWRtPkgcyllXYOsN0gxOGoWsTQ80lq/2riSx3Om5wT45esF8sZjKQvZqzPCvvxPnzMdccJ5AsPYkalKvitXfF+olt2FX9WkW4QGaEvBu0rv+Irr0GI8iXzTnNtYNZGoNa1Omb9sjRCbCBsZ5JuyM0/UxK2F84r/1oQhntW8oBBJ0XjJ5kBiU2JL1f63EcOm7+ZQU0bYvWO8ktLV3LX/84z1VhY7WkNpuZOOZTgxMbEgAVEgvrg/xqHF0LFHE9mscF+fnanZwRGqmwyOEdveFGek8fPbvKABhlBxs6JF+9Fkr7R+7NKj42rLUZ/CIkxCTU1xRngkLFXYL/8DtRbuci1mtEGXrV2ngWGnnW2X6G4AF55rO5QZebaO11uS5NVS6RuFA3BLCYZH/xG5xCY/b37ih74PFZEXNvMnDmmnlUh1m2a4cZ0iFB5rpKrm+KOhOgACTJDABwnJGNFgec1+QHJypQS2R6wRzXHJREZ+V2Mq6GSTmucaVdhOqaBKTlIlm67UFlypaa9E4gswYYlQF6qY39qfJgK0ExRW8L5pJdZ9elSKT5XiVJ/mMIfugBeZUjXMUfelyQJMavigQ4YyQejbBDdhut9SpnUangatt5RppIRbXw0BgQcx98puQAQBCtIIKxocqbBrJifnKbI5zYi3/g5lC4oc93NMChHseliolNmVkwdCdee4ZlS7vly4QqUoQETJQp0AoKrNusFNtag/lQf9gxRLinZErJnXh6FOVulAUQUSpHFQzohQc2Yf4RS2/dnSdVuqtsdDRNP7ClLShxn/pwMC8qH/d2vxLlMXS4Mua/ESCAYS90sf8Nb2IEywA1wHHKAq0tq5/qQlNpCOWJr0jSVBBy3N7pdS35wrnJQqIjTtypqlpfHwfNKXtVZG3W6tCHeAnThZS2qoSkFrs3togXeRzWIpx2cRe5uYAsBHNxKVMLUTp0WYCs0u0rmbqjELlA8BdXr9pVKFKTqRLjtkl4SEaZqlS39YUjTZ0u3+isohhyqHePfNGeVU0APAOwx0F5UucJOmegUOLyOzy3BGv+sqoeDmO43NWzWTZTCuBIBUqRmp1BjvgUVkbB6rTIQCLQqROUXt7GszqHBoCzM6GUnWYVaR9r3rDVkZt6BCnA0trdf9XqqkFlLpErvdOZtOX+wRZ2pq0B9NzFhoMU11Y1Ljo3Uj/qiKe6yAsd2mAbH3gw0A4LFjcPb2E/PrnpqG0IFutrPtk6zadk6HUq9S5BOgMY2ntEiHdrmoJVpCLSJNHEqtFB1wEiRkJkuJDjgNXZklKBkL2heJs13NTENUaY+GoZpy8P3jraUE4+MVCLAEB3Jns5/WsKDjWmmapK07/N7nxHvMnz+Lkfnwx6/b239/Zx3q5eqP1EW2z79vAZyxSyAugej5bjkLZ/IcMpi8tIeLDT/ouE3kHywc8OaOOotsA9z7aDsCT7S12I/ARTS8IfyJ0f2uLaDT8Bw9E4EFDglc+Hzt8gNx6XDJwJnIIYOtlxaNPLGHi78GPcCzH+x2/Qb1gYWZZoJz8JcWjTyxh+Nu+Fnuj6is3F4Dyh35fvtkzHQiSdv1LmXC729/LfkhLm3fKBnDmdsvS0HI4O2rsTu8LQ8dLpAJuBCY4+Il8CfgEJAaJA1sjTIRwdw/OrAiafF2ZC+DJiFbt9smocEI3D3vCHshFvVMtBBYMA0sf5BtoBVoWsgPcMRAqnZAeOYW5hluq48y3Ku7K7INMRIEft0h1x91h0XKVms5DkCBqWNuPvpgDSTW4xwkliPTBl2WRRdsdi86jhgIzwEAmYF07VhsRFImIPswgfGSA86tVoKzB9aGn7UH9r5hkfJS6eEIC4QLAU4T0Hm4N22A0cAdX0Bgwbo7uhKSBCY0Yge/TznEJc0kK1i/ROZnDrGTtl2chMCDieEC84MRgRqwQdDJFUARyggcAFQhboD+k4FBU3dAcT8B2QYCjiwZCDwytBz8SabVyeztf/Fasce+1VbePulj+dJDo0nDMQ/q6Pmw2u4Inmfch+FXfOk2nwrfNzPwMLAm17ZjPTYC/r+6544HRc6iDsZYthsuHIYRdaynms8zpMeB3wfccR52CYEF0gNbD8Uu5Q0X+EH4ecD1YVgsLHLsRlzCnjs79BYX+hmcG77fwT6R9drmT5/6297VP3oDn1HGDhx9hp6o5nv34/hUR1E4F4qTEZbAdjW7aSW72Z1/gVEn17hfRddfkGpOrWmXqKCdY4oj5xm010VB2w5AdfHILU0ftFkhFOqGN2Qq/oCUBBjWvv3ulQzAsftsKgluk1SxTp0nN9r4VAK4eC+aMfRM2uSbM4pjPz6XQh5cRU7MUZA3vbPHKTeYYPUitpRRSG2+p0/CSd7EiRoKutN1huT5qikXpNf8jDNCSA3IaoRcbxw4Tql8dq7n6zXN8eygSzwZtAAMzUAlp9ofjJSqwa09AHrH1gvkcGRxCVfCaVvNNByfp+F1nkWxDgd3XQOASNLTDBhGSc2nU0mxUmINX0XwFXXMoQYQ+s0GGaphmgJsLZJXyPYsYaE1uAZp3qDZsf1rHKajTz/Foffe22zAlCS/qkUPIPcukoMX/vNc4R4nTUB59CRVrbZh4o7eii/DC03c914ehZrvusnVZGh5eYOVN18mSYVW+xhbT14PlmAY1vjODw2IUWD9VzorxvOFUWtlg6GdRROipEavE+4ENVgiBerPmlR6O4XZDmKR4nsMppxELHXh61nG1c8lqVzGhtyO7HaUCFDSHvuekqI7vQ9GhjF1OluaRU1CloJRbK9tFJ253yORrldE043vyXyap9arpSdhzggF0B/rtYXqV/Ad76TvdTd54/8I0IbjaT+CxhGPBRzzg0la3ge2a4SP4voApTklxpT+hUyQtK0iubT/VZVD27pdZzeJU28bjJLF38ZyK0SaRlHTJDHXabPZuGjtfu84u4iPyvgpSHs1LzDZTZM+6cOdRbsOdeeA91KXjo+PwPRMck6YXVPn/8d4uYzjsoxCatFlUTjemJsb20psCdupt0jxUuYVazDVBJVtistR753b7CnZbhUvW2YE2rX0z/RTey0DwE9g96qPOE9J1pOvQJeONottCRA+6Zjspax7uTpH0ee8dwpVisrOs7xn+RWpbsYZm0yW50UR6/4C6Uls0fIQ86FB3Dvi2XL0LAqxn0P/rkL2u7Osyc1+cxtrTPryoLmhVE0HoA53E6in4N9YXWlMYrMShsApTg3QqMZRZx/wcSethIBSxj1QHT+0ZwbuF+tA1ZbMfHH0LeK6JVsz9Tz35ZBh6dOXw4an/x4UQQp9Y9RPqrKSkbXKFKtJGG+EGLQeNuZyaGxvYQDguLmGP65qNSa8NM5aUJywq54pq6ZspzMhLDhEdfO9ua+OR6Uaonris6uEQxB1FWlUcSD1/YRznzdN/bQ01CPqHBfL8twoirMkemepukD1LEbeV2/GPG2Z8bcyi5jLupptsnHxaqUXu9HKPmSvsrts3YclP7dqHK0T5ygEmAUE9CXwUc+i0CyLeRAAduoHRBLxsH3o4Ah6Q1dMo67GqGyeTXuKFV8a6ypkzyZV7AN7PqNPR95PrqpDQkOTux9XgeLrDX+Kwth8rnu/cEC2wsKxoeu5RqteDdY9ImPeGT3yLkou4gJTHClLVykqSy0HwFd3AoZIBSAM6NnLqnLXKSHCFBDlWesbEIifSZDBuJFtaxWb7cPD1dXCmmGcKW37XlhLbjzyV4kOh0AIgEjKf/El2dfHR/+ivV+TvPO/g26cVD9dqpuG3hNd/N1axeuiH7xo9PsrQC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<article data-figures="/action/ajaxShowFigures?widgetId=5cf4c79f-0ae9-4dc5-96ce-77f62de7ada9&ajax=true&doi=10.1111%2Fj.1365-3040.2010.02181.x&pbContext=%3Barticle%3Aarticle%3Adoi%5C%3A10.1111%2Fj.1365-3040.2010.02181.x%3Bpage%3Astring%3AArticle%2FChapter+View%3Bctype%3Astring%3AJournal+Content%3Bwebsite%3Awebsite%3Apericles%3Bjournal%3Ajournal%3A13653040%3BrequestedJournal%3Ajournal%3A13653040%3Bissue%3Aissue%3Adoi%5C%3A10.1111%2Fpce.2010.33.issue-9%3Bwgroup%3Astring%3APublication+Websites%3BpageGroup%3Astring%3APublication+Pages%3BsubPage%3Astring%3AFull+Text&accordionHeadingWrapper=h2" data-related="/action/ajaxShowRecommended?widgetId=5cf4c79f-0ae9-4dc5-96ce-77f62de7ada9&ajax=true&doi=10.1111%2Fj.1365-3040.2010.02181.x&pbContext=%3Barticle%3Aarticle%3Adoi%5C%3A10.1111%2Fj.1365-3040.2010.02181.x%3Bpage%3Astring%3AArticle%2FChapter+View%3Bctype%3Astring%3AJournal+Content%3Bwebsite%3Awebsite%3Apericles%3Bjournal%3Ajournal%3A13653040%3BrequestedJournal%3Ajournal%3A13653040%3Bissue%3Aissue%3Adoi%5C%3A10.1111%2Fpce.2010.33.issue-9%3Bwgroup%3Astring%3APublication+Websites%3BpageGroup%3Astring%3APublication+Pages%3BsubPage%3Astring%3AFull+Text&accordionHeadingWrapper=h2&showSubjects=true&taxonomiesCodes=enter+your+taxonomy+codes+here&displayCitedByLink=true&displayAlmetricDropzone=true&taxonomyUri=publication-features&topicUri=hide-issue-metadata" data-details="/action/ajaxShowPubInfo?widgetId=5cf4c79f-0ae9-4dc5-96ce-77f62de7ada9&ajax=true&doi=10.1111%2Fj.1365-3040.2010.02181.x&pbContext=%3Barticle%3Aarticle%3Adoi%5C%3A10.1111%2Fj.1365-3040.2010.02181.x%3Bpage%3Astring%3AArticle%2FChapter+View%3Bctype%3Astring%3AJournal+Content%3Bwebsite%3Awebsite%3Apericles%3Bjournal%3Ajournal%3A13653040%3BrequestedJournal%3Ajournal%3A13653040%3Bissue%3Aissue%3Adoi%5C%3A10.1111%2Fpce.2010.33.issue-9%3Bwgroup%3Astring%3APublication+Websites%3BpageGroup%3Astring%3APublication+Pages%3BsubPage%3Astring%3AFull+Text&accordionHeadingWrapper=h2&showSubjects=true&taxonomiesCodes=enter+your+taxonomy+codes+here&displayCitedByLink=true&displayAlmetricDropzone=true&taxonomyUri=publication-features&topicUri=hide-issue-metadata" data-mathjax="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/3.2.0/es5/tex-mml-chtml.min.js?config=TeX-MML-CHTML" data-getftr-references-enabled=data-getFTR-references-enabled data-getftr-reference-url=/action/CitationEntitlement data-getftr-links-count=10 data-getftr-request-source=FULL_TEXT><div class="row article-row"><div id=article__content tabindex=-1 class="col-sm-12 col-md-8 col-lg-8 article__content article-row-left"><div data-pb-dropzone=mrwBannerDropZone class=mrw-banner-dropzone>
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<div class=pb-dropzone data-pb-dropzone=publicaitonContent-series-title><div id=journal-banner-text class=journal-banner-text><a href=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/13653040 title="Plant, Cell & Environment homepage">Plant, Cell & Environment</a></div><a href=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/13653040/2010/33/9 class="volume-issue sf-hidden">Volume 33, Issue 9</a><span class="citation__page-range sf-hidden"> p. 1419-1438</span><a href=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/13653040 title="Plant, Cell & Environment homepage" class=citation--logo><img id=journal-banner-image test=test-value alt="Plant, Cell & Environment" 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<div class="doi-access-container clearfix"><span class=primary-heading></span><div class=doi-access-wrapper><div class="free-access access-type"><i aria-hidden=true class=icon-icon-lock_open></i><div class=doi-access>Free Access</div></div></div></div>
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<h1 class=citation__title>An overview of models of stomatal conductance at the leaf level</h1>
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<div class=accordion-tabbed><span class="accordion-tabbed__tab-mobile accordion__closed"><a href=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/authored-by/DAMOUR/GA%C3%8BLLE class="author-name accordion-tabbed__control" data-id=a1 data-db-target-for=a1 aria-controls=a1 aria-haspopup=true id=a1_Ctrl role=button><span>GAËLLE DAMOUR<i aria-hidden=true class=icon-mail_outline></i></span><i aria-hidden=true class="icon-section_arrow_d sf-hidden"></i></a><span class=comma-separator>, </span><div class="author-info accordion-tabbed__content sf-hidden" data-db-target-of=a1 aria-labelledby=a1_Ctrl role=region id=a1>
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G. Damour. Fax: +(590) 590 86 29 79; e-mail: </div></span><span class="accordion-tabbed__tab-mobile accordion__closed"><a href=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/authored-by/SIMONNEAU/THIERRY class="author-name accordion-tabbed__control" data-id=a2 data-db-target-for=a2 aria-controls=a2 aria-haspopup=true id=a2_Ctrl role=button><span>THIERRY SIMONNEAU</span><i aria-hidden=true class="icon-section_arrow_d sf-hidden"></i></a><span class=comma-separator>, </span><div class="author-info accordion-tabbed__content sf-hidden" data-db-target-of=a2 aria-labelledby=a2_Ctrl role=region id=a2>
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</div></span><span class="accordion-tabbed__tab-mobile accordion__closed"><a href=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/authored-by/COCHARD/HERV%C3%89 class="author-name accordion-tabbed__control" data-id=a3 data-db-target-for=a3 aria-controls=a3 aria-haspopup=true id=a3_Ctrl role=button><span>HERVÉ COCHARD</span><i aria-hidden=true class="icon-section_arrow_d sf-hidden"></i></a><span class=comma-separator>, </span><div class="author-info accordion-tabbed__content sf-hidden" data-db-target-of=a3 aria-labelledby=a3_Ctrl role=region id=a3>
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</div></span><span class="accordion-tabbed__tab-mobile accordion__closed"><a href=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/authored-by/URBAN/LAURENT class="author-name accordion-tabbed__control" data-id=a4 data-db-target-for=a4 aria-controls=a4 aria-haspopup=true id=a4_Ctrl role=button><span>LAURENT URBAN</span><i aria-hidden=true class="icon-section_arrow_d sf-hidden"></i></a><span class="comma-separator sf-hidden">, </span><div class="author-info accordion-tabbed__content sf-hidden" data-db-target-of=a4 aria-labelledby=a4_Ctrl role=region id=a4>
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<div class=epub-sections><div class=epub-section><span class=epub-state>First published: </span><span class=epub-date>04 August 2010</span></div>
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<div class=epub-section><a class=epub-doi aria-label="Digital Object Identifier" href=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02181.x>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02181.x</a></div><div class="epub-section cited-by-count"><span>Citations: <a href=#citedby-section>222</a></span></div></div>
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<div class=relative><a id=share-access__ctrl href=# data-db-target-for=dff42abe-4b17-4fe9-a9c5-625405cd1007 data-db-switch=icon-close_thin aria-haspopup=true aria-controls=share_Pop role=button aria-label=Share class=share-access__ctrl><i aria-hidden=true class=icon-Icon_Share></i><span>Share</span></a><a id=share__ctrl href=# data-db-target-for=dff42abe-4b17-4fe9-a9c5-625405cd1007 data-db-switch=icon-close_thin aria-haspopup=true aria-controls=share_Pop role=button class="share__ctrl hidden sf-hidden"></a><div data-db-target-of=dff42abe-4b17-4fe9-a9c5-625405cd1007 aria-labelledby=share-access__ctrl id=share_Pop class="share__block dropBlock__holder fixed sf-hidden">
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<section class="article-section article-section__abstract" lang=en data-lang=en id=section-1-en>
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<h2 id=d225577869 class="article-section__header section__title main abstractlang_en">ABSTRACT</h2>
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<p>Stomata play a key role in plant adaptation to changing environmental conditions as they control both water losses and CO<sub>2</sub> uptake. Particularly, in the context of global change, simulations of the consequences of drought on crop plants are needed to design more efficient and water-saving cropping systems. However, most of the models of stomatal conductance (<i>g</i><sub>s</sub>) developed at the leaf level link <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> to environmental factors or net photosynthesis (<i>A</i><sub>net</sub>), but do not include satisfactorily the effects of drought, impairing our capacity to simulate plant functioning in conditions of limited water supply. The objective of this review was to draw an up-to-date picture of the <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> models, from the empirical to the process-based ones, along with their mechanistic or deterministic bases. It focuses on models capable to account for multiple environmental influences with emphasis on drought conditions. We examine how models that have been proposed for well-watered conditions can be combined with those specifically designed to deal with drought conditions. Ideas for future improvements of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> models are discussed: the issue of co-regulation of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> and <i>A</i><sub>net</sub>; the roles of CO<sub>2</sub>, absissic acid and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>; and finally, how to better address the new challenges arising from the issue of global change.</p>
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<h2 class="article-section__title section__title section1" id=ss1-title> INTRODUCTION</h2>
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<p>Stomata consist in pores scattered over the relatively waterproof and CO<sub>2</sub>-tight cuticle covering the leaf surface. They play an essential role in controlling both water losses by transpiration and CO<sub>2</sub> uptake for photosynthesis and plant growth. Stomatal aperture is controlled by the turgor pressure difference between the guard cells surrounding the pores and the bulk leaf epidermis. Changes in the turgor of the guard cells can be very quick, thus allowing for fast adaptation to rapidly changing conditions. This capacity to respond quickly is essential for plants which have to optimize CO<sub>2</sub> uptake and water losses in continually fluctuating environmental conditions. Stomata also play a key role in modulating the transpiration-driven water flow through the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum, and consequently determine the rate of soil water depletion. Eventually, stomata play a very important role in preventing leaf surfaces from reaching excessive temperatures through the control of plant transpiration they provide and its associated cooling effect. Because stomatal regulation plays a key role in plant adaptation to changing environmental conditions and to stress, it appears of paramount importance to try to improve our understanding of the way stomata respond to environmental parameters and optimize their responses in the presence of often conflicting priorities.</p>
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<p>Stomatal aperture is sensitive to multiple environmental influences. Among them, drought appears of particular concern to plant ecophysiologists. Water stress has indeed detrimental effects on community development of natural plants, and growth and productivity of crops. In the coming years and decades, as a consequence of global change, drought events are expected to strengthen in terms of intensity, frequency and geographic expanse (<a href=#b52 class=scrollableLink>IPCC 2007</a>). This issue will become all the more important that world water supply is limiting, while demand for food and water for irrigation will raise along with the human population (<a href=#b103 class=scrollableLink>Somerville & Briscoe 2001</a>). There is thus an increasing need to anticipate the consequences of drought on crop plants, with the objective to design more efficient and water-saving cropping systems.</p>
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<p>Modelling appears as the most effective and well-adapted tool for integration, simulation and prediction purposes. Carbon assimilation, water losses and stomatal aperture – estimated by the stomatal conductance to CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O, <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>– are among the functions that have been the most extensively modelled during the last 40 years. Some approaches, particularly in ecology, have described the global response of vegetation (<a href=#b92 class=scrollableLink>Reichstein <i>et al</i>. 2002</a>). Global models are very useful, but they are generally incapable to provide an insight into the mechanisms through which stomata respond to environmental conditions. Among the numerous modelling approaches at the leaf level, many are essentially empirical, based on statistical correlations between environmental or internal factors and <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>, and very few are really mechanistic. The majority of stomatal conductance models are ‘semi-empirical’ (i.e. built on physiological hypotheses, but still combined with empirical functions). Most of these models focus on one or two factors that affect stomatal aperture. For many years, <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> models did not include the effects of drought, impairing our capacity to model plant functioning in conditions of limiting water supply. Following the increasing awareness of the importance of drought, more and more empirical or semi-empirical functions of water stress have been implemented into models previously constructed for non-stress conditions. These models are based on the different approaches reviewed below.</p>
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<p>Responses of stomata to the local environment of the plant (soil water status, light, air humidity, temperature and atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration) have been studied for decades and were the subject of an abundant literature. The pattern of each individual response has been extensively described (<a href=#b54 class=scrollableLink>Jarvis 1976</a>; <a href=#b56 class=scrollableLink>Jones 1992</a>; <a href=#b77 class=scrollableLink>Monteith 1995</a>). Underlying mechanisms have been partially elucidated, but there are still missing pieces and links to bridge the gap between environmental conditions, how they are sensed and transduced into whole plants and how they end in stomatal responses. This hampers the development of integrative approaches of stomatal responses to multiple environmental influences where possible couplings and interactions could be taken into account. Gathering the missing pieces and links appears of particular importance in the context of global change because combinations of environmental shifts are expected. How stomata will integrate changes in CO<sub>2</sub> concentration, temperature, air and soil humidity directly questions the way the signalling cascades interact from the plant to the cell level. The rate of stomatal response to fluctuating environmental conditions should also deserve attention. Slow response of stomata to rapid changes in conditions like sunflecks introduces distortion from steady state and requires proper parameterization of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> models (<a href=#b107 class=scrollableLink>Stegemann, Timm & Kuppers 1999</a>). However, this last aspect will not be covered in this review considering, like the vast majority of models, that stomata follow a succession of steady states.</p>
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<p>Plant responses to environmental stimuli are mediated from short to long distances by many internal signals such as hormones, reactive oxygen species (ROS), CO<sub>2</sub> concentration in the leaf intercellular space and hydraulic signals (<a href=#b50 class=scrollableLink>Hetherington & Woodward 2003</a>). Within the leaf epidermis, solute accumulation and redistribution between the different cell types and compartments also play a major role in the regulation of cell turgor and the turgor-driven stomatal movements (<a href=#b101 class=scrollableLink>Schroeder <i>et al</i>. 2001</a>). In guard cells, numerous molecular actors are involved in solute transport, ranging from membrane ion channels and transporters to ATPases, regulating proteins, cytoplasmic Ca<sup>2+</sup> or pH (see the reviews of <a href=#b101 class=scrollableLink>Schroeder <i>et al</i>. 2001</a>; <a href=#b93 class=scrollableLink>Roelfsema & Hedrich 2005</a>; <a href=#b88 class=scrollableLink>Pandey, Zhang & Assman 2007</a>). The way guard cells integrate signalling cascades remains still incompletely understood. In the absence of a true understanding of the underlying mechanisms, modelling approaches remain fragmental. There have well been a few attempts to propose integrated views of molecular cascades triggering stomatal response to drought. Such approaches are mainly based on the key role of abscisic acid (<i>ABA</i>) on ion trafficking and osmotic regulation in guard cells (<a href=#b90 class=scrollableLink>Pei <i>et al</i>. 2000</a>; <a href=#b101 class=scrollableLink>Schroeder <i>et al</i>. 2001</a>; <a href=#b93 class=scrollableLink>Roelfsema & Hedrich 2005</a>; <a href=#b66 class=scrollableLink>Li, Assmann & Albert 2006</a>). Although they provide a very stimulating view of the determism of stomatal movements, they remain purely qualitative because information remains fragmental.</p>
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<p>The existence of long-distance signalling in stomatal responses makes the picture even more complex because it hints at the possibility that interactions with other environmental factors within the plants also play a role. For example, it has been shown that the response to soil water deficit is mediated by <i>ABA</i> production by roots and its transport to the guard cell membranes via the xylem stream (<a href=#b32 class=scrollableLink>Davies & Zhang 1991</a>; <a href=#b109 class=scrollableLink>Tardieu & Davies 1993</a>; <a href=#b110 class=scrollableLink>Tardieu, Lafarge & Simonneau 1996</a>; <a href=#b136 class=scrollableLink>Zhang & Outlaw 2001</a>). Some authors have also demonstrated the co-existence of hydraulic signals that trigger stomatal closure in response to a shift in the balance between evaporative demand and soil water availability (<a href=#b98 class=scrollableLink>Saliendra, Sperry & Comstock 1995</a>; <a href=#b20 class=scrollableLink>Cochard, Breda & Granier 1996a</a>; <a href=#b23 class=scrollableLink>Comstock & Menuccini 1998</a>; <a href=#b82 class=scrollableLink>Nardini & Salleo 2000</a>; <a href=#b99 class=scrollableLink>Salleo <i>et al</i>. 2000</a>; <a href=#b18 class=scrollableLink>Christmann <i>et al</i>. 2007</a>). Indeed, as water depletion progresses in the soil, strong tensions develop in the xylem that can lead to vessel cavitation (i.e. the formation of air bubbles that stop water circulation) (<a href=#b118 class=scrollableLink>Tyree & Zimmermann 2002</a>). Tight correlations have been evidenced between water potential thresholds for stomatal conductance and xylem embolism across species from contrasted agroecological environments (<a href=#b104 class=scrollableLink>Sperry 1986</a>; <a href=#b20 class=scrollableLink>Cochard <i>et al</i>. 1996a</a>; <a href=#b22 class=scrollableLink>Cochard, Ridolfi & Dreyer 1996b</a>; <a href=#b99 class=scrollableLink>Salleo <i>et al</i>. 2000</a>; <a href=#b19 class=scrollableLink>Cochard 2002</a>; <a href=#b63 class=scrollableLink>Lemoine, Cochard & Granier 2002</a>; <a href=#b100 class=scrollableLink>Sangsing <i>et al</i>. 2004</a>). The so-called hydraulic theory says that stomatal closure prevents xylem vessels from embolism (<a href=#b117 class=scrollableLink>Tyree & Sperry 1989</a>; <a href=#b87 class=scrollableLink>Oren <i>et al</i>. 1999</a>; <a href=#b106 class=scrollableLink>Sperry <i>et al</i>. 2002</a>). From a mechanistic point of view, stomatal closure in response to low air humidity is suspected to be mediated by changes in water potential of the cells surrounding the stomatal pore caused by evaporation in the substomatal cavity (<a href=#b81 class=scrollableLink>Mott & Parkhurst 1991</a>; <a href=#b23 class=scrollableLink>Comstock & Menuccini 1998</a>) or through the cuticle (<a href=#b37 class=scrollableLink>Eamus <i>et al</i>. 2008</a>). However, mechanistic or physiological knowledge is often difficult to translate into equations, and it is generally easier to build models using empirical observations, like the ones collected as part of the hydraulic theory.</p>
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<p>Optimization theories can be effectively exploited to combine multiple individual responses to each environmental influence into simplest models. In most conditions, plants tend to maximize CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation for a fixed amount of water loss, or tend to minimize water loss for a fixed amount of CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation, which is equivalent (the so-called stomatal optimization theory) (<a href=#b26 class=scrollableLink>Cowan 1977</a>; <a href=#b28 class=scrollableLink>Cowan & Farquhar 1977</a>). Using Lagrange transformation, this translates mathematically into the assumption that stomata behave in such a manner that the ratio of the sensitivities of the rates of transpiration (<i>E</i>) and net carbon assimilation (<i>A</i><sub>net</sub>) to changes in <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> (the marginal water cost per unit carbon gain <i>∂E</i>/<i>∂A</i><sub>net</sub>) remains constant and equal to the Lagrange multiplier <i>λ</i> over a given time-frame. However, <i>λ</i> was shown to vary with environmental conditions, mainly with soil moisture (<a href=#b27 class=scrollableLink>Cowan 1982</a>; <a href=#b70 class=scrollableLink>Makela, Berninger & Hari 1996</a>; <a href=#b113 class=scrollableLink>Thomas, Eamus & Bell 1999</a>; <a href=#b14 class=scrollableLink>Buckley 2008</a>). The optimization theory thus states that <i>∂E</i>/<i>∂A</i><sub>net</sub> does not vary taking water supply as an <i>a priori</i> constraint, captured by <i>λ</i>. On a daily time-scale, soil and air moisture can be considered as constant, and so can be <i>λ</i>. Under these conditions, it is mathematically demonstrated that <i>E</i>/<i>A</i><sub>net</sub>[or <i>A</i><sub>net</sub>/<i>E</i>, the photosynthetic water-use efficiency (WUE)] remains constant. It has also been hypothesized that stomatal aperture is controlled so as to maintain CO<sub>2</sub> concentration in the intercellular space (<i>C</i><sub>i</sub>) almost constant whatever the changes in light (but under conditions of steady soil and air water status), which actually translates into a stable <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>-to-<i>A</i><sub>net</sub> ratio or WUE (<a href=#b131 class=scrollableLink>Wong, Cowan & Farquhar 1978</a>; <a href=#b85 class=scrollableLink>Norman 1982</a>; <a href=#b11 class=scrollableLink>Ball, Woodrow & Berry 1987</a>; <a href=#b79 class=scrollableLink>Mott 1988</a>; <a href=#b5 class=scrollableLink>Aphalo & Jarvis 1993</a>). This assumption is consistent with the optimization theory developed above in that sense that stomatal response and photosynthetic acclimation tend to preserve the relative contributions of biochemical and diffusion limitations to CO<sub>2</sub> uptake. The <i>C</i><sub>i</sub> conservative assumption has been supported by experimental results (e.g. <a href=#b65 class=scrollableLink>Leuning 1995</a>), and was incorporated into models of whole-plant transpiration where stomatal conductance is a function of assimilation rate (<a href=#b114 class=scrollableLink>Tuzet, Perrier & Leuning 2003</a>). Because the assimilation rate is in turn sensitive to light, CO<sub>2</sub> partial pressure and temperature, such models are supposed to indirectly encapsulate the responses to these climatic factors. However, most models based on the <i>C</i><sub>i</sub> conservative hypothesis do not take into account the impact of soil water stress (<a href=#b124 class=scrollableLink>Vico & Porporato 2008</a>). In conditions of water deficit (captured by <i>λ</i>), the hydraulic theory states that stomatal closure occurs to prevent the formation of embolism in xylem vessels. The hydraulic theory implies that stomata are also regulated so as to maintain the xylem water potential above a critical cavitation threshold (<i>Ψ</i><sub>cav</sub>). The optimization theory of stomatal functioning and the hydraulic theory of stomata regulation were proven successful when applied for modelling purposes.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>The objective of this review was to draw an up-to-date picture of the <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> models that have been proposed so far, along with their mechanistic or deterministic bases. It mainly focuses on models capable to account for multiple environmental influences with special attention to drought conditions. We examine how models that have been developed for conditions characterized by the absence of water deficit can be combined with those specifically designed to deal with drought conditions. A critical review is provided of the various models that have been proposed so far, from the empirical ones designed for field studies, to the more complex, process-based ones. <a href=#t1 class=scrollableLink>Table 1</a> summarizes the major characteristics of these models: major hypothesis, response to water stress, coupling with a photosynthesis model and number of parameters. We also provide an evaluation of ease-of-use. Finally, we discuss some ideas for future improvements of models of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>, among others to better address the new challenges arising from the issue of global change.</p>
|
||
|
||
<div class=article-table-content id=t1>
|
||
<header class=article-table-caption><span class=table-caption__label>Table 1.
|
||
</span>Major characteristics of the models of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub></header>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class=article-table-content-wrapper tabindex=0>
|
||
<table class="table article-section__table">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<thead>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<th class="bottom-bordered-cell left-aligned">Author</th>
|
||
|
||
<th class="bottom-bordered-cell left-aligned">Eqn</th>
|
||
|
||
<th class="bottom-bordered-cell left-aligned">Main hypothesis</th>
|
||
|
||
<th class="bottom-bordered-cell left-aligned">Water stress response</th>
|
||
|
||
<th class="bottom-bordered-cell left-aligned">Photosynthesis coupling</th>
|
||
|
||
<th class="bottom-bordered-cell left-aligned">Number of parameters</th>
|
||
|
||
<th class="bottom-bordered-cell left-aligned">Use</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Models based on climatic control only</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b54 class=scrollableLink>Jarvis 1976</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>1</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Factors are independent (multiplicative model)</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>10</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Prediction of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> under variable environment – heavy parameterization</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b129 class=scrollableLink>White <i>et al</i>. 1999</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>2</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Factors are independent (multiplicative model)</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>7</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Prediction of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> under variable environment – heavy parameterization</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b84 class=scrollableLink>Noe & Giersch 2004</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>3</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Factors are independent (multiplicative model)</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>5</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Prediction of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> under variable environment – heavy parameterization</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b67 class=scrollableLink>Lohammer <i>et al</i>. 1980</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>4</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>–</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>1</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Rough estimation of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> from air humidity</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b77 class=scrollableLink>Monteith 1995</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>5–6</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>–</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>2</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Rough estimation of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> from air humidity</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b108 class=scrollableLink>Stewart 1988</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>15</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Factors are independent (multiplicative model)</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>10</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Prediction of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> under variable environment – heavy parameterization</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b74 class=scrollableLink>Misson <i>et al</i>. 2004</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>16</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Factors are independent (multiplicative model)</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>10</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Prediction of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> under variable environment – heavy parameterization</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td rowspan=2 class=left-aligned> <a href=#b69 class=scrollableLink>MacFarlane <i>et al</i>. 2004</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td rowspan=2 class=left-aligned>17</td>
|
||
|
||
<td rowspan=2 class=left-aligned>Factors are independent (multiplicative model)</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td rowspan=2 class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td rowspan=2 class=left-aligned>10</td>
|
||
|
||
<td rowspan=2 class=left-aligned>Prediction of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> during the course of a drought – heavy parameterization</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Sum of stress</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b86 class=scrollableLink>Ogle & Reynolds 2002</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>18</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>–</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>7</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Prediction of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> under variable environment – heavy parameterization</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td colspan=7 class=left-aligned>Models mainly based on the <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>–photosynthesis relationship</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b11 class=scrollableLink>Ball <i>et al</i>. 1987</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>9</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Linear relationship between <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> and <i>A</i><sub>net</sub></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>2</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Very practical and accurate prediction of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> under variable environment</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b5 class=scrollableLink>Aphalo & Jarvis 1993</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>10</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Linear relationship between <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> and <i>A</i><sub>net</sub></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>4</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Prediction of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> under variable environment – heavy parameterization</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b64 class=scrollableLink>Leuning 1990</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>11</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Linear relationship between <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> and <i>A</i><sub>net</sub></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>3<br>+<i>Γ</i></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Very practical and accurate prediction of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> under variable environment</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b65 class=scrollableLink>Leuning 1995</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>12</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Linear relationship between <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> and <i>A</i><sub>net</sub></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>3<br>+<i>Γ</i></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Very practical and accurate prediction of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> under variable environment</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b40 class=scrollableLink>Farquhar & Wong 1984</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>13</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>s</sub> Responds to the photosynthetic capacity via ATP concentration in the mesophyll cells</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>>10</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Theoretical use – very heavy parameterization – variables difficult to measure ([RuBP])</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b53 class=scrollableLink>Jarvis & Davies 1998</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>14</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>s</sub> Responds to the residual photosynthetic capacity (<i>A</i><sub>max</sub> − <i>A</i><sub>net</sub>)</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>2</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Practical prediction of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> − <i>A</i><sub>max</sub> required</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b112 class=scrollableLink>Tenhunen <i>et al</i>. 1990</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>19</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>s</sub> − <i>A</i><sub>net</sub> Relationship is function of plant and soil water status (via empirical coefficient)</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>2</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Practical prediction of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> under variable environment</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b10 class=scrollableLink>Baldocchi 1997</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>20</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>s</sub> − <i>A</i><sub>net</sub> Relationship is function of plant and soil water status (via <i>P</i>, <i>ETP</i>)</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>2</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Practical and accurate prediction of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> under water stress</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b97 class=scrollableLink>Sala & Tenhunen 1996</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>21</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>s</sub> − <i>A</i><sub>net</sub> Relationship is function plant and soil water status (via <i>Ψ</i><sub>pd</sub>)</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>3</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Practical and accurate prediction of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> under water stress</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b74 class=scrollableLink>Misson <i>et al</i>. 2004</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>22</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>s</sub> − <i>A</i><sub>net</sub> Relationship is function plant and soil water status (via <i>Ψ</i><sub>pd</sub>)</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>4</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Practical and accurate prediction of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> under water stress</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b127 class=scrollableLink>Wang & Leuning 1998</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>23</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>s</sub> − <i>A</i><sub>net</sub> Relationship is function of plant and soil water status (via <i>θ</i><sub>s</sub>)</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>3<br>+<i>Γ</i>, <i>θ</i><sub>cc</sub>, <i>θ</i><sub>f</sub></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Practical prediction of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> under water stress – soil characteristics required (<i>θ</i><sub>f</sub> and <i>θ</i><sub>cc</sub>)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b123 class=scrollableLink>Van Wijk <i>et al</i>. 2000</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>24</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>s</sub> − <i>A</i><sub>net</sub> Relationship is function of plant and soil water status (via <i>θ</i><sub>s</sub>)</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>5<br>+<i>Γ</i>, <i>θ</i><sub>cc</sub>, <i>θ</i><sub>f</sub></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Practical prediction of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> under water stress – soil characteristics required (<i>θ</i><sub>f</sub> and <i>θ</i><sub>cc</sub>)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b119 class=scrollableLink>Uddling <i>et al</i>. 2005</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>25</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>s</sub> − <i>A</i><sub>net</sub> Relationship is function of the day of the year (effect on plant and soil water status)</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>6<br>+<i>Γ</i></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Practical prediction of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> under variable environment during the year</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td colspan=7 class=left-aligned>Models mainly based on an <i>ABA</i> control</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b109 class=scrollableLink>Tardieu & Davies 1993</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>26</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Stomata respond to <i>ABA</i> synthesized by roots as a response to soil water deficit<br>Sensibility to <i>ABA</i> depends on <i>Ψ</i><sub>l</sub></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>5</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Prediction of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> under water stress integrating whole plant water transport –[<i>ABA</i>], plant and interface resistances required</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b48 class=scrollableLink>Gutschick & Simonneau 2002</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>27</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>s</sub> − <i>A</i><sub>net</sub> Relationship is function of xylem <i>ABA</i> concentration</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>3</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Practical prediction of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> under water stress –[<i>ABA</i>] required</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td colspan=7 class=left-aligned>Models mainly based on a hydraulic control</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b87 class=scrollableLink>Oren <i>et al</i>. 1999</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>28</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Flux laws govern water flux<br>Flux are conservative</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>0</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Very practical prediction of transpiration and <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>– total conductivity on the root–leaf pathway required</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b116 class=scrollableLink>Tyree & Sperry 1988</a><br><a href=#b105 class=scrollableLink>Sperry <i>et al</i>. 1998</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>29</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Flux laws govern water flux<br>Flux are conservative</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>0</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Prediction of transpiration and <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>– hydraulic architecture required</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b114 class=scrollableLink>Tuzet <i>et al</i>. 2003</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>30</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>s</sub> − <i>A</i><sub>net</sub> Relationship depends on plant water status (<i>Ψ</i><sub>l</sub>)<br>Flux laws govern water flux<br>Flux are conservative</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>4<br>+<i>Γ</i></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Prediction of plant transpiration and <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>– integration of hydraulic and photosynthetic aspects</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b57 class=scrollableLink>Jones & Sutherland 1991</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>31</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Control of the formation of embolism in xylem vessels by stomatal closure (xylem water potential maintained above a critical threshold)</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>1<br>+<i>Ψ</i><sub>cav</sub>, <i>Ψ</i><sub>100</sub>, <i>K</i><sub>max</sub></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Practical prediction of transpiration and <i>g</i><sub>s</sub></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b22 class=scrollableLink>Cochard <i>et al</i>. 1996b</a><br><a href=#b68 class=scrollableLink>Lu <i>et al</i>. 1996</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>32</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Stomatal closure controls the formation of embolism in xylem vessels (maintenance of the xylem water potential above a critical threshold)<br>Existence of a transpiration threshold</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>Ψ</i>
|
||
<sub>cav</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Practical prediction of maximal transpiration during the course of a drought</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td colspan=7 class=left-aligned>Models mainly based on the turgor regulation of guard cell</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b25 class=scrollableLink>Cowan 1972</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>–</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Electrical analogous model/stomatal movements are governed by water and osmotic potential of mesophyll, and subsidiary and guard cells</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>>10</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Theoretical use – complicated mathematical formulation and numerical procedures</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b24 class=scrollableLink>Cooke <i>et al</i>. 1976</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>–</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Shell model/stomatal pore width is related to turgor pressure of guard cells and subsidiary cells with</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>>10</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Theoretical use – complicated mathematical formulation and numerical procedures</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b33 class=scrollableLink>Delwiche & Cooke 1977</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>7</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Stomatal movements are governed by turgor pressure of guard cells and subsidiary cells</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>>10</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Theoretical use – complicated mathematical formulation and numerical procedures</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b34 class=scrollableLink>Dewar 1995</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>8</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Stomatal movements are governed by turgor pressure difference between guard cells and bulk leaf epidermis</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>2<br>+<i>Γ</i></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Theoretical use – parameterization at cell level</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b35 class=scrollableLink>Dewar 2002</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>33</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Stomatal movements are governed by turgor pressure difference between guard cells and bulk leaf epidermis</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>4</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Theoretical use – parameterization at cell level</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b43 class=scrollableLink>Gao <i>et al</i>. 2002</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>34</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Stomatal movements are governed by guard cell turgor pressure difference</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>No</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>3</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Theoretical use – parameterization at cell level</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b15 class=scrollableLink>Buckley <i>et al</i>. 2003</a></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>35</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Stomatal movements are governed by turgor pressure of guard cells and bulk leaf epidermis<br>Mechanical advantage of epidermal cells</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Yes</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>>10</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Theoretical use – parameterization at cell level</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class=article-section__table-footnotes>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li id=t1_note271>
|
||
For each model, the equation number (Eqn) reports to <a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>. In the column ‘number of parameters’, parameters that can be estimated independently are mentioned preceded by +.
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class=article-section__table-source></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p>It is important to note that, because of the differences in diffusion coefficients existing between water vapour and CO<sub>2</sub>, stomatal conductance to H<sub>2</sub>O (<i>g</i><sub>s,w</sub>) is 1.6 times higher than stomatal conductance to CO<sub>2</sub> (<i>g</i><sub>s,c</sub>). For the sake of clarity, this paper will only deal with <i>g</i><sub>s,w</sub>, noted <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>A list of all variables and parameters used in this review is provided in <a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>.</p>
|
||
|
||
<div class=article-table-content id=t2>
|
||
<header class=article-table-caption><span class=table-caption__label>Table 2.
|
||
</span>Equations relative to the models of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub></header>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class=article-table-content-wrapper tabindex=0>
|
||
<table class="table article-section__table">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> 1.</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b54 class=scrollableLink>Jarvis 1976</a> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>s</sub> = <i>f</i><sub>1</sub>(<i>Q</i>) · <i>f</i><sub>2</sub>(<i>T</i><sub>l</sub>) · <i>f</i><sub>3</sub>(<i>VPD</i>) · <i>f</i><sub>4</sub>(<i>C</i><sub>a</sub>) · <i>f</i><sub>5</sub>(<i>Ψ</i><sub>l</sub>)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> 2.</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b129 class=scrollableLink>White <i>et al</i>. 1999</a> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>s</sub> = <i>g</i><sub>smax</sub> · <i>f</i>(<i>Q</i>) · <i>f</i>(<i>T</i><sub>l</sub>) · <i>f</i>(<i>VPD</i>)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> 3.</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b84 class=scrollableLink>Noe & Giersch 2004</a> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>s,w</sub> = <i>g</i><sub>smax</sub> · min[<i>f</i>(<i>Q</i>), <i>f</i>(<i>VPD</i>)]</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> 4.</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b67 class=scrollableLink>Lohammer <i>et al</i>. 1980</a> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <img loading=lazy alt="inline image" class=section_image src="data:image/gif;base64,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"> </td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> 5.</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b77 class=scrollableLink>Monteith 1995</a> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>s</sub> = <i>g</i><sub>smax</sub> − <i>a</i> · <i>VPD</i></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> 6.</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b77 class=scrollableLink>Monteith 1995</a> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>s</sub> = <i>a</i>(1 − <i>b</i> · <i>E</i>)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> 7.</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b33 class=scrollableLink>Delwiche & Cooke 1977</a> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>A</i>
|
||
<sub>st</sub> = <i>π</i> · <i>L</i><sub>a</sub> · <i>L</i><sub>b</sub> <i>L</i><sub>b</sub> = <i>f</i>(<i>P</i><sub>g</sub>, <i>P</i><sub>sub</sub>)<br>+a set of diffential equations integrated <i>P</i><sub>g</sub> et <i>P</i><sub>sub</sub>, water potentials, osmotic potentials, water vapour resistances and water fluxes</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> 8.</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b34 class=scrollableLink>Dewar 1995</a> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>s</sub> = <i>χ</i>(<i>P</i><sub>g</sub> − <i>P</i><sub>e</sub>) <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> = <i>χ</i>(Δ<i>π</i> − Δ<i>Ψ</i>)<br><img loading=lazy alt="inline image" class=section_image src=data:image/gif;base64,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> Δ<i>π</i> = <i>f</i>(<i>A</i><sub>net</sub>, <i>C</i><sub>i</sub>, <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> 9.</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b11 class=scrollableLink>Ball <i>et al</i>. 1987</a> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <img loading=lazy alt="inline image" class=section_image src="data:image/gif;base64,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"> <img loading=lazy alt="inline image" class=section_image src=data:image/gif;base64,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></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>10.</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b5 class=scrollableLink>Aphalo & Jarvis 1993</a> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <img loading=lazy alt="inline image" class=section_image src="data:image/gif;base64,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"> </td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>11.</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b64 class=scrollableLink>Leuning 1990</a> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <img loading=lazy alt="inline image" class=section_image src=data:image/gif;base64,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> </td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>12a</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b65 class=scrollableLink>Leuning 1995</a> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <img loading=lazy alt="inline image" class=section_image src="data:image/gif;base64,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"> <img loading=lazy alt="inline image" class=section_image 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|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>12b<br>12c</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Supply function and biochemical model of <i>A</i><sub>net</sub></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <img loading=lazy alt="inline image" class=section_image src="data:image/gif;base64,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"> <i>A</i><sub>net</sub> = <i>f</i>(<i>J</i><sub>max</sub>, <i>V</i><sub>cmax</sub>, <i>R</i><sub>d</sub>, <i>Q</i>, <i>C</i><sub>a</sub>, <i>H</i><sub>r</sub>, <i>T</i><sub>l</sub>)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>13.</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b40 class=scrollableLink>Farquhar & Wong 1984</a> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>s</sub> = 10<sup>5</sup><i>ρ</i> · <i>T</i> <i>T</i> = <i>f</i>(<i>A</i><sub>net</sub>, <i>E</i>, <i>J</i><sub>max</sub>, <i>V</i><sub>cmax</sub>, <i>Q</i>, <i>T</i><sub>l</sub>, <i>R</i><sub>d</sub>, RuBP<sub>pot</sub>, . . .)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>14.</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b53 class=scrollableLink>Jarvis & Davies 1998</a> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>s</sub> = <i>G</i><sup>-</sup>(<i>A</i><sub>max</sub> − <i>A</i><sub>net</sub>) <i>G</i><sup>-</sup> = <i>G</i> − <i>s</i> · <i>E</i></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>15.</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b108 class=scrollableLink>Stewart 1988</a> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>s</sub> = <i>g</i><sub>smax</sub> · <i>f</i>(<i>Q</i>) · <i>f</i>(<i>T</i><sub>l</sub>) · <i>f</i>(<i>VPD</i>) · <i>f</i>(<i>δθ</i>) <i>f</i>(<i>δθ</i>) = 1 − exp[<i>k</i><sub>6</sub>(<i>δθ</i> − <i>δθ</i><sub>m</sub>)]</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>16.</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b74 class=scrollableLink>Misson <i>et al</i>. 2004</a> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>s</sub> = <i>f</i>(<i>Q</i>) · <i>f</i>(<i>T</i><sub>l</sub>) · <i>f</i>(<i>VPD</i>) · <i>f</i>(<i>Ψ</i><sub>pd</sub>) <i>f</i>(<i>Ψ</i><sub>pd</sub>) = <i>g</i><sub>smax</sub> − <i>a</i>(<i>Ψ</i><sub>min</sub> − <i>Ψ</i><sub>pd</sub>)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>17.</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b69 class=scrollableLink>MacFarlane <i>et al</i>. 2004</a> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>s</sub> = <i>g</i><sub>smax</sub> · <i>f</i>(<i>Q</i>) · <i>f</i>(<i>T</i><sub>l</sub>) · <i>f</i>(<i>VPD</i>) · <i>f</i>(<i>Ψ</i><sub>pd</sub>)<br><i>f</i>(<i>Ψ</i><sub>pd</sub>) = 1.09 exp<sup>−1.27S(</sup><i><sup>Ψ</sup></i><sup>)</sup> <img loading=lazy alt="inline image" class=section_image src=data:image/gif;base64,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></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>18.</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b86 class=scrollableLink>Ogle & Reynolds 2002</a> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <img loading=lazy alt="inline image" class=section_image 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ebMVWD2ZilwZiOGZkqcVmSWZkYQZmWmZkTgZma2ZkOwZmeGZoJAZqiWZqHAZmmmZq0gZo2IZhVcY2qKVVAcQTz0AYPkVgC0QBA4GfiBW3oITw9EATo0QgGkAR2cEXBiR5YgAFnMA08MBDn8JISwVj/FZtRQZok4YUOEVuuySOCQywhSCwv/2ZEXWchEMhN9zcQsQCbo0Zb1nmdrEkTT7MQ0kUQLsMKS3l0A9ErojB1TtIrNkAQl8B9YwJoAqEKb3UQoIeS76kU2DkS8xCgA1EpKACH/lUQGyUCAwEGylAQflB1xOIkH4qSWFJE9CAHLXAQAMCBCHEyDSoVD3psdiAv9GIv+FKduKWhs5ANWiQMYAJs9IBkBTEL89CfG1iQ9MAMTuIyf/BeBYEl46k0TzgQXTA3B7FkTfZkL5oUMboQ8wA0QkM0RqN9uBVBWBJBhBAmqSYi7IUBsUQs4QABSGAAhkB+RvRqBAFEpzAQRGZaqeJZInJq9KA3ZrilQtGlCWEujUMPj//jKfRACMtAEHEQU/4SQUBkdYSWbyIiD6flSQKhNy8gAUVwAk/6pQXBJQRnRLS1AhzQBQvgB9UgAQ4gADe5b/1mISRgqIcanxyBNNEzPXnpXogSeMQSQUNjdbozED9nEHVjiFMqEMBANAixKOU2EFKwdcRCW17QByCgA9VQLB3gAoopEELgRMNjKTSpqzyBqAjhQMUqEBNUQQMxqYFiqfB3c05ygS9lbgQgiAbBC2pVbwXBb7nqL/hHEAUwngVBeQMBeZfwABMAWuqqE+xqEB6yRV0kEF90BeEZRxKKJaOld0ZkpwKBNIdkEKJXCQghesSKYECQgAPxADZiEA5QnoH/on9ERjzi4gJIOrE1UbEFwVgsM0qlFJHskzmqIjgGRw8mkHADgQFLcxA1MoYGsYASSg8NkAa2WRAOdhAC4AIH4QXz0EgUoAkypI4CkQDvpBKJMAw+uxBASxCWoE8CwU8DcQY50LMDMQZHkAB2MAMPUAcgUAcPMAO6pAs6NIsG4QVrSxB8oAkgsAGNKxAAoAkdgAYe0AZq4At6ewPMaBC2dYm2yHxFIC/0oLYrcQdKsIvqGrcrYY8o0QQidWH0xLMsIWhvixCuuxK9IJ0jQQSvsBE3MAETkIcsQaa5e5oHMQEqoAKYohRMRxK+mxEcMLkikQiv5I7+4yRBoAJt4LYC/8EAB/BKBhqbl1EHh/AG5jIP6QpcGQAyWbSDVoMAlQcFc0MBG9BI1aa3qSkZ22VdgXV3JwCJ9CBoVrMDxDWOBXwoFjIHWyoZXYhq25gRxfAKnAADMBAAGrzBHNzBHvzBIBzCIjzCJFzCJhwA43sAAQAD2PACISGcCoAABjDD2yYQpXcuxHIKCkACF4AB1quaknGBc4kIVKsRjFAKVgCYALDETNzETvzEUBzFUjzFVFzFVnzFTlwCpcAOIXEB5wNjTnLD4WAhVte6BUUAL9AJJYhtY0QQI4BxOTcQZjAP7mBELjwQwvOiktEklUUQV5mHE7ABXOABpPAIcgA2PcAEqP+AAhSAohFbDmoks/dDD1egAkxDQnAgr6vwapIwD92Qmx5onZKRB1Q3D3VnIVSwLh3wBOT4AWhAD3uwBxHwyhf4CLw6HB43D/Thj0kwDxiHAfkLBWggX2DSAUBgvHpMHaiwg4USqfQgnDuoA4g4qOKCjuICCqy7HVSAAUzAfF4gADzQAAygCByAXYTVvTXWoE5DOdRCBSMABDfSAeOYiGu2DE+AtkGHBUabvFjlNHbRAm8xDGxgmzIABFzAb57QkQ/ABSZQBSAwAxuAAjBUq/xcVY3xBRkcAMRwmBVdmruLE3eAAcPiCRdgZB0NGB9tE2DQhYRwCqVs0ifdFyldE2B/8a1z2QzJFdMyfctcwYQCATj+qtPTcRcbpQ0CQQvzkApCrRducRfYB4hLzdQ8rRVo4Fk78MVRLRc5UINrkdNG9G9ZHRccwKJx8QVRJxBEGtRhLRexoCN50STJsNZ4QRRGcRcRLNel6QL0hNeh6Qtsx9eAHdiCPdiEXdiGzRoBAQA7> <br><img loading=lazy alt="inline image" class=section_image src=data:image/gif;base64,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></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>19.</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b112 class=scrollableLink>Tenhunen <i>et al</i>. 1990</a> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>bwb</sub> = <i>GFAC</i></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>20.</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b10 class=scrollableLink>Baldocchi 1997</a> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <img loading=lazy alt="inline image" class=section_image src="data:image/gif;base64,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"> </td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>21.</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b97 class=scrollableLink>Sala & Tenhunen 1996</a> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>bwb</sub> = <i>b</i> + <i>a</i> · <i>Ψ</i><sub>pd</sub> if <i>Ψ</i><sub>pd</sub> < −1 MPa</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>22.</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b74 class=scrollableLink>Misson <i>et al</i>. 2004</a> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <img loading=lazy alt="inline image" class=section_image src=data:image/gif;base64,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> </td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>23.</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b127 class=scrollableLink>Wang & Leuning 1998</a> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <img loading=lazy alt="inline image" class=section_image src="data:image/gif;base64,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"> </td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>24.</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b123 class=scrollableLink>Van Wijk <i>et al</i>. 2000</a> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <img loading=lazy alt="inline image" class=section_image src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAAEyAPcAAGhoaBQUFLq6uhcXF2VlZbe3t7i4uBUVFWlpaWdnZxgYGGtra2ZmZmpqahsbG8jIyJKSkru7u7a2thYWFry8vM3Nzff39/b29mxsbPn5+W9vb/r6+rm5ucrKyv7+/vj4+BkZGbW1tR4eHuHh4XV1dWNjY3Jycr6+vt3d3fPz80dHR4+Pj9zc3Hl5ebS0tBISEqWlpc/Pz8PDw3Z2dqmpqXNzc9DQ0G5ubsXFxVVVVU5OTkBAQMzMzD4+Pi4uLhoaGgQEBOTk5I6Ojujo6MDAwJaWlubm5np6evHx8fv7+9XV1aamplJSUuvr6x8fH+Dg4B0dHfT09OLi4nBwcHR0dO/v77Ozs6KiohMTEz09PZWVlcvLy56entbW1oeHh4yMjDY2NuXl5Xx8fCAgICEhITk5OSgoKCsrKywsLM7OzoqKivz8/KSkpNnZ2V5eXg4ODtTU1NjY2ElJSZOTk6Ojo+3t7YGBgb29vbKysnt7e97e3q2trRwcHBEREYCAgJqampiYmG1tbVNTU0ZGRuPj4wYGBlFRUU9PTzU1NcLCwkREREJCQk1NTQkJCQ0NDfX19cnJyQICAkhISAgICJeXl/39/X5+fo2NjQsLC7+/v4WFhTQ0NNLS0oiIiCMjIzExMSkpKUNDQy8vLyoqKhAQEJSUlKqqqunp6X9/fz8/P8TExJmZmcHBwTIyMurq6qysrEVFRVRUVGFhYcbGxp+fn2BgYF1dXVhYWNvb24aGhrCwsK6urvDw8JubmzAwMH19fQ8PD0FBQd/f30pKSgMDA6enpwoKCu7u7ktLSy0tLZGRkdHR0VBQUDw8PAcHB4KCgqioqMfHxwUFBVtbWzMzM3FxcTo6Ouzs7PLy8omJiWRkZHd3d6+vr6GhoVZWVpCQkExMTISEhOfn56urq9PT07GxsQAAAP///wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACwAAAAAAAEyAAAI/wDPCRxIsKDBgwgTKlzIsKHDhxAjSpxIsaLFixgzatzIsaPHjyBDihxJsqTJkyhTqlzJsqXLlzBjypxJs6bNmzgxJjDHk6eLnBFr4ADK0AsXgz15DiDqEcACphFTAENx0UIqAGeWeISxI8cOCwnVWEt4QgFUjgiennX4osPFDEC0nDtlLgjHOdIqnVO0SOEXZgjLrtWIoMFghgRaYHQAZaA5tRlPmEskcIq5hWYMHKRg9vBFAAg8Jxxx+SIRc7oc39goAtPAGqVHxyYYobNoigAA3D7IZAXGTbGRmNOgUYk5EgMZzUbYg41BAUt3T8wtvaC5Cxh5ziBBQoe5VRo1mf/TwX0GT4ZsejyPXh0i9fbnKhzAaFzHg/tlzDVpyEKCAQ4AclBACNgMBBwk97lgzjANLXcOdPC5pxt8KzCA0WlWDPSGgwip8UIAEwwwwQQBtDWQE28MZIU5fzR0wAgFQRihQ++1R4BmF0k2i0BVfMcaGQMNw+FBDOA4kIwzMlRjdVnwgNEy5sggkAqTDGQAHY+cswUtLEjkiwgCXWPOHuckIcAlVCFEgBAxspekQksWdAVFEjCQRUoBJFTnnQ394Ms5RZgzhEBoZLAEBAAIMIIOElFgjhIeFIIBoRmk4RZCBhDQ5ptKTlhQBSNWZE4OeCo0qkMfBDMAAhkIFINtQzr/tMQAZ0QwEATmwKBQAZoShCSnCMV5zhcw+AACRUmYQ0OpCCW7LEWElEaOOUZoqdEHQZjDJkK8bgpsQgh4WhAGP1AUqAfMHnSuRTso0AAnWpjDwJwZtZDGCgUk1K2vbiL0gRgA2PqRMgBA8FEFCVBgSQwChYsQBg5QpMIY5wwhRglHKUQHAz3oes4FCTTghxEUJHAEWDSYcoIPPpRC0HwITVzxxRlHFINd5wRRwUaPVACjvr0e2a9BuMJxDk95cBSDOUWc84k5OzTknwARVC2AAZcSlAoq59xgDicCNSAuQRBTZE4N53gQSb4KfWNwsr8IRIM5kggExAZJYGCOCFPI/9CKOYEMBPNBZ6e9tmf7Cq3QB8MJJELEHIHQ2DmWORTAAD84oDkIExhSkCU+CORGbGIjtADkEXVhDgpVDLLBQh8AMdACsdlizizVdOGYGyfGNgFCqrPuumiJC/SrQRGYM9TRzwi0s0Ip6NGgCQI58UnOBkjQZUVh6CeQIxSHPfbsqAvEQgkEMJDA+gSU8NNAuZjTgScHpTnQHMPdgMECoTlmTicEMQf1BNILcxBBIL87SPzmV5AoSCAE7zsHMPrwAiwE4IIXPIAGN7hBDHrwgyAMYQA6+AJSZMMgxXvQ0ApiDADKQQUCsUGsPtYDCzFkGmA4Ry8aga5zxIIJF7lFI/8EggsBDqR0BzldQc6XvvUloH0RPAcYzHEIc9ShIAbAQkEWACaEcMEcjAjgAM8hAwMiECFTrOIVB7IxAmyBKSk8nkFUAQYTxCGAC1kAZBZChhpwgyAASICpktITLQ7EGbYQCDKiNBCHJbFcEjGHGo5Wt4F8AAH98sNsLOAkgSCCCspzDNoE8grfIUSSlCTIKGxwljiucCDiMEctqmCdcShCEefwwS1MIagh2OEGg7CDAiggEANEwSCNIAMuCuJIUU3hHLrwgn6e1cyCNOBYEXFUG87xB3OsIQaEOAc0MlG+cxjBHDA8xwYYkKVzLGI/mIiNOagwkFAYRiCDI4g2uen/zRhIwQIAiETU4Bg0471yINTgiRN0J5DSOKAISmjF0ZrwinNogDiZuAyu8lQQDfSETA0bX0RAYA4+7MGj9zxHNQdygQGYQwoREURpKsETrVAADqzgg0HiZY4fmCMNAslCLAQCCHPAoqHmUMU5UJFAfB5EpgKhqTmcM5BRbAsorkxIGvpyjl1AQZ4CwYAdzjGJXYRDBZToWuCOdo4M/IKjArkAGtAVBxVQK6RViUCrMsCwRo4vGiEwQPYy9JAOdPIcUvgZGn4wiVMVJAwIEAN2zqGHEBTgAh+IAAXucIqjyUITGNAKQeBKEMMORApPwGIJCOqtg5iBmI6J7Tly8Do//4jiaHJpgGGCMCELeG4gLRAXCFh5jvUNxAsdEVZI7mAbs42xIKRlSJq6IT2DXCAP6wNLRzjAAEEIwCFZRUgzBCkQCJD3HCu4QgF+ZgFdeUwKRzAA24TxhYJcYnA2OINAnsAEQzywFsvbiHJBUgEgWqRxB4nuQvAADivYjyAZIIbLFtDcjEAACGtYgzkEtpBMtdYgKWgBARLDNo4IYcRHuCpJBnwTGSYDIWZIbUYKcdRzJMIcxM3I3FwhECjcliErUAy/vpUQFtcECRLgANYOcqOMUMKKAsGBOU6wEXPIYSBjmNxCivRhIgNSpKI5whEyYg5HDAQPZsxIUfGgISc0BP8UhzWolw9i5MEYQD0XcYU5ynCfB3hHCRqRgzlccB9ImAMRDVrPnA1S58HM0CFFJQ8JzPNoiGhn0lVE7kIqAApFL/rLM2rORTyKBMcguiGyIGRPJOCYMArEPNvcwBW2Z5DeePrTAgHNjLJ4Ea8NpByTqTI9vwekXFogBAe5wHWQV+FFI6B/ETJDiSeit4GIoIvn4MExz5GCB0zEiGRkJBzMIYBtFyQxm2n2nAuTpCj0IQXcMwcrzvHkHu7gAwcgBAxWIIEySCQUOj1HIdbK1oNs4QUIYS6uG7lH+EDC3xXBnwKC8bpzQCA0rysNvCOSAQUAQQHFwKNBkECKjRtEMAt0L645QKCAA7zA2+1hgRuOsZE8kMqc5nidMKpsEBxQodQE6cMBBgACIBz0W0/ggACUHAJezOiOGiENBCAQBm+cwQD11YiDtmkQyypdAM9Ludgr8gRtPE8I29iIC0pAC6eP/e1wj7vc5073utv97njPu95tEhAAOw=="> </td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>25.</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b119 class=scrollableLink>Uddling <i>et al</i>. 2005</a> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>L</sub> = <i>a</i> · <i>f</i><sub>season </sub><i>f</i><sub>season</sub> = min(1; <i>k</i><sub>7</sub> + <i>k</i><sub>8</sub> · DOY)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>26.</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b109 class=scrollableLink>Tardieu & Davies 1993</a> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>s</sub> = <i>g</i><sub>0</sub> + <i>α</i> · exp{[<i>ABA</i>] · <i>β</i> · exp(<i>δΨ</i><sub>1</sub>)} <img loading=lazy alt="inline image" class=section_image src="data:image/gif;base64,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"><br><img loading=lazy alt="inline image" class=section_image src="data:image/gif;base64,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"> <img loading=lazy alt="inline image" class=section_image src=data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhZAA0APcAABQUFGlpaRUVFbm5uWZmZsDAwL+/v/T09M7OzhYWFmhoaKioqMzMzKSkpHZ2dhoaGhsbG7i4uD4+PhISEhgYGBMTE7a2tnh4eObm5mxsbNbW1m1tbWtra1BQUGVlZfX19VJSUv7+/o6OjjIyMkFBQfLy8vf3929vb4+Pj/Hx8WpqarGxsbe3t1paWhcXF+Hh4YqKiqGhoUZGRtXV1UNDQ4eHhyQkJFxcXFZWVlhYWA8PD/v7+yEhIRkZGcvLyy4uLigoKCsrKx4eHhEREQkJCfb29rW1ta6urvPz8ykpKWJiYuDg4Pj4+DU1NZiYmNHR0VFRUbu7u6Ojo8bGxsfHx3BwcKurq/z8/KmpqWdnZ5WVldPT07y8vN3d3cPDw8nJyZOTky0tLTExMZ6eniwsLJCQkH5+ftDQ0EhISISEhKqqqurq6sjIyCIiIujo6ElJSd7e3g0NDR8fH+Tk5KKiouvr6+zs7G5ubnFxcQQEBF1dXYWFhUxMTJSUlAwMDE9PT319fTMzM/Dw8C8vL4iIiJqamnd3d3JycgEBAVdXVyoqKpycnCAgIIODg5GRkf39/crKymRkZEVFRcTExEJCQtfX16ysrAgICIyMjHV1dTg4OOXl5V9fX/r6+tzc3CcnJ7KyslVVVefn59jY2ERERHp6eoaGhr6+vjQ0NJaWlqWlpVNTU1lZWRAQEEpKStTU1AAAAP///wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACwAAAAAZAA0AAAI/wBjCRxIsKDBgwgTKlzIsKHDhxAjSpxIsaLFixgzatzIsaPHjyBDihxJsqTJVTgELoAAgcOTWGeSxKjIwMVLDDkg/FjQKZYCKF1MOswAS4NARrAGwiJxEdYIgZNg7RF4B9YcoQ5HwJoiEJYNgYdgabG4BRYPgQ5gUemaFGtDIW19wLogMA4sURYNwFIi8FNbULBkuG14qS0KWAxiTYEl5iKWvV2TCOQBa8tghno1MVAEi8UYWC12YNQaowEsCV+awDJw2eGKC7BgZTryiKEnCxEG6B7AwkiKgqNgAIHVocaM1hBLwPrzEMYEAAlcJEgAYAibgx1g/UYOcQUsQiB1tP/l/lAPrEoGS1yw4EAQxRCwUB2EY8RBxAZkKEiA9DH2lYMeSMBCCRT1AdpBFcQigkQtwIKBR12IoEAAKCBhEAFZVGQBAQEokFhBEiCCgEREjIcVAQSAZEIUsCwB0Rqw3HAZCCCABAUTIBwAkROwWDLYARFEoKNHH0RQRESBmMhQJFkEoMKTChCACXkawSIERBxmsMGWHCiwIJUXaQBLGh3x0coEFQCg5ppsCuCmAGzGKeecdALgJgAVTKDDWgudAMtxDw3AhQEFFHpKFB+CKdELD5YYUQUJUPDApBQI0IGiEwFAAXwZEAREKAvAsskL9mEKkhQJkJASQQj8EAssbqjoMqSpWOVhRSOkOELrYICE8SoKQi1hRmwZcEAJCUyQ90EDsUjhFnxoKNXDriYdAcsKA8mhJLUgcWJibNySBMsQA9UAixrhimQHLBNcYIgNrhiVbkiFwGLBq9vO25FqaMGyiL4hwdKGUn4A/NErsJgy0BtFCYQAAibEYkIRHxhMUSKwFDBQAYHFksMVWmAxCA1gBFGKxRClQEcQPQQwokA0PGAAKxDUEcsJJ8SCQb4oV5QKLF7gUUVXPWtUxg5WOFGFjFwwWzRGPjSwQCwbSLLAAE93FEAAWXd0gAceWNj12GSXbfbZaFcUEAA7></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>27.</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b48 class=scrollableLink>Gutschick & Simonneau 2002</a> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <img loading=lazy alt="inline image" class=section_image src="data:image/gif;base64,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"> </td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>28.</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b87 class=scrollableLink>Oren <i>et al</i>. 1999</a> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <img loading=lazy alt="inline image" class=section_image src="data:image/gif;base64,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"> </td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>29.</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b116 class=scrollableLink>Tyree & Sperry 1988</a>
|
||
<br>
|
||
<a href=#b105 class=scrollableLink>Sperry <i>et al</i>. 1998</a> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>F</i> = <i>K</i><sub>AB</sub> (<i>Ψ</i><sub>A</sub> − <i>Ψ</i><sub>B</sub>) architecture description </td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>30.</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b114 class=scrollableLink>Tuzet <i>et al</i>. 2003</a> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <img loading=lazy alt="inline image" class=section_image src="data:image/gif;base64,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">
|
||
<br>
|
||
<img loading=lazy alt="inline image" class=section_image src="data:image/gif;base64,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"> <img loading=lazy alt="inline image" class=section_image src=data:image/gif;base64,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></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>31.</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b57 class=scrollableLink>Jones & Sutherland 1991</a> </td>
|
||
|
||
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|
||
<br>
|
||
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"> </td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>32.</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b20 class=scrollableLink>Cochard <i>et al</i>. 1996a</a>
|
||
<br>
|
||
<a href=#b68 class=scrollableLink>Lu <i>et al</i>. 1996</a> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>E</i>
|
||
<sub>crit</sub> = <i>K</i><sub>tot</sub> (<i>Ψ</i><sub>s</sub> − <i>Ψ</i><sub>cav</sub>)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>33.</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b35 class=scrollableLink>Dewar 2002</a> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>s</sub> = <i>χ</i>(<i>P</i><sub>g</sub> − <i>P</i><sub>e</sub>) <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> = <i>χ</i>(Δ<i>π</i> − Δ<i>Ψ</i>)<br><img loading=lazy alt="inline image" class=section_image 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<img loading=lazy alt="inline image" class=section_image src="data:image/gif;base64,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"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>34.</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b43 class=scrollableLink>Gao <i>et al</i>. 2002</a> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <img loading=lazy alt="inline image" class=section_image src=data:image/gif;base64,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> <img loading=lazy alt="inline image" class=section_image src="data:image/gif;base64,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"><br><i>g</i><sub>s</sub> · <i>VPD</i> = <i>K</i><sub>tot</sub> (<i>Ψ</i><sub>s</sub> − <i>Ψ</i><sub>g</sub>) <i>π</i><sub>g</sub> = <i>π</i><sub>0</sub> − <i>α</i> · <i>Q</i></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>35.</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b15 class=scrollableLink>Buckley <i>et al</i>. 2003</a> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>s</sub> = <i>χ</i>(<i>P</i><sub>g</sub> − <i>mP</i><sub>e</sub>) <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> = <i>χ</i>[(<i>Ψ</i><sub>g</sub> − <i>π</i><sub>g</sub>) − <i>mP</i><sub>e</sub>]<br><i>g</i><sub>s</sub> · <i>VPD</i> = <i>K</i><sub>tot</sub>(<i>Ψ</i><sub>s</sub> − <i>Ψ</i><sub>g</sub>) <i>π</i><sub>g</sub> = <i>f</i>(<i>T</i>, <i>P</i><sub>e</sub>)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class=article-section__table-footnotes>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li id=t2_note108>
|
||
Complex functions are not detailed and are written as <i>f</i>(main variables). Abbreviations not listed in <a href=#t3 class=scrollableLink>Table 3</a> are empirical constants.
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class=article-section__table-source></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class=article-table-content id=t3>
|
||
<header class=article-table-caption><span class=table-caption__label>Table 3.
|
||
</span>List of abbreviations</header>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class=article-table-content-wrapper tabindex=0>
|
||
<table class="table article-section__table">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>A</i>
|
||
<sub>L</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Leaf area</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>A</i>
|
||
<sub>max</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Maximal CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation rate</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>A</i>
|
||
<sub>net</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Net CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation rate</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>A</i>
|
||
<sub>st</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Stomata pore area</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>ABA</i> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Abscisic acid</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>C</i>
|
||
<sub>a</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>CO<sub>2</sub> concentration in the ambient air</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>C</i>
|
||
<sub>i</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>CO<sub>2</sub> concentration in the intercellular spaces</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>C</i>
|
||
<sub>s</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>CO<sub>2</sub> concentration at the leaf surface</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>d</i>
|
||
<sub>ini</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Minimum ion diffusion rate</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>DOY</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Day of the year</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>E</i> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Transpiration rate</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>E</i>
|
||
<sub>crit</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Transpiration rate threshold beyond which embolism can appear</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>ETP</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Daily potential evapotranspiration</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>F</i>
|
||
<sub>AB</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Water flow between points A and B</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>G</i>*</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Sensitivity of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> to variations in residual photosynthetic capacity (<a href=#b53 class=scrollableLink>Jarvis & Davies 1998</a>)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>b</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Boundary layer conductance to water vapour</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>bwb</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Slope of the <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>–<i>A</i><sub>net</sub> relationship relative to BWB model</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>L</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Slope of the <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>–<i>A</i><sub>net</sub> relationship relative to Leuning model</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>s</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Stomatal conductance</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>s,c</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Stomatal conductance to CO<sub>2</sub></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>s,w</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Stomatal conductance to H<sub>2</sub>O</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>smax</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Maximal stomatal conductance</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>0</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Minimal stomatal conductance</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>H</i>
|
||
<sub>r</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Relative air humidity</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>J</i>
|
||
<sub>ABA</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>ABA</i> flow = amount of <i>ABA</i> synthesis in the root system</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>J</i>
|
||
<sub>max</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Light-saturated potential electron flux</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>J</i>
|
||
<sub>w</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Water flow</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>k</i> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Hydraulic conductivity between the bulk leaf epidermis and the guard cells</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>K</i>
|
||
<sub>AB</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Conductivity between points A and B</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>K</i>
|
||
<sub>max</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Maximal total conductivity on the soil-to-leaf pathway</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>K</i>
|
||
<sub>tot</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Total conductivity on the soil-to-leaf pathway</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>L</i>
|
||
<sub>a</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Length of the stomata pore major axis</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>L</i>
|
||
<sub>b</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Length of the stomata pore minor axis</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>m</i> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Mechanical advantage of epidermal cells onto guard cells (<a href=#b15 class=scrollableLink>Buckley <i>et al</i>. 2003</a>)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>P</i> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Daily precipitation</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>P</i>
|
||
<sub>e</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Epidermal cell turgor pressure</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>P</i>
|
||
<sub>g</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Guard cell turgor pressure</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>P</i>
|
||
<sub>sub</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Subsidiary cell turgor pressure</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>Q</i> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Light intensity</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>R</i>
|
||
<sub>d</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Day mitochondrial respiration</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>R</i>
|
||
<sub>p</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Resistance to water flow in the plant</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>R</i>
|
||
<sub>sp</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Resistance to water flow in the soil and at the interface soil–root</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>ROS</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Reactive oxygen species</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>RuBP<sub>pot</sub></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Potential concentration of RuBP in the chloroplast (<a href=#b40 class=scrollableLink>Farquhar & Wong 1984</a>)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>s</i> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Sensitivity of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> to variations in <i>E</i> (<a href=#b53 class=scrollableLink>Jarvis & Davies 1998</a>)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>T</i> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Semi-empirical parameter related to concentration of ATP in the chloroplast (<a href=#b40 class=scrollableLink>Farquhar & Wong 1984</a>; <a href=#b15 class=scrollableLink>Buckley <i>et al</i>. 2003</a>)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>T</i>
|
||
<sub>gro</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Growth temperature: mean daily temperature averaged on the last 7 d (<a href=#b86 class=scrollableLink>Ogle & Reynolds 2002</a>)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>T</i>
|
||
<sub>max</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Maximum <i>T</i><sub>gro</sub> at which stomata operate (<a href=#b86 class=scrollableLink>Ogle & Reynolds 2002</a>)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>T</i>
|
||
<sub>min</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Minimum <i>T</i><sub>gro</sub> at which stomata operate (<a href=#b86 class=scrollableLink>Ogle & Reynolds 2002</a>)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>T</i>
|
||
<sub>l</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Leaf temperature</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>V</i>
|
||
<sub>cmax</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Maximal carboxylation rate</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>VPD</i> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Water pressure deficit</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>VPDA</i> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Air water pressure deficit</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>VPDL</i> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Leaf-to-air water pressure deficit</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Δ<i>π</i></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Osmotic potential gradient between epidermal and guard cells</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>Ψ</i> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Water potential gradient between epidermal and guard cells</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>δθ</i> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Soil water deficit</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>χ</i>
|
||
<sub>v</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Leaf-specific hydraulic resistance to water flow through the plant (roots–stomata)/constant</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>π</i>
|
||
<sub>g</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Guard cell osmotic potential</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>Ψ</i>
|
||
<sub>A</sub> (<i>Ψ</i><sub>B</sub>)</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Water potential at point A (B)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>Ψ</i>
|
||
<sub>cav</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Cavitation threshold</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>Ψ</i>
|
||
<sub>e</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Epidermal cell water potential</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>Ψ</i>
|
||
<sub>g</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Guard cell water potential</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>Ψ</i>
|
||
<sub>l</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Leaf water potential</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>Ψ</i>
|
||
<sub>pd</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Pre-dawn leaf water potential</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>Ψ</i>
|
||
<sub>r</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Root water potential</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>Ψ</i>
|
||
<sub>s</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Soil water potential</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>Ψ</i>
|
||
<sub>100</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Water potential at which the xylem conductivity equal 0 (100% embolism)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>Γ</i> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>CO<sub>2</sub> compensation point</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>θ</i>
|
||
<sub>cc</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Volumetric soil water content at wilting point</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>θ</i>
|
||
<sub>f</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Volumetric soil water content at field capacity</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>θ</i>
|
||
<sub>s</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>Volumetric soil water content</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class=article-section__table-source></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section class=article-section__content id=ss2 lang=en>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="article-section__title section__title section1" id=ss2-title> STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE MODELS IN THE ABSENCE OF WATER STRESS</h2>
|
||
|
||
<section class=article-section__sub-content id=ss3 lang=en>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="article-section__sub-title section2" id=ss3-title> Empirical models of responses to climate</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p>Light intensity (<i>Q</i>) is certainly the most fluctuating factor that modulates stomatal aperture; <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> is correlated with <i>Q</i> through a non-linear asymptotic relationship. In accordance with their role in water loss regulation, stomata also close with decreasing air humidity (<a href=#b60 class=scrollableLink>Lange <i>et al</i>. 1971</a>) or alternative-related variables such as water vapour pressure deficit (<i>VPD</i>) (<a href=#b4 class=scrollableLink>Aphalo & Jarvis 1991</a>; <a href=#b77 class=scrollableLink>Monteith 1995</a>). Concentration of CO<sub>2</sub> in the ambient air (<i>C</i><sub>a</sub>) is also negatively correlated to stomatal aperture. Lastly, air temperature influences stomatal aperture. The response to temperature can be represented either by a more or less linear function or by an optimum response curve (<a href=#b54 class=scrollableLink>Jarvis 1976</a>; <a href=#b56 class=scrollableLink>Jones 1992</a>). We present in this section the most current empirical models based on the observed responses of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> to environmental factors. Influences of air pollutants will not be detailed, although their contribution to stomatal closure could be substantial in some conditions (see the influence of ozone, <a href=#b120 class=scrollableLink>Uddling <i>et al</i>. 2009</a>).</p>
|
||
|
||
<section class=article-section__sub-content id=ss4 lang=en>
|
||
|
||
<h4 class="article-section__sub-title section3" id=ss4-title> Multiplicative models of environmental influences</h4>
|
||
|
||
<p>Some authors have integrated all or parts of the effects of environmental factors in empirical ‘multiplicative’ models. In these models, <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> is the product of the response functions to individual factors, each function being generally determined by boundary line analysis (<a href=#b128 class=scrollableLink>Webb 1972</a>; <a href=#b16 class=scrollableLink>Chambers <i>et al</i>. 1985</a>). The hypothesis behind this approach is that the response to each environmental factor is independent of the others. <a href=#b54 class=scrollableLink>Jarvis (1976</a>) was the first to propose such a model that integrates responses to <i>Q</i>, leaf temperature (<i>T</i><sub>l</sub>), <i>VPD</i>, <i>C</i><sub>a</sub> and leaf water potential (<i>Ψ</i><sub>l</sub>) (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 1). A first laboratory validation concluded that this model explains 95% of the observed variation of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Following Jarvis, <a href=#b129 class=scrollableLink>White <i>et al</i>. (1999</a>) modelled the instantaneous stomatal conductance in well-watered conditions as the product of maximal stomatal aperture (<i>g</i><sub>smax</sub>) and empirical responses to <i>Q</i>, <i>T</i><sub>l</sub> and <i>VPD</i> (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 2).</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>The main criticism formulated against these models was that interactive effects between environmental factors are not taken into account, although such interactions were reported, for example between <i>VPD</i> and <i>Ψ</i><sub>l</sub> (<a href=#b110 class=scrollableLink>Tardieu <i>et al</i>. 1996</a>).</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Other authors based their approach on the principle of the existence of a limiting factor. <a href=#b84 class=scrollableLink>Noe & Giersch (2004</a>), for instance, proposed a model where <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> is a function of <i>g</i><sub>smax</sub> and the minimum among two response functions to <i>Q</i> and <i>VPD</i>, respectively (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 3).</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Although successfully tested in numerous circumstances, multiplicative or limiting factor-based models are essentially empirical and require new parameterization for each new environmental condition. This is their main drawback likely resulting from the assumption that environmental factors have independent effects.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section class=article-section__sub-content id=ss5 lang=en>
|
||
|
||
<h4 class="article-section__sub-title section3" id=ss5-title> Response of stomata to air humidity, transpiration rate and leaf water potential</h4>
|
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|
||
<p>It has been often observed that air humidity (<i>H</i><sub>r</sub>) influences stomatal aperture (<a href=#b60 class=scrollableLink>Lange <i>et al</i>. 1971</a>), but the way <i>H</i><sub>r</sub> is sensed by the plant remains still a matter of debate (<a href=#b87 class=scrollableLink>Oren <i>et al</i>. 1999</a>; <a href=#b72 class=scrollableLink>Meinzer 2002</a>; <a href=#b13 class=scrollableLink>Buckley 2005</a>). Do stomata respond to <i>H</i><sub>r</sub><i>per se</i>, or to one of its correlated derivatives, that is, partial pressure of water vapour, air or leaf-to-air <i>VPD</i> (respectively,<i> VPDA</i> or <i>VPDL</i>), leaf transpiration rate (<i>E</i>) or <i>Ψ</i><sub>l</sub>? This section focuses on the relationship between <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> and these variables. By definition, <i>VPDA</i> is calculated at air temperature, while <i>VPDL</i> is calculated at leaf temperature. From a physiological point of view, because stomatal response is driven by the local environment, <i>VPDL</i> is more informative than <i>VPDA</i>. Most authors thus consider <i>VPDL</i> when modelling <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>. We will use the term <i>VPD</i> henceforth to stay faithful to the original formulation of the models presented.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p> <a href=#b4 class=scrollableLink>Aphalo & Jarvis (1991</a>) showed that <i>VPD</i> was more appropriate than <i>H</i><sub>r</sub> to describe the response of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> to humidity of the air, which makes sense considering that these variables are related by an equation derived from the diffusion equation of water vapour in the air:</p>
|
||
|
||
<div class=paragraph-element>
|
||
<div class=inline-equation id=m1><span class=inline-equation__construct><img class=figure__image src="data:image/gif;base64,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" alt=image title=image loading=lazy></span><span class=inline-equation__label>(1)</span></div> </div>
|
||
|
||
<p>where <i>α</i> and <i>g</i><sub>b</sub> (the boundary layer conductance to water vapour) can be considered as physical parameters dependent on atmospheric pressure, temperature, wind speed and shoot architecture.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p> <a href=#b81 class=scrollableLink>Mott & Parkhurst (1991)</a> tried to determine whether <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> responds either to humidity (partial pressure of water vapour) or <i>E</i>. By substituting helox for air in the atmosphere, which drastically changes gas diffusion properties, they could break the strong correlation existing between <i>E</i>, <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> and air humidity, and thus demonstrate that stomata sense <i>E</i> rather than air humidity.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Following the same line, it may be argued that leaf water potential may also be substituted for <i>E</i> in models of stomatal response to fluctuating air humidity, because <i>Ψ</i><sub>l</sub> and the transpiration rate are closely linked. It may further be argued that this substitution has a mechanistic basis because it is well demonstrated that stomatal movements result from variations in leaf (or guard cell) water status, which result themselves from variations of evaporation in the substomatal cavity, and thus of the transpiration flux (see <a href=#b23 class=scrollableLink>Comstock & Menuccini 1998</a>).</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Numerous relationships between <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> and one of the three variables related to air humidity: <i>VPD</i>, <i>E</i> or <i>Ψ</i><sub>l</sub>, have been proposed in the literature. For instance, <a href=#b67 class=scrollableLink>Lohammer <i>et al</i>. (1980</a>) proposed a widely used hyperbolic relationship between <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> and <i>VPD</i> (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 4). <a href=#b77 class=scrollableLink>Monteith (1995)</a> suggested to use a linear approximation of this relationship for the range of <i>VPD</i> commonly encountered in the field (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 5). Using Eqn 1, the linear relationship between <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> and <i>VPD</i> can also be transformed into a linear relationship between <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> and <i>E</i> (<a href=#b77 class=scrollableLink>Monteith 1995</a>) (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 6), provided that the boundary layer resistance <i>g</i><sub>b</sub><sup>−1</sup> is negligible. Conditions of low wind over dense vegetation may considerably increase <i>g</i><sub>b</sub><sup>−1</sup> compared to <i>g</i><sub>s</sub><sup>−1</sup>, and thereby distort the correlation coefficients between <i>E</i>, <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> and <i>VPD</i> as given by Eqn 1. But the major problem associated with these approaches is that they rely on purely empirical parameters established in well-controlled conditions and considered as constants. Albeit very simplifying, these approaches have been widely used and proven useful in not-too-extreme conditions, generally characterized by non-limiting water supply.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Considering that stomata respond to short-term variations of guard cell water potential, some authors developed hydromechanical models, based on a precise description of water balance and turgor regulation of guard cells. <a href=#b25 class=scrollableLink>Cowan (1972</a>) first developed an electrical analogous model based on water transfer functions that explained several aspects of stomatal movements. Changes in water content with water potential of mesophyll, and subsidiary and guard cells were represented as ‘capacitors’ connected by ‘resistances’ that governed water flows. <a href=#b24 class=scrollableLink>Cooke <i>et al</i>. (1976</a>) then showed, using finite element shell analysis, that <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> can be related to turgor pressure of guard cells and subsidiary cells (<i>P</i><sub>g</sub> and <i>P</i><sub>sub</sub>, respectively) with a multilinear relationship, and not solely to the pressure difference between the two, as previously believed. The authors also theoretically demonstrated that the aperture width is more sensitive to variations in <i>P</i><sub>sub</sub> than to variations of <i>P</i><sub>g</sub>, which has been proved later using the pressure probe, and was called the ‘mechanical advantage’ of epidermal cells. They also showed that it is the elliptical shape of the stomata torus that allows to properly respond to turgor pressure changes: the major axis of the torus remains almost constant, while the minor axis varies. Based on these conclusions, <a href=#b33 class=scrollableLink>Delwiche & Cooke (1977</a>) developed an analytical hydraulic model based on the dynamic behaviour of stomata. Pore area (<i>A</i><sub>st</sub>) is modelled geometrically as a function of the length of the major and the minor axes (<i>L</i><sub>a</sub> and <i>L</i><sub>b</sub>, respectively) (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 7). The length of the minor axis is dependent on <i>P</i><sub>g</sub> and <i>P</i><sub>sub</sub>, the two variables being integrated in a system of non-linear differential equations including water potentials, turgor pressures, osmotic potentials, water vapour resistances and water fluxes of guard cells and subsidiary cells. The model suggests that hydropassive stomatal movements are insufficient to regulate water loss at low leaf water potentials. More recently, <a href=#b34 class=scrollableLink>Dewar (1995</a>) proposed a more comprehensible model of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> in which stomatal movements are governed by difference in turgor pressure between the guard cells and the bulk leaf epidermis (<i>P</i><sub>e</sub>, closely related to <i>P</i><sub>sub</sub>). Turgor pressure is deduced from water potential and osmotic pressure. Stomatal response to any stimuli is then separated into: (1) a hydropassive hydraulic response based on the water potential difference between guard cells and bulk leaf epidermis (Δ<i>Ψ</i>); and (2) a hydroactive response that involves energy-dependent osmotic regulation in guard cells (related to the osmotic potential difference between guard cells and epidermal cells, Δ<i>π</i>).</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>In Dewar's model, Δ<i>Ψ</i> appears proportional to <i>E</i> by considering the hydraulic conductivity between the bulk leaf epidermis and the guard cells as a constant (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 8). As cell osmotic pressure is difficult to measure experimentally, Δ<i>π</i> is interpreted, by analogy to Leuning's model (<a href=#b65 class=scrollableLink>Leuning 1995</a>, see ‘Models based on a CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation submodel’ subsection), as a function of <i>A</i><sub>net</sub>, <i>C</i><sub>i</sub>, <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> and an empirical constant which is the equivalent of the <i>a</i> constant of Leuning's model (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqns 11–12). Roughly, guard cell turgor is considered to depend on the solute influx into the guard cells, and hence on CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation rate. The analogy is not detailed here, but is discussed in section ‘Some ideas for future development’ as a possible bridge between empirical and semi-empirical models. Dewar's model introduces mechanistic bases of stomatal movements in a form easier to solve than previous proposals. However, some experimental observations are not well simulated, in particular, Dewar's model does not take into account the mechanical advantage of epidermal cells on guard cells. From a practical point of view, this model remains tricky to use, mainly because of the difficulty to estimate some parameters (e.g. <i>k</i>).</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section class=article-section__sub-content id=ss6 lang=en>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="article-section__sub-title section2" id=ss6-title> Models relating <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> to photosynthesis</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p>Numerous models have been built on the relationship existing between <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> and photosynthesis rate. Some authors have exploited the strong linear relationship commonly observed between <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> and <i>A</i><sub>net</sub> when <i>Q</i> varies, but under constant air and soil water status (<a href=#b132 class=scrollableLink>Wong, Cowan & Farquhar 1979</a>; <a href=#b79 class=scrollableLink>Mott 1988</a>; <a href=#b4 class=scrollableLink>Aphalo & Jarvis 1991</a>; <a href=#b15 class=scrollableLink>Buckley, Mott & Farquhar 2003</a>). In these conditions, <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>/<i>A</i><sub>net</sub> remains constant, in line with the idea that stomatal movements are optimized to minimize water loss for a given amount of carbon gain (<a href=#b26 class=scrollableLink>Cowan 1977</a>; <a href=#b28 class=scrollableLink>Cowan & Farquhar 1977</a>). Others have exploited the relationships observed between <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> and estimations of the photosynthetic capacity (i.e. the maximal photosynthesis observed when light and CO<sub>2</sub> are not limiting) (<a href=#b76 class=scrollableLink>Mitchell & Hinckley 1993</a>; <a href=#b62 class=scrollableLink>Le Roux <i>et al</i>. 1999</a>; <a href=#b15 class=scrollableLink>Buckley <i>et al</i>. 2003</a>).</p>
|
||
|
||
<section class=article-section__sub-content id=ss7 lang=en>
|
||
|
||
<h4 class="article-section__sub-title section3" id=ss7-title> Models based on a CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation submodel</h4>
|
||
|
||
<p> <a href=#b11 class=scrollableLink>Ball <i>et al</i>. (1987</a>) developed one of the most commonly used models of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> (abbreviated BWB model). In this model, <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> responds to <i>A</i><sub>net</sub>, <i>H</i><sub>r</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> concentration at the leaf surface (<i>C</i><sub>s</sub>). In its original form, the model predicts that <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> is equal to zero when <i>A</i><sub>net</sub> equals zero. However, a residual stomatal aperture (<i>g</i><sub>0</sub>) was rapidly introduced (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 9). In the BWB model, <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> dependency to temperature is indirect, via <i>H</i><sub>r</sub> (and incidentally <i>A</i><sub>net</sub>). <a href=#b5 class=scrollableLink>Aphalo & Jarvis (1993</a>) proposed an improved version of the BWB model by separating the effects of temperature and <i>VPD</i> (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 10).</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Three main criticisms were formulated against the BWB model. Firstly, it does not simulate correctly <i>A</i><sub>net</sub> and <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> when <i>C</i><sub>s</sub> equals the CO<sub>2</sub> compensatory point (<i>Γ</i>). When <i>C</i><sub>s</sub> = <i>Γ</i>, <i>A</i><sub>net</sub> and <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> should, respectively, equal zero and <i>g</i><sub>0</sub>. <a href=#b64 class=scrollableLink>Leuning (1990</a>) proposed a first modified version of the BWB model by including <i>Γ</i> (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 11). Secondly, stomata respond to <i>VPD</i> rather than to <i>H</i><sub>r</sub> (<a href=#b4 class=scrollableLink>Aphalo & Jarvis 1991</a>). A second modification was proposed by <a href=#b65 class=scrollableLink>Leuning (1995</a>) which consisted in replacing <i>H</i><sub>r</sub> by the more general Lohammer's function of <i>VPD</i> (<a href=#b67 class=scrollableLink>Lohammer <i>et al</i>. 1980</a>) (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 12a). Finally, stomata do not respond directly to <i>C</i><sub>s</sub><i>per se</i>, but rather to <i>C</i><sub>i</sub> (<a href=#b79 class=scrollableLink>Mott 1988</a>). <i>A</i><sub>net</sub>, <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>, <i>C</i><sub>s</sub> and <i>C</i><sub>i</sub> are related by the so-called supply function expressing diffusion rate of CO<sub>2</sub> (assumed equal to <i>A</i><sub>net</sub>) across stomata (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 12b). Because <i>C</i><sub>i</sub> is unknown, the supply function must be coupled to models of photosynthetic assimilation (biochemical model of photosynthesis, e.g. <a href=#b39 class=scrollableLink>Farquhar, von Caemmerer & Berry 1980</a>) (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 12c). Either BWB or Leuning's model, coupled with the supply function, and the model of <i>A</i><sub>net</sub> form a system of three equations and three unknowns (<i>g</i><sub>s</sub>, <i>A</i><sub>net</sub> and <i>C</i><sub>i</sub>), which can be solved either numerically or analytically (<a href=#b9 class=scrollableLink>Baldocchi 1994</a>).</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>BWB and Leuning's models (<a href=#b11 class=scrollableLink>Ball <i>et al</i>. 1987</a>; <a href=#b65 class=scrollableLink>Leuning 1995</a>) are still extensively used at the leaf level and may also be extrapolated at field or forest stand level (<a href=#b75 class=scrollableLink>Misson <i>et al</i>. 2002</a>; <a href=#b3 class=scrollableLink>Alton, North & Los 2007</a>). They are relatively easy to use and to parameterize, but they do not capture responses to soil water status. We will see in section ‘Models based on a CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation sub-model’ that they can be modified to include those responses. These two models represent a good compromise between ease-to-use, explicative power and predictive accuracy in various experimental conditions.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section class=article-section__sub-content id=ss8 lang=en>
|
||
|
||
<h4 class="article-section__sub-title section3" id=ss8-title> Models based on a leaf photosynthetic capacity submodel</h4>
|
||
|
||
<p>The existence of a causal link between <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> and the photosynthetic capacity is not demonstrated. However, experimental observations show a positive relationship between these two variables (<a href=#b76 class=scrollableLink>Mitchell & Hinckley 1993</a>; <a href=#b62 class=scrollableLink>Le Roux <i>et al</i>. 1999</a>; <a href=#b15 class=scrollableLink>Buckley <i>et al</i>. 2003</a>), which is tempting to exploit for modelling purposes.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p> <a href=#b40 class=scrollableLink>Farquhar & Wong (1984</a>) proposed an empirical relationship relating <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> to <i>T</i>, a parameter dependent on the concentration of ATP in the chloroplasts of the mesophyll, as a first estimate of the photosynthetic capacity. <i>T</i> is in turn estimated by extension of the biochemical model of photosynthesis of <a href=#b39 class=scrollableLink>Farquhar <i>et al</i>. (1980</a>) using ribulose bis-phosphate (RuBP) concentration and other parameters related to the photosynthetic capacity (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 13). In spite of its mechanistic basis, the model of <a href=#b40 class=scrollableLink>Farquhar & Wong (1984</a>) remains largely empirical. Moreover, it is very complex to use, particularly because of the difficulty to estimate key variables in the field (mainly RuBP concentration).</p>
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|
||
<p>More usefully, <a href=#b53 class=scrollableLink>Jarvis & Davies (1998</a>) related <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> to a ‘residual photosynthetic capacity’, the difference between actual <i>A</i><sub>net</sub> and maximal <i>A</i><sub>net</sub> when CO<sub>2</sub> is not limiting (<i>A</i><sub>max</sub>). The authors proposed that stomatal aperture is limited by the evaporative demand (estimated by <i>E</i>) and the residual photosynthetic capacity (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 14). This model is easier to apply than <a href=#b40 class=scrollableLink>Farquhar and Wong's (1984</a>), but some experimental observations are not simulated correctly. In particular, positive response of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> to oxygen concentration is predicted in all conditions, while the observed response is negative in some conditions and positive in others (<a href=#b15 class=scrollableLink>Buckley <i>et al</i>. 2003</a>). Besides, <a href=#b15 class=scrollableLink>Buckley <i>et al</i>. (2003</a>) suggested that if <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> actually responds to residual photosynthetic capacity, this response is mediated by a less direct variable than <i>A</i><sub>net</sub> – <i>A</i><sub>max</sub>, maybe ATP concentration in the mesophyll cells.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section class=article-section__content id=ss9 lang=en>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="article-section__title section__title section1" id=ss9-title> STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE MODELS IN THE PRESENCE OF WATER STRESS</h2>
|
||
|
||
<section class=article-section__sub-content id=ss10 lang=en>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="article-section__sub-title section2" id=ss10-title> Empirical models based on environmental factors</h3>
|
||
|
||
<section class=article-section__sub-content id=ss11 lang=en>
|
||
|
||
<h4 class="article-section__sub-title section3" id=ss11-title> Multiplicative models</h4>
|
||
|
||
<p>A simple approach to integrate the effects of water stress in <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> models consists in introducing a response function to soil water deficit into the multiplicative models presented in ‘Empirical models of response to climate’. Numerous models were developed on the basis of Jarvis's model (<a href=#b54 class=scrollableLink>Jarvis 1976</a>) with a response function to soil water status replacing the response function to <i>Ψ</i><sub>l</sub>.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>In Stewart's model (<a href=#b108 class=scrollableLink>Stewart 1988</a>), <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> responds to <i>Q</i>, <i>T</i><sub>l</sub>, <i>VPD</i> and soil water deficit (<i>δθ</i>) (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 15). Others, like <a href=#b74 class=scrollableLink>Misson, Panek & Goldstein (2004</a>), rather used pre-dawn water potential (<i>Ψ</i><sub>pd</sub>) as an estimate of soil water availability near the roots (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 16).</p>
|
||
|
||
<p> <a href=#b129 class=scrollableLink>White <i>et al</i>. (1999</a>) proposed a similar model using a response function to <i>Ψ</i><sub>pd</sub>. But, they considered that the sum of stress accumulated during a given period of time is more relevant than the current daily stress. Response functions to environmental factors are thus integrated over the considered period, and a global <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> for this period can be simulated. However, the coupling with other sources of variations of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> (like <i>A</i><sub>net</sub> or <i>E</i>) requires instantaneous values of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>. <a href=#b69 class=scrollableLink>MacFarlane, White & Adams (2004)</a> therefore used a simplified version of White's model, where <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> responds to instantaneous variations of <i>Q</i>, <i>T</i><sub>l</sub> and <i>VPD</i> on the short term, and to integrated value of <i>Ψ</i><sub>pd</sub> over a period of <i>n</i> days of stress on the long term [sum of stress, <i>S</i>(<i>Ψ</i>)] (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 17). The model well simulates field observations. As water stress effects are a combination of its strength and duration, the concept of cumulative sum of stress seems very relevant.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>As said previously in ‘Multiplicative models of environmental influence’, multiplicative models present two important drawbacks: (1) they suppose that the response to each factor is independent; and (2) they require to construct response curves for each experimental condition. However, in their range of parameterization, these models can provide rather satisfactory simulations.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section class=article-section__sub-content id=ss12 lang=en>
|
||
|
||
<h4 class="article-section__sub-title section3" id=ss12-title> Specific approaches</h4>
|
||
|
||
<p>Specific approaches have been adopted for isohydric species (see ‘Leaf water potential and ABA’) which regulate transpiration so as to maintain <i>Ψ</i><sub>l</sub> constant when soil and air water status vary. For such species, <a href=#b86 class=scrollableLink>Ogle & Reynolds (2002</a>) proposed: (1) that <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> regulation depends on climatic demand (estimated by <i>VPD</i>); and (2) that the maximal stomatal conductance (<i>g</i><sub>smax</sub>) depends on <i>Ψ</i><sub>pd</sub> and growth temperature (<i>T</i><sub>gro</sub>, the mean daily temperature averaged over the last 7 d). More precisely, the authors determined two empirical thresholds of <i>VPD</i> beyond which <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> is maximal or null (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 18). The authors showed that stomatal sensibility to <i>VPD</i> decreases with increasing water stress. This model successfully captured the large diurnal and seasonal fluctuations of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> for a North American desert shrub <i>Larrea tridentata</i>. It provides accurate simulations of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> in a wide range of environmental conditions.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section class=article-section__sub-content id=ss13 lang=en>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="article-section__sub-title section2" id=ss13-title> Models based on a CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation submodel: modifications of BWB and Leuning's models</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p>Water stress modifies the relationship between <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> and <i>A</i><sub>net</sub>, and consequently the <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>/<i>A</i><sub>net</sub> ratio (<a href=#b12 class=scrollableLink>Brodribb 1996</a>; <a href=#b58 class=scrollableLink>Katul, Leuning & Oren 2003</a>; <a href=#b114 class=scrollableLink>Tuzet <i>et al</i>. 2003</a>; <a href=#b69 class=scrollableLink>MacFarlane <i>et al</i>. 2004</a>; <a href=#b74 class=scrollableLink>Misson <i>et al</i>. 2004</a>; <a href=#b96 class=scrollableLink>Rouhi <i>et al</i>. 2007</a>). As a consequence, the models of BWB and Leuning, which are based on a linear relationship between <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> and <i>A</i><sub>net</sub>, cannot properly simulate <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> in water stress conditions. Numerous authors adapted these two models to water stress conditions by expressing the slope of the <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>–<i>A</i><sub>net</sub> relationship relative to these models (henceforth called <i>g</i><sub>bwb</sub>, <i>g</i><sub>L</sub>) (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqns 9 and 12a) as empirical functions of plant or soil water status.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Among the first proposals, <a href=#b112 class=scrollableLink>Tenhunen <i>et al</i>. (1990</a>) substituted <i>g</i><sub>bwb</sub> by a parameter called <i>GFAC</i> which has to be recalculated whenever the conditions change (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 19). More explicitly, <a href=#b10 class=scrollableLink>Baldocchi (1997</a>) introduced a cumulative drought index into <i>g</i><sub>bwb</sub>. This index is a function of the sum of rainfalls divided by cumulated evapotranspiration over the considered period (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 20). Other authors proposed to modify BWB and Leuning's models by introducing a function of <i>Ψ</i><sub>pd</sub>. <a href=#b97 class=scrollableLink>Sala & Tenhunen (1996</a>) observed a curvilinear relationship between <i>g</i><sub>bwb</sub> and <i>Ψ</i><sub>pd</sub> for water potentials ranging from −1 to 0 MPa, and a linear one for more negative potentials (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 21). <a href=#b74 class=scrollableLink>Misson <i>et al</i>. (2004</a>) introduced a power function of <i>Ψ</i><sub>pd</sub> into the BWB model (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 22). <a href=#b127 class=scrollableLink>Wang & Leuning (1998</a>) modified Leuning's model using a function of soil water content (<i>θ</i><sub>s</sub>) (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 23). Similarly, <a href=#b123 class=scrollableLink>Van Wijk <i>et al</i>. (2000)</a> introduced a function of <i>θ</i><sub>s</sub>, although of a different form, in the models of BWB and Leuning (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 24). These last authors showed that the BWB model should also be modified to include a function of <i>T</i><sub>l</sub>. For simplicity, they preferred to use the model of Leuning. More recently, <a href=#b119 class=scrollableLink>Uddling <i>et al</i>. (2005)</a> introduced a function of the day of the year (<i>f</i><sub>season</sub>) in Leuning's model (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 25), which integrates all seasonal effects including seasonal drought.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>When available, the adjustment quality of these models, on the base of predictions versus observations regression, was reported in <a href=#t4 class=scrollableLink>Table 4</a>. <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> (the proportion of variation explained by the fitted regression) and slope deviation from unity are common measures of accuracy and bias. Equally important is the domain of validity of the model in terms of ranges of environmental conditions, level of fluctuations, species, time-scale, etc. In their original conditions of parameterization, all of the models presented in <a href=#t4 class=scrollableLink>Table 4</a> very well simulate <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> or <i>E</i>, even for shade leaves (<a href=#b97 class=scrollableLink>Sala & Tenhunen 1996</a>). These models do not simulate the daily variations of stomatal conductance, nor transient responses, if any, to rapid, time-varying conditions, like sunflecks. However, they may be considered as suitable for long-term water stress studies.</p>
|
||
|
||
<div class=article-table-content id=t4>
|
||
<header class=article-table-caption><span class=table-caption__label>Table 4.
|
||
</span>Prediction quality of four modified versions of BWB or Leuning model</header>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class=article-table-content-wrapper tabindex=0>
|
||
<table class="table article-section__table">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<thead>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<th rowspan=2 class=left-aligned>Author</th>
|
||
|
||
<th rowspan=2 class=left-aligned>Species</th>
|
||
|
||
<th rowspan=2 class=left-aligned>Variable</th>
|
||
|
||
<th colspan=2 class="bottom-bordered-cell left-aligned">Predict versus observed</th>
|
||
|
||
<th rowspan=2 class=left-aligned>Range of stress</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<th class="bottom-bordered-cell left-aligned" style=top:64px> <i>R</i>
|
||
<sup>2</sup> </th>
|
||
|
||
<th class="bottom-bordered-cell left-aligned" style=top:64px>Slope</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b119 class=scrollableLink>Uddling <i>et al</i>. (2005</a>)</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>Betula pendula</i> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>s</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>0.80</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>1.00</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>Ψ</i>
|
||
<sub>pd</sub> = [−0.55; 0] MPa</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b123 class=scrollableLink>Van Wijk <i>et al</i>. (2000</a>)</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>E</i> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>0.88</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>0.94</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>θ</i>
|
||
<sub>s</sub> = [4; 19]%</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <a href=#b74 class=scrollableLink>Misson <i>et al</i>. (2004</a>)</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>s</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>0.71</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>1.01</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>Ψ</i>
|
||
<sub>pd</sub> = [−1.7; 0] MPa</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td rowspan=5 class=left-aligned> <a href=#b97 class=scrollableLink>Sala & Tenhunen (1996</a>)</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned> <i>Quercus ilex</i> (two sites)</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned></td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned></td>
|
||
|
||
<td rowspan=5 class=left-aligned> <i>Ψ</i>
|
||
<sub>pd</sub> = [−2.7; −0.2] MPa</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td rowspan=2 class=left-aligned> Sun leaves</td>
|
||
|
||
<td rowspan=2 class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>s</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>0.862</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>0.97</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>0.813</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>1.00</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td rowspan=2 class=left-aligned> Shade leaves</td>
|
||
|
||
<td rowspan=2 class=left-aligned> <i>g</i>
|
||
<sub>s</sub> </td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>0.756</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>1.02</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>0.826</td>
|
||
|
||
<td class=left-aligned>1.00</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class=article-section__table-source></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section class=article-section__sub-content id=ss14 lang=en>
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="article-section__sub-title section2" id=ss14-title> Towards more mechanistic approaches</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p>The approaches presented in the previous sections are based on observed relationships. With a better understanding of plant physiology, particularly of the response to water stress, models with a more mechanistic basis have been proposed.</p>
|
||
|
||
<section class=article-section__sub-content id=ss15 lang=en>
|
||
|
||
<h4 class="article-section__sub-title section3" id=ss15-title> Leaf water potential and <i>ABA</i></h4>
|
||
|
||
<p>Species differ by their degree of control of <i>Ψ</i><sub>l</sub> during water stress. Some species maintain <i>Ψ</i><sub>l</sub> almost constant during water stress (isohydric species), while others do not (anisohydric species). The <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> response to <i>ABA</i> depends on whether the species is rather isohydric or anisohydric. For isohydric species, stomata sensibility to <i>ABA</i> is negatively related to <i>Ψ</i><sub>l</sub>. <a href=#b109 class=scrollableLink>Tardieu & Davies (1993</a>) expressed <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> as a function of xylem <i>ABA</i> concentration and <i>Ψ</i><sub>l</sub>. <i>ABA</i> concentration is calculated from water and <i>ABA</i> fluxes equations within the plant (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 26). For anisohydric species, stomatal regulation in water stress conditions depends only on xylem <i>ABA</i> concentration (<a href=#b110 class=scrollableLink>Tardieu <i>et al</i>. 1996</a>). For such plants, <a href=#b111 class=scrollableLink>Tardieu & Simonneau (1998</a>) proposed to use the model of <a href=#b109 class=scrollableLink>Tardieu & Davies (1993</a>) with a <i>δ</i> coefficient equal to zero (see <a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 26). In a more straightforward manner, <a href=#b48 class=scrollableLink>Gutschick & Simonneau (2002</a>) introduced a function of <i>ABA</i> concentration in the xylem in the BWB model (modification of the slope of the BWB model) (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 27).</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Because they depend on <i>ABA</i>, all these models simulate well <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> in a wide range of environmental conditions, particularly for different levels of water deficit. A limitation was, however, formulated because xylem <i>ABA</i> concentration is commonly assessed in the sap extracted by pressurization from a shoot. This concentration is supposed to represent the average of the different concentrations inside the leaf (<a href=#b111 class=scrollableLink>Tardieu & Simonneau 1998</a>). However, from a mechanical point of view, it is the <i>ABA</i> concentration near the guard cells that determines stomatal closure and is expected to be correlated to <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>. Because of redistribution and neosynthesis within leaves, <i>ABA</i> concentration measured in sap collected by pressurization can differ from <i>ABA</i> concentration near the guard cells. However, the simplicity of measurement of concentration in the xylem sap and the strong correlation with <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> generally observed justify its use in models.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section class=article-section__sub-content id=ss16 lang=en>
|
||
|
||
<h4 class="article-section__sub-title section3" id=ss16-title> Hydraulic models</h4>
|
||
|
||
<p>Hydraulic models are based on water transfer in the xylem, governed by thermodynamics that allows analogy to Fick's law. For a segment AB within a plant, the flux between points A and B (<i>F</i><sub>AB</sub>) depends on the xylem hydraulic conductivity between these two points (<i>K</i><sub>AB</sub>) and the water potential (<i>Ψ</i>) difference (or gradient if <i>K</i><sub>AB</sub> is expressed as a conductivity and not as a conductance):</p>
|
||
|
||
<div class=paragraph-element>
|
||
<div class=inline-equation id=m2><span class=inline-equation__construct><img class=figure__image src="data:image/gif;base64,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" alt=image title=image loading=lazy></span><span class=inline-equation__label>(2)</span></div> </div>
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<p>As water transfer in the xylem is conservative, in a first approximation, the water flux through the whole tree equals transpiration. Hydraulic models are then primarily transpiration models, but they can easily be converted into <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> models using Eqn 1.</p>
|
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<p>A first method to model <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> consists in using the flux equation for the soil-to-leaf pathway. <i>E</i> and <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> appear then as the product of the hydraulic conductivity of the soil-to-leaf pathway (<i>K</i><sub>tot</sub>) divided by leaf surface, and of the water potential gradient between the soil and the leaf. This simplified approach assumes that the plant acts as a unique pipe. It was occasionally used, for example by <a href=#b87 class=scrollableLink>Oren <i>et al</i>. (1999</a>), at the tree level (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 28).</p>
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<p>However, the pipe model may arguably represent an oversimplification where heterogeneity within branches is neglected, and a more precise description of tree hydraulic architecture is then required, especially for trees. <a href=#b116 class=scrollableLink>Tyree & Sperry (1988</a>) simulated transpiration of whole trees using flux equations (Eqn 2). In their approach, the water pathway from the soil to the leaves is separated in segments that represent the tree architecture (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 29). For each segment, a specific hydraulic conductivity, estimated from its diameter, is given. The system works as an electric circuit where resistances in series and conductances in parallel may be added. Similarly, <a href=#b105 class=scrollableLink>Sperry <i>et al</i>. (1998</a>) decomposed the tree into different organs, from the roots to the leaves, and simulated water fluxes for each organ. They also added a precise description of water transfer from the soil to the roots. With a somewhat different approach, <a href=#b114 class=scrollableLink>Tuzet <i>et al</i>. (2003</a>) proposed a model of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> based on the relationship between <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> and <i>A</i><sub>net</sub>, <i>C</i><sub>i</sub>, <i>Ψ</i><sub>l</sub> and plant hydraulic architecture (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 30). <i>Ψ</i><sub>l</sub> is estimated by a flux equation from the soil to the leaves that takes into account the resistances of the different segments. Actually, this model is close to a modified version of Leuning's model where the slope of the <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>–<i>A</i><sub>net</sub> relationship is a function of <i>Ψ</i><sub>l</sub>.</p>
|
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<p>In conditions of water deficit, there is a large consensus that stomatal closure controls the formation of embolism in xylem vessels through the maintenance of the xylem water potential above a critical threshold called the cavitation threshold, <i>Ψ</i><sub>cav</sub>. Indeed, embolism can appear when xylem water potential becomes lower than <i>Ψ</i><sub>cav</sub>. A last group of models are based on the hypothesis that stomatal closure controls the decrease in xylem water potential and the formation of embolism (<a href=#b117 class=scrollableLink>Tyree & Sperry 1989</a>). <a href=#b57 class=scrollableLink>Jones & Sutherland (1991</a>) simulated <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> with a flux equation using the total hydraulic conductance of the plant in the soil-to-leaf pathway (<i>K</i><sub>tot</sub>). <i>K</i><sub>tot</sub> is a function of the maximal hydraulic conductivity (<i>K</i><sub>max</sub>), and a parameter which is an estimate of the xylem embolism rate based on <i>Ψ</i><sub>l</sub> and <i>Ψ</i><sub>cav</sub> (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 31). For the authors, this formulation is adequate for cereals, while hydraulic architecture should be introduced for trees. <a href=#b20 class=scrollableLink>Cochard <i>et al</i>. (1996a</a>) and <a href=#b68 class=scrollableLink>Lu <i>et al</i>. (1996</a>) calculated a transpiration threshold (<i>E</i><sub>crit</sub>) beyond which embolism can appear. This threshold is estimated by a flux equation at the whole-plant level, considering that xylem water potential is maintained equal to <i>Ψ</i><sub>cav</sub> (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 32). With the hypothesis that stomata are regulated in order to prevent embolism formation, the observed transpiration is expected to remain lower than the calculated threshold transpiration. This is observed on most species. <a href=#b21 class=scrollableLink>Cochard <i>et al</i>. (2002</a>) completed this approach by using a precise description of the architecture of the soil–plant–leaves continuum to estimate <i>K</i><sub>tot</sub>.</p>
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<p>An important feature of hydraulic models is their facility of use and parameterization, which represents a serious practical advantage. They are also easy to understand as they proceed from the simple idea of the hydraulic determinism of stomatal closure. However, all these models (except <a href=#b114 class=scrollableLink>Tuzet <i>et al</i>. 2003</a>) focus on hydraulic mechanisms only. It is well established that various stimuli, some of which do not relate to any hydraulic control, influence <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>. Thus, hydraulic models cannot be considered as universal integrative models of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> as a function of water relations.</p>
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||
</section>
|
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|
||
<section class=article-section__sub-content id=ss17 lang=en>
|
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<h4 class="article-section__sub-title section3" id=ss17-title> Hydromechanical models</h4>
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<p>We presented in ‘Response of stomata to air humidity, transpiration rate and leaf water potential’ a ‘hydromechanical’ model of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>, based on a precise description of water balance and turgor regulation of guard cells (<a href=#b34 class=scrollableLink>Dewar 1995</a>). This approach, primarily developed for well-watered plant, was extended to water stress conditions.</p>
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<p>Dewar improved his model by introducing a stomatal response to leaf xylem <i>ABA</i> concentration (<a href=#b35 class=scrollableLink>Dewar 2002</a>). In the most recent version of this model, stomatal movements are still governed by the difference in turgor pressure between guard cells and bulk leaf epidermis (<i>P</i><sub>g</sub> − <i>P</i><sub>e</sub>), and the stomatal response is still separated into hydropassive and hydroactive responses, but the osmotic pressure difference between guard cells and epidermal cells (Δ<i>π</i>) is an explicit function of the quantity of ions entering the guard cells, and of the diffusion rate between guard cells and epidermal cells. This diffusion rate is estimated by the product of a minimal rate (<i>d</i><sub>min</sub>) and an exponential function of <i>ABA</i> concentration in the leaf xylem and of water potential of epidermal cells, formulated by <a href=#b109 class=scrollableLink>Tardieu & Davies (1993</a>) (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 33). The quantity of ions entering the guard cells not being measurable is estimated by a function of <i>A</i><sub>net</sub>, <i>C</i><sub>i</sub> and day respiration (<i>R</i><sub>d</sub>).</p>
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<p>Using the same concepts, but by modifying one of the fundamental hypotheses, <a href=#b43 class=scrollableLink>Gao <i>et al</i>. (2002</a>) more precisely simulated the effects of water stress. For them, stomata do not respond to the difference in turgor pressure between the guard cells and the bulk leaf epidermis, but rather to the turgor of guard cells (<i>P</i><sub>g</sub>) (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 34); <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> is then solely dependent on water potential and osmotic pressure of the guard cells (<i>Ψ</i><sub>g</sub> and <i>π</i><sub>g</sub>, respectively). <i>Ψ</i><sub>g</sub> is expressed by a flux equation between the soil and the guard cells, considering the total conductivity from the soil to the guard cells (<i>K</i><sub>tot</sub>). The relationship between <i>E</i>, <i>VPD</i> and <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> (Eqn 1) is then used to express <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>; <i>π</i><sub>g</sub> depends on the amount of assimilates in the guard cells, which is a function, in a first approximation, of photosynthesis. <i>π</i><sub>g</sub> can thus be estimated from <i>Q</i>.</p>
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<p>An advantage of this model compared to Dewar's model is that hydraulic components can be more easily approximated: the total conductivity from the soil to the guard cell is easier to estimate than the hydraulic conductance between bulk leaf epidermis and the guard cells. However, osmotic regulation, modelled by the diffusion of ions between the guard cells and the apoplast, is not included.</p>
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<p>Both of these models have their advantages and drawbacks, but none of them predicts one important behaviour observed experimentally: the mechanical advantage of epidermal cells over guard cells. <a href=#b15 class=scrollableLink>Buckley <i>et al</i>. (2003</a>) dealt with this issue in a model similar to Gao's (<a href=#b43 class=scrollableLink>Gao <i>et al</i>. 2002</a>), but with the following main differences (<a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 35). Firstly, the epidermal mechanical advantage over the guard cells is taken into account by introducing a factor <i>m</i> (<i>m</i> > 1), which allows to weigh the effects of <i>P</i><sub>g</sub> and <i>P</i><sub>e</sub> on <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>. Secondly, guard cell osmotic pressure (<i>π</i><sub>g</sub>) depends on the flux of solutes resulting from the electrochemical gradient imposed by ATP synthases. <i>π</i><sub>g</sub> is then expressed as a function of ATP concentration of the guard cells (semi-empirical parameter <i>T</i>). With the hypothesis that the same biochemical process controls ATP concentration in mesophyll and in guard cells, the guard cell ATP concentration can be simulated using the model of <a href=#b40 class=scrollableLink>Farquhar & Wong (1984</a>) (see ‘Models based on a leaf photosynthetic capacity sub-model’). Finally, the authors suggested that variations in local turgor pressure close to the guard cells are part of the signal leading to stomatal closure in conditions of water stress. <i>π</i><sub>g</sub> can thus be expressed as a function of ATP concentration and <i>P</i><sub>e</sub>. Experimental evidence of the existence of a water stress sensor localized close to stomata was reviewed later by <a href=#b13 class=scrollableLink>Buckley (2005</a>).</p>
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<p>Important features of this model have to be highlighted. Firstly, the model relates osmotic pressure to photosynthetic activity expressed by ATP content. ATP content determines RuBP regeneration activity. Thereby,<i> g</i><sub>s</sub> is linked to photosynthetic activity (see ‘Models based on a leaf photosynthetic capacity sub-model’). Secondly, introducing the epidermal mechanical advantage enables to better simulate variations of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> with <i>VPD</i> than in the previous models, namely the transient opening with increasing <i>VPD</i> which results from rapid, hydropassive responses, and the subsequent closure associated with the slower, hydroactive, energy-dependent osmotic response. Moreover, <i>ABA</i> effects can be introduced in the model, considering that the flux of ions entering the guard cells is <i>ABA</i> dependent. The main drawback of this model lies in its complexity and in the important number of parameters that have to be determined.</p>
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||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section class=article-section__content id=ss18 lang=en>
|
||
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||
<h2 class="article-section__title section__title section1" id=ss18-title> SOME IDEAS FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS</h2>
|
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||
<section class=article-section__sub-content id=ss19 lang=en>
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||
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||
<h3 class="article-section__sub-title section2" id=ss19-title> Bridges between mechanistic and empirical models</h3>
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<p>We have presented numerous models of stomatal conductance suitable for water stress conditions that can be essentially qualified from empirical to mechanistic. At this stage, all these models well simulate variations of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> in conditions of water stress.</p>
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<p>In some cases, explicit bridges between models were proposed. Dewar presented his first model (<a href=#b34 class=scrollableLink>Dewar 1995</a>) as an improvement of Leuning's model (<a href=#b65 class=scrollableLink>Leuning 1995</a>), where the role played by turgor in the regulation of guard cell volume is clearly accounted for. As already seen in ‘Response of stomata to air humidity, transpiration rate and leaf water potential’, the osmotic gradient between guard and epidermal cells, one of the main variables of this model, was expressed as a function of <i>A</i><sub>net</sub>, <i>C</i><sub>i</sub>, <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> using the empirical constant <i>a</i> of Leuning's model (see <a href=#b34 class=scrollableLink>Dewar 1995</a> for the mathematical analogy). Similarly, in the second version of his model, <a href=#b35 class=scrollableLink>Dewar (2002</a>) proposed to combine the essential features of Leuning's model with those of Tardieu and Davies's (<a href=#b109 class=scrollableLink>Tardieu & Davies 1993</a>; <a href=#b65 class=scrollableLink>Leuning 1995</a>) within a common mechanistic framework. The empirical constants <i>a</i> and <i>D</i><sub>0</sub> of Leuning's model were expressed in terms of guard cell parameters related to hydraulic or ion transport characteristics (see <a href=#b35 class=scrollableLink>Dewar 2002</a> for the exact expressions). The dependency of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> on <i>ABA</i> expressed in Tardieu and Davies's model (<a href=#b109 class=scrollableLink>Tardieu & Davies 1993</a>) was directly included into the expression of the osmotic gradient between the guard and epidermal cells (<a href=#b65 class=scrollableLink>Leuning 1995</a>; <a href=#t2 class=scrollableLink>Table 2</a>; Eqn 32).</p>
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<p>These two models represent certainly the most advanced attempts to introduce mechanistic models into empirical ones. Such integrative approaches certainly deserve to be encouraged in the future for the potential benefits that may be derived from them. Our capacity to develop a universal, integrated and quantitative view of the effects of environmental factors with a large domain of validity probably depends on our capacity to design models built onto strong foundations, both physiological and empirical.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section class=article-section__sub-content id=ss20 lang=en>
|
||
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||
<h3 class="article-section__sub-title section2" id=ss20-title> The issue of seasonal variations</h3>
|
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<p>This review presents models that cover long-term phenomena especially water stress. An important issue not discussed yet is the seasonal variations of the factors introduced in <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> models. It is difficult to propose <i>a priori</i> laws of variation for empirical parameters. By contrast, predictive quality can be improved by incorporating pre-existing knowledge on seasonal changes in physiological factors (photosynthetic capacity and <i>K</i><sub>tot</sub> as examples). To date, seasonal variability in leaf photosynthetic capacity has been documented for only a few tree species. In tropical conditions, characterized by mild seasonal changes and non-limiting water supply, photosynthetic capacity of mango leaves appears rather stable (<a href=#b122 class=scrollableLink>Urban, Montpied & Normand 2006</a>). In contrast, photosynthetic capacity fluctuates substantially in leaves of temperate trees, as a function of either drought (<a href=#b130 class=scrollableLink>Wilson, Baldocchi & Hanson 2000</a>; <a href=#b134 class=scrollableLink>Xu & Baldocchi 2003</a>), leaf age (<a href=#b130 class=scrollableLink>Wilson <i>et al</i>. 2000</a>) or source–sink relationships (<a href=#b125 class=scrollableLink>Walcroft <i>et al</i>. 2002</a>). Observations made by <a href=#b31 class=scrollableLink>Damour, Vandame & Urban (2009</a>) suggest that the reversible decline in photosynthetic capacity of leaves from mango trees subjected to long-term drought may be attributable to the associated decrease in sink activity. The perspectives of modelling seasonal variations of photosynthetic capacity were evaluated rather positively by <a href=#b29 class=scrollableLink>Damour & Urban (2007</a>). Similarly, <i>K</i><sub>tot</sub> was shown to vary seasonally, with age (<a href=#b51 class=scrollableLink>Hubbard, Bond & Ryan 1999</a>) and environmental conditions (<a href=#b20 class=scrollableLink>Cochard <i>et al</i>. 1996a</a>; <a href=#b68 class=scrollableLink>Lu <i>et al</i>. 1996</a>). We still need to increase our understanding and develop models of the variations of <i>K</i><sub>tot</sub> as a function of these factors.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
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||
<section class=article-section__sub-content id=ss21 lang=en>
|
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<h3 class="article-section__sub-title section2" id=ss21-title> The issue of co-regulation of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> and <i>A</i><sub>net</sub></h3>
|
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<p>As mentioned previously (section ‘Models relating <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> to photosynthesis’), the most used models of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>, namely the models of BWB and Leuning, are based on the concept of <i>C</i><sub>i</sub> homeostasis which implicitly assumes a stable ratio between water consumption and carbon gain (WUE). They consequently exploit the idea that the <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>-to-<i>A</i><sub>net</sub> ratio is a constant in conditions characterized by non-limiting water availability and in the absence of limitations imposed by either carbohydrate accumulation or reduced sink activity. While easy to comprehend in a deterministic perspective, a constant <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>-to-<i>A</i><sub>net</sub> ratio appears more difficult to explain mechanistically. Stable <i>C</i><sub>i</sub> may result from the source-to-sink balance for CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes. A decrease in <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> lowers <i>C</i><sub>i</sub> and hence <i>A</i><sub>net</sub> because less CO<sub>2</sub> enters the leaves. The decrease in <i>A</i><sub>net</sub> tends in turn to increase <i>C</i><sub>i</sub> because less CO<sub>2</sub> is consumed, which eventually results in a more or less stable <i>C</i><sub>i</sub>. Alternatively, it has been suggested that a direct feedback control of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> by <i>C</i><sub>i</sub> is at the origin of the relative maintenance of <i>C</i><sub>i</sub>. However, the <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> response to <i>C</i><sub>i</sub> appears too weak to permit such a feedback (<a href=#b102 class=scrollableLink>Sharkey & Raschke 1981</a>). More recent works suggest that part of the response of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> to <i>C</i><sub>i</sub> (or red light) is linked to photosynthetic electron transport (<a href=#b73 class=scrollableLink>Messinger, Buckley & Mott 2006</a>), which provides a mechanistic basis for the <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>–<i>A</i><sub>net</sub> relationship. The nature of the mediator remains unknown, but some evidence locates it in the mesophyll (<a href=#b80 class=scrollableLink>Mott 2009</a>). Moreover, considering that <i>ABA</i> inhibits several enzymes of the Calvin cycle (<a href=#b95 class=scrollableLink>Rook <i>et al</i>. 2006</a>), it is tempting to hypothesize that <i>ABA</i> co-regulates both <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> and <i>A</i><sub>net</sub>, and to use [<i>ABA</i>] for modelling both <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> (<a href=#b109 class=scrollableLink>Tardieu & Davies 1993</a>) and <i>A</i><sub>net</sub>.</p>
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<p>However, there are conditions where either a constant <i>C</i><sub>i</sub> or <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>-to-<i>A</i><sub>net</sub> ratio is not observed. In particular, it has been repeatedly observed that the <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>-to-<i>A</i><sub>net</sub> ratio shifts in drought conditions (<a href=#b12 class=scrollableLink>Brodribb 1996</a>; <a href=#b61 class=scrollableLink>Lawlor & Cornic 2002</a>; <a href=#b71 class=scrollableLink>Medrano <i>et al</i>. 2002</a>; <a href=#b58 class=scrollableLink>Katul <i>et al</i>. 2003</a>; <a href=#b69 class=scrollableLink>MacFarlane <i>et al</i>. 2004</a>; <a href=#b122 class=scrollableLink>Urban <i>et al</i>. 2006</a>; <a href=#b30 class=scrollableLink>Damour, Vandame & Urban 2008</a>), which seriously limits the generalization of the use of several models of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> and <i>A</i><sub>net</sub>. Similarly, it has been observed that carbohydrate accumulation or reduced sink activity not only reduces <i>A</i><sub>net</sub>, but also <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>, that may result in shifts in the <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>-to-<i>A</i><sub>net</sub> ratio (<a href=#b121 class=scrollableLink>Urban & Alphonsout 2007</a>; <a href=#b36 class=scrollableLink>Duan <i>et al</i>. 2008</a>; <a href=#b133 class=scrollableLink>Wu <i>et al</i>. 2008</a>). Moreover, both issues are possibly linked: it has been suggested that the long-term negative effect of drought on <i>A</i><sub>net</sub> may be interpreted as the consequence not only of reduced <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> and <i>C</i><sub>i</sub>, but also of reduced sink activity relative to sources and subsequently of altered photosynthetic capacity (<a href=#b31 class=scrollableLink>Damour <i>et al</i>. 2009</a>). All these observations suggest that the relationship between <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> and <i>A</i><sub>net</sub> is a complex one, and that simple conceptions based on a reciprocal influence through <i>C</i><sub>i</sub> or co-regulation by <i>ABA</i> are not totally satisfying. However, these observations reinforce the idea that <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> responds to the balance between photosynthetic electron transport and carbon reduction (<a href=#b73 class=scrollableLink>Messinger <i>et al</i>. 2006</a>; <a href=#b80 class=scrollableLink>Mott 2009</a>).</p>
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<p>The coupling of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> models with CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation submodels raises questions on which factors control <i>A</i><sub>net</sub> and how they can be influenced by water stress. As discussed above (section ‘Models based on a CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation sub-model’), <i>A</i><sub>net</sub> submodels incorporate effects of air humidity and temperature, light intensity and biochemical characteristics on the one hand, and of <i>C</i><sub>i</sub> on the other hand, which depends itself on <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>. It has been much debated whether <i>A</i><sub>net</sub> limitation by drought is of diffusive (stomatal) or biochemical (non-stomatal) origin. The answer clearly depends on drought intensity and duration (see e.g. <a href=#b45 class=scrollableLink>Grassi & Magnani 2005</a>). Most studies have been biased by the underestimation of the diffusive resistance to CO<sub>2</sub> beyond stomata, within the mesophyll, that uncouples <i>C</i><sub>i</sub> from CO<sub>2</sub> concentration in chloroplast, where assimilation operates (<a href=#b41 class=scrollableLink>Flexas <i>et al</i>. 2008</a>). It is now established that diffusive limitations are much more important than biochemical limitation in conditions of mild water deficit (<a href=#b59 class=scrollableLink>Keenan, Sabate & Gracia 2010</a>). Better understanding of the way water stress reduces mesophyll conductance to CO<sub>2</sub> should help in quantifying its role and precising the conditions when models should incorporate effects of water stress on either mesophyll and/or biochemical parameters.</p>
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</section>
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<section class=article-section__sub-content id=ss22 lang=en>
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<h3 class="article-section__sub-title section2" id=ss22-title> Including hydrogen peroxide in models of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub></h3>
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<p>Current molecular models of guard cells functioning have not been exploited so far in the perspective of mathematical modelling of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>, although they may provide some useful ideas. In the recent past, it has been established that ROS are essential signalling molecules that mediate <i>ABA</i>-induced stomatal closure and <i>ABA</i>-induced inhibition of stomatal opening (<a href=#b135 class=scrollableLink>Yan <i>et al</i>. 2007</a>). This is consistent with the current view of the crosstalk existing between the signalling pathways involving ROS and phytohormones in the control they exert on plant stress responses (<a href=#b42 class=scrollableLink>Fujita <i>et al</i>. 2006</a>). Among all ROS, hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) emerges as the most important one considering its role in guard cell functioning and more specifically in the guard cell <i>ABA</i>-signalling network (<a href=#b90 class=scrollableLink>Pei <i>et al</i>. 2000</a>; <a href=#b101 class=scrollableLink>Schroeder <i>et al</i>. 2001</a>; <a href=#b126 class=scrollableLink>Wang & Song 2008</a>). The emerging view is one of great complexity, and there is certainly a challenging task ahead for elucidating the signalling networks in guard cells for <i>ABA</i> and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Meanwhile, it may appear tempting to try to design models of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> using H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> as one major entry parameter besides <i>A</i><sub>net</sub> and [<i>ABA</i>]. In addition to its leading role in the control of guard cell movements besides and in conjunction with <i>ABA</i>, there are several arguments in favour of using H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> in future physiologically based models of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>.</p>
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<p>Firstly, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> concentration may provide an essential and complementary link between <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> and <i>A</i><sub>net</sub>, in addition to <i>C</i><sub>i</sub> and [<i>ABA</i>], which has been largely ignored so far in <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> models. The production of ROS in plants is ascribed to several potential sources, but photosynthesis represents the major one in plants (<a href=#b7 class=scrollableLink>Asada 1999</a>). A decrease in photosynthesis, or, more precisely, an increase in the imbalance between the energy entering under the form of photons and the energy used by photochemistry, like the one resulting from a decrease in <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> supply, increases the probability of production of ROS, and especially H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (<a href=#b46 class=scrollableLink>Grassmann, Hippeli & Elstner 2002</a>). Interestingly, not only <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> and <i>A</i><sub>net</sub> are influencing each other through [H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>], but also [H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>] may co-regulate <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> and <i>A</i><sub>net</sub>, because it has been observed that H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> inhibits several enzymes of the Calvin cycle (e.g. the FBPase; <a href=#b17 class=scrollableLink>Charles & Halliwel 1981</a>).</p>
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<p>Secondly, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> production represents the converging point of several environmental factors known to influence <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> in addition to drought, such as UV radiation and sugar accumulation in leaves, the latter resulting from either reduced sink activity or elevated CO<sub>2</sub>, because these factors are known to favour oxidative stress in leaves. H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> arguably provides an opportunity to integrate into models of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>, the influence of environmental factors that were discarded until now and that we absolutely need to consider as part of the issue of global change. For instance, UV-B radiations are expected to increase in the coming years and have been observed to reduce <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> (<a href=#b89 class=scrollableLink>Paoletti 2005</a>; <a href=#b91 class=scrollableLink>Poulson, Boeger & Donahue 2006</a>). UV-B radiations are known to favour ROS generation through their stimulating effects on peroxidases and NADPH oxidase. More specifically, it was observed that UV-B modifies H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and nitric oxide generation in guard cells (<a href=#b49 class=scrollableLink>He <i>et al</i>. 2005</a>). It may thus be hypothesized that UV-B stimulates stomatal closure via the guard cell response to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration is predicted to increase up to threefold since 2050 (<a href=#b52 class=scrollableLink>IPCC 2007</a>). Stomata of most species close in response to elevated CO<sub>2</sub> concentration (<a href=#b78 class=scrollableLink>Moore <i>et al</i>. 1999</a>; <a href=#b94 class=scrollableLink>Rogers <i>et al</i>. 2004</a>; <a href=#b1 class=scrollableLink>Ainsworth & Rogers 2007</a>). But, elevated CO<sub>2</sub> increases photosynthetic rate in the short term, while photosynthetic capacity is down-regulated in the medium/long term (<a href=#b78 class=scrollableLink>Moore <i>et al</i>. 1999</a>; <a href=#b94 class=scrollableLink>Rogers <i>et al</i>. 2004</a>; <a href=#b6 class=scrollableLink>Aranjuelo <i>et al</i>. 2005</a>; <a href=#b1 class=scrollableLink>Ainsworth & Rogers 2007</a>; <a href=#b38 class=scrollableLink>Erice <i>et al</i>. 2007</a>). Because of its potential impact on photo-oxidative stress, the short-term effects of elevated CO<sub>2</sub> could be included in H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-based models of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>. More generally, these observations are strong incentives in favour of more mechanistic approaches for <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> modelling, more specifically when there is a need to operate outside their empirical domain of construction, as imposed in the context of global changes.</p>
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<p>Thirdly, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> production may lend itself to modelling. <a href=#b83 class=scrollableLink>Noctor <i>et al</i>. (2002)</a> has suggested that H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> production can be modelled as a function of irradiance. Of course, such a model would have to be refined by including the exacerbating effect of sugar accumulation in leaves or sink limitation (<a href=#b121 class=scrollableLink>Urban & Alphonsout 2007</a>). Coupling models of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> with models of carbon assimilation and carbohydrate repartition certainly represents an important objective as part of such an approach. Ideally, one should also include the effects of the scavenging enzymes or enzymatic systems. The rates of production of NADPH and of regeneration of ascorbate probably play an important role here. At this stage, there is no model of either ROS concentration or cell redox status that could be exploited. So, it will certainly be necessary to start by designing models of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> concentration based on simplifying hypotheses before integrating them in <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> models.</p>
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<p>A model of co-regulation of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> and <i>A</i><sub>net</sub>, including the pathways presented in this section, is proposed in <a href=#f1>Fig. 1</a>.</p>
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<section class=article-section__inline-figure>
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<figure class=figure id=f1><a target=_blank href=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/asset/22ecd520-75dd-4706-86e2-fad8bbac53e1/pce_2181_f1.gif><picture>
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AiFqRVuGQANcJLyRGE5pnUx8JZxeRVgkABwWVRDIA4NoAtOoBVeqYBauY/S9JP7x5dTwQAt4Ehy93di0AKTwBVoyYCVaJrJ5AHIGAB/KRYjQApmWRZI0IqXiZu5VJmOmZRiUQh04EhnkZKlaZy6VJsOsBZLYAy4kBYKgIi3KZ2ylJJQmRYH/3ALtqAWSPCWymlNLjAHFsheu/mP4lkL5bkW79lNCGhy5nWejtmda3EA8gkXKekK3OQJazCK4aWfDsCf/fmfcFGb4SlNXJAAvHBeTrl/duGf8wkXJ6CAoAZNN5AAcxheGxoA0UkXGFoXyFmd1vShQiCiKokXJ1oXCGpNETqh2zWiD2qiDCqjXqii0ESgBvpcONoXMWoXMwpNmYafzjWkRLqjRtqj0CQHVGCVyMWkTZqhd3Gk3olG+pmjd1GkeNGlW3pG+tmhMOqkeBEDLzqmYLSDPhoYYJoXI1qcbLpEyFiThBGnebGdAQCZdcpEBtkACgoYB9ALWAoYgTqouCSlVP8KW3zqp4IxnsBQGHc6TEkKXHaggHRKpLcQCIixg2YqS0AKXF7opXBqDMgkGEiggL05SzX6W5n2poVxnb2wGCOanqzEoriFloLaGNeZSosRqL70oSH6WpkaAPA5q/cArIsBqrr0qrC1gyW6GEuwrI2xqgGwqaQ0qq/1kw0AGdXKrIvBq6o5SvdprAqIq4QRro+RaaFKSuvZnn21gwIKrtbqGB7ghdr6p5/zk3gKrqEEGeTKrwSErZDaGMwpSpCBjNNKsKCTaQ3bGImAf5yBrerqsDCzoQ1QroXhBPfXGf6aVqkQAqEwCoV0siibsiq7sixrSHThha0arEPQDwowd/3/wAdcYAmPAbOstGE1JxXW4i9tNBVo+a+PsQb34ANyAHn98JkxSxjb+a2rdKlWgQMtM7ROka/I2hlf4H0pEFViEAu9wLGBsYNPi0nfsAY2OhVW+y9Yi5IW2hlsQJasV1ax0IiNoaYBQLaP9KFrKxVtK7RscYlrsE+ekQgoULdFYLSPQaCmekm6WrVXyxZisAaDCBoOQFYfgALJ2hgucGfyykmRy7aTqxZ7EA2H8LOdEQ5t1QaX6xmicAhiUEq2oAv25BSB2y9vqxSNcAh3EBx30AatoAegoQdTcAh7QEqiEA2rcBW5yy+7mxBgoQ5HUL3We73Ym73ai73EwAlwoAVa/4AN6JAOnJAP2YsBNLQYrTC7eCEDGEC923u9+RBDcIAO4IsN5Gu+8bu/6JtFotANzSu5blsTGFAAYaABCBwGCrzADNzADvzAB6wBhDDBUDPBCRzBCUwya7ENoaAhHvzBsJAKqSAAWqAKIgwLH5zCoVAVZfEDqYDBGgDBETzBi7AIE0wIFyzDDYzAGawgvyALqJVaQjzERFzERmzEVkBal7DEp0ULR/zEUBzFqWUFK7ACM/C8BBECIZwKNzIBRxgByLA0DyEDPVITXuAMnjcQC4AAYowQIrA0AHBIKxG9CKEOYUALAzAAtLDHfNzHfvzHgMzHvmAFVzBaqMBZvtDHu/+Qx7SQgXCBASQwC7MgDJJcybNQB75wBWbAxFdAC5YsycJAC8LAO2axAu+Ax3ocyH1MyIb8A1eQyKocyIusx45sHiWQA7gsWbq8y7zcy75cWIeFWGOQCbn8y8Z8zMeMy+qQDpADISUwwiJcGjbQKSVwhA5RKihEE1ZQAuPYD0BQAtkMIUcgECb7EnR8EEegAXmcyrHczqo8yIRsBbDcx3n8AwNQy2thx6gMyIN8Bf78yoA8y41sFk/wDuvsznsMz501zwjNx/V8zwpyzoShEbMSdXpzH/NyKwyBEQ3EE+3S0TTDPzEh0QWRzou8x5WM0p+s0p+c0qh80HtcB3XQ0pL/jMdlANF0YdIDsAuebMmC7AsM7dM2jdNiYcqM3NM0TdMzndRMndIDcNP4TB4kLRgUDSEWLRAbOCYl8AtKMLI7wHQToCFfLTbcUwCFUwFhfS+nVxAbkNY7EDIIPBARgAERUAH5wCn9cDGpYAKDoCcCAQI7oCEUsD79YAIlIADw8QKpkQzp2w8LkAMR9AIdcgRr7UE1kc58LNRIXdMs3dJ4/AM/kAegrcdLzdR4PNA5rQE8vdlCPcidXcmhTMsEfcqv3dS2fds1LdsJMtWBUdU0c9X9YA2s8SOHvYTiIhAcVALpsC3MwgIFIgX98DfLnSgvJdelMd3M0g/7UAI8kCWK/8LR/dAue00iWwInHGAC8lE2JCImxUIaNiNmhicFXZIL1V1DM3EEd7zZtDDaPb3H/C3JzRDgkjwAP1DFK/BAVWzPAB7gDC7gtMDTUZ0W+K3SDO7UoP3fC57bqF3U72AFPd3gIF7JIU7TIN4MIl7hD77h58HbgOHb+FEnA6EDm6PVRPA+AoE0A3Ed8PEjAtIPOO43yn0QJpTjJcA/3EMDwp0Z0wElzjA+/VAhUEIaQVICNc40ME4sWTIw3M08WaA3A0Mwl53flUzgVZwHqUzmK2DmlCzgszAAeXDgQFADxVADQPBAZr7gIZ7iEY4WE/7hbI7mBr4CCj4LKA7hs03hJf+e0jS9x0d94oqe4Xoe0Qvi4nOiG9k9L2UjEIadJeo3EBXi2CXQ4+lHELVBM909EKWeJe7R5czjBV1TeP1gCn6NO/rStnQiEFjeD9yDIhwY3B+TG3YS5iq93yvAPU8g2qFd7OB85w6eB0+gBtxzGgUwA8c+AISe6JGe02J+7bOAx2/+BEBQDMVgA0CQ5tbO7dnO4R6O5xUuDAQO2ki933nw5mkO7z797ude04a+25OOxXojAOZgAhxAD9bcLnvSJSIz65o+3KHOPLeC8CisIS+w5OQTL9scuNPhBVKyJ9exJTQgBSTSzLf+JdZyHa9CBNER8nvDJ/e97W7+BNxT52n/vgLQXs0rUAYpXeBAIDBxgAlxgCYCoAaC7snYvu9z0ecAPuAHbgqKYxrOYANDj+5G7xUFjego7uYHLuh6TOZPAO51/kD2zOjfbu4pPfXmweJ9QencAdwSVAINFCIJfyubLiWvQvEDAfEePPEKzyXxUiFZMyGhvvFEXvf2QQKyYAFVXQIn8iVOPuOEh+ts3CRQkAQgbd8ygfR4vAJAwD1VoAZdDwQzgCbU/gM9PQAH7i1KMANqsPozUB/qUO753uDdbvZrgfSE3ubObgpwog5VUAVKUBpAwOwmnu5eYcrrfu0VbvpPUAwFUAzHDtorkAUFAADTXwAkUO7I7uzSUAAY/1Dt+q7iZ9/vsyLSBfHN1szMWQLdA4EGGO0q6U8QaJDdDvLl8S8Qsu4FCGAg0/Eqow4Q/fqZKgGlHwVnAgWWwLHQhEABqRQWKzGshEIOFxXa2KHQo0AEH0WOJDnySBhatGbRGrACCIASSarMmFElCcwZT/IM4JnniZoSFGYAebLiZxUEJXLuVDlrVrNmK3fRylXS6lWsWbWSPJnS6SxhP1aoSRplhhq0FJ+tGOA0Kq2pVbfOpVv3yTuvT6G+9TmjRAkEalYMBqKuxCjEo0rkMrUij9EZFP7OWPFDJVyqdTVv5tw5a0jPoUWP3oqjIckSR0iuKLFCYT6NkjMIfFGiWP+/JDEFyqZdgt5I3v1q8+gnIWg/FiUm9Kuiu0AJCQLR6Jas0FwJAQ4Fpgqh0HiJAgo7gBeYocSDkqBJe+x6ueUMmKcUJaF/CmYVII7zPAYSJ3XOyiAjpoQoiMrjhwGacgozudZzsK72vqLFJyX+I8qoJwrYYaevpMrsQRA/WuEdK5rayymxZpAiKKWKemKGB0qYjz4jSlAnDUF+qk2yKHS6LK6RPGAkRCKL/Ei9kkIJoQaMUoHFozNCgQGrBYqUQQQjBTKtpBIwIOmHEn5QCAON+smlhBCmW66fCv5ac7o0lSMJhDPjXDOUMv0oAQgg9pSuhFRKmG6GfvwCtARnquv/568nQwgFyhIi8Kg2NALNxYL0iMxHA69oSRGmv0INNQkAjQJihgqHEQxBsdSwaJihiqpsFwmBzPJWhSJ0qqUnJMPPsR8eG4ypWj/ElbS78jqxJSBmKYGI+9R4AghM0AgFCkWyhQI8NYBQowpkSoChovwSZMmXBhVaJ4E1Jjn23dCQRK0EdASiIdSN/gLBqgpCUC1Eeso0ckuSfmGBJBp+oUEhGazwqAd11JFUoRUw0EAhiCW+KpmIJ2bDig08WmEBC1bAVKAajugBhCdOrmCHI/bph2VMK1AHAwsiqFKhDcT8aIMd1EnmKnk5A8GAjzjRwJfLPi0BAKijhiWmGUyZ/8CZAqKo4tVVB0jx1SrUSYUIHiprikF4s9R1llaxA5BVYQ9UEO20QxuxRLfe+uFFmJ4YF9ZTc3vAC2yh2KYimmaoEYYFnqbM3AGuSFeODxqg4w026tZ8rlGw+osEgUAtYWcByLPqryRCRAc7XAne/HVci97MhwSKKEQhOAi5gpY6WBoLJihkssm+mKo4gwhTKkyihxKIeVvAEno4AoEopBF3J2E8TBf20dZO0XGdfgh2sBWI2CbBBW3lnq5kTYyqJTWSeXqBLErQYKYqajR/m21WpED43IRgAY17AGUsQ4srXAENApmEJ1CAgiK4Yn0TFEnnrlK6iy1KUJHqR+NKsP+wfuiAAgIoQBUEIoFg/CUHqWOOFFJRAELRhgMZ2EcotiESCXAgFRSgx75CmJRRgE4H6MgAFkLwAoHooAACmEB0FPKCAqRiAk/wSA53uIOTaek0FOTiaCwYmjnQgRSxcMAq+pE7VPiid/CDCanQMgNItHEGzkgcAoaRGwFUQVpG+VbpkvCOGmBiBgUogNy018XQeG8FfgHAUBwzGBsQJQf1sEz6jIVIq9xNQSvxSRUkA4QBPq0KVYDEikSFph8kARJJyAjjFuConPzAF764AioWKAZKHOMNHxiCHBTghEIs4QDDJGYxjXlMZCZTmctkJjKX8ExoRlOa04RmIQqRCCf/EAErOChBRwImBcl0oB9neJpAnHHKZvSjRqGqkuj+YhANBuEvPnviX7gpqIWEqiEqfGc/kiIqhZwTMH+RmXDs+Zd0uQ6TC6XLF0UzBF22YgjLWIQZdlcH+D0nVny8T+Jm4J9mVGFASjiLt1D1n8RVwRkmMNshGaqZtZVhLEHR4xOmBRSlYKAeHHLpS0fSvg7BzyI4gEFRGUKfJEjmFIXTQVCylYe/FBUGIShBFXQyACv8wAzggEAud/mBD7wBBaSggzFu0YtapFWta2VrW936VrjGVa616EUvbnEBYxjjHnvla1/9+td70KEBU5hCH7bpGw0epAQZ+A6WtlWCCvQj/0YNYUOMHiCpKPxFnEcowTv6YYFQmaCgHvmLa/pBwuhY4S9A2AAIQkWCX/QDJqHYFzmN0I/6IUMgRhAAEjVoWhKGTIs+JS5WVAANJjABF7ZgbnOd+9zmAgMXTNjCF4YwBGq0QLutqAQzrqDGAfjkOfnZzwrSoNHExSEXGEicZArQjI8+RwA0UQNNznCGorSlp8XNytqYJZlZeHQCJQjDHMtWSbrxl2IkmtvewHVKQc1HEdYKHn2gALwLQ7gEswDCTrxmSz2I4hi6/EAghvAFR2wBF8CAbotd/GIYx1jGLcZFEWpxCxznWMc75vFdjUEHwhr2KtwsBkUooNgMDBgAI/8ZsGfHWQImmQmx+ewHa0oQ25EgdLQC8aBArOwzNvxlNv3oU0MOp5zIknYxW1aIQhX8ZhUQdgpmnata63qLHzcAgh/QrnYh0AoHfLd3YnlO+Ly2gue8sQa5mECsTvUcUcGQT2qIQyrOYAofWXJ7b+YKShr8BOvl4gVViANMKDBKZxz4R5dUMFB35RISlCAd2VJEhiX8tBklAQqSgcI+goKtbB1OCeWKnAIFEoMWQLAICuD0uxxKEiJPR5ySIUgJsNQPGbzjlITIp6RACygKhPsv/djBuElikVB5SSBhKMEZBEIIc/fDekEJN1VPcyaEykAh6/yLutu8xWbzVwtOSET/IZrpzCFQ17pD4PN2KxG5OuxKLI6BnFhsCoQa2MiR5JtWDYpRAz7Z9AkEEUp+KrnfgItkbbNoSRoyLqpG0yTVLU3wmzX5FWYtZiY0EWkJXqCIGm0j1zUCwK5LkIydV0F+U2QLTyTnESc0gBQNeIMhUm6kZ4+Em9Nxt2Kns+R+3AtNPDAPB7/N5b+EmwJnoAB6yBkMq0RgwJ8LXQm43Q9u5kAhsab32nEQBoUsGl8KkXtoPeLmqzM065xBAjze8IZWpICiZlCjhLyGvgVNvE9nUEIxeIAF8U3cKOQbzBOIkIvO84CSZ1Nf4tnjabesxOJAkMbHu0UUIDiDHjRvfavx/3K2YA24GES5OEXCUAWYoAEZiDnTKGhRGxiK3FvPorjTt2cIXOgiAbxwfYhk9xHRTYycf9lZhR7VDyyYWxaHEYgI4l2Bif1FByMRARCUoJAYZcefrcnn/JOIJsKrEhZoBp8ZD91IgmHAP0A5PIDrPkxaPM3gAzGKhW/QgzMihDSKuKhYkA7JvDyoB0IKQR2YCpYIPfHhCUILwQIgBP1Cue7TFahYifAqPdIbDGfYEPSpOQW7uV3JAwCYgGEZnwzhATUgAQAogCM8wkCaAXMoABsAlonLgWc4kARJkE3rB16QAwcEke/zCBOwpzYDQ4GgiD3xNYYQiC8sCIgogVCIAP/5GR33W6yRCLOnsQAQCJeH0KAwuBIxUzMAiAB4u4jVCZN+GBeN+AsAsEPF4AAG3EKG6kK6oJ0i0EKByJ3dyZsN3IsYlEHRo7hNSokGIz1D0jRHFAgY3MQSDD0UzANr0IGT00H+cjUZ3A+5SYkZ5LiQEzlZGQwEscVgYYqU6L1S9D6sSAf5UwhTYqF8+ouk0L/0+4vokACBOkYbiDeRYB5R0b9+mA7wqLaPaA5RGTPJEBX/e8ZQkYhGHMYugsS5OJqkWRr30UR53ECvUcV4/IoNlD177BBYdL1T3MQFmZvLmxthLC4eXBCeyAuEFJ/yIp/9MEHMQ0jM60d1XA927If/DeATj8hIIPgIEOABHoiOoVAIIMgHdfAILEgHenCiDViBiZkTIHgBehAnhQABekiHGagAIHjJSUkH3xKPGUgHLPDIGZBJmkzHuZCFiiSSi+SMTVGWeZRHCQFFfIxKVARFEyHFUvxHTexACelAivQpWfTKp+BHW+QJtMTKDslHsCzIpRyNpnzLzUC8q3iA85NLiySSI+AUhSRLv/xLwPRLlmC1F4Q9vbDKE1lLreQ0TdqkwHxMyBzMK8RLz4hLypwLurSKVEDHyxQNy4QQDdgFc4FM0ixNGSyDAZjMq9tLqjRNsLTCgLsL0exL1/yKOoi4wGQJ1FTNzqyLz+zNIWtA/4+ogAkIgRDoCIMqAROQgKLsgDN4gH0hzhA4g44MPAoIgQegIoEAggeYzilZyt+ci71MS6wsT/M8z1myAiuYpfNsTxRMzWHcy9l0zNLUTfhsthFBEHNpT/4sT/VUT6bhz/fkTeDcivAsUK0TToHYAEAxgRWRCFMSABYwgXMKlH4wDzQwgefwrQGTAnQIFEJJvwLQ0C4BTyJRB5RIyP5cUVpCBRdFhSsokRUNxoQk0GYbTxVFT/Z0z8uzUUwaEZbYzxlFz6xy0R/4Lv4UTdhE0M44UCZFyo8wDIXQAXQUgNP4wttYQ4WokIUwB4VIBeJIBW2cAPSoSCfNCgwoAA1YU/8NCAM3fVM4jVM4XVNCIIRFaIdFWIQ6XVM5jVM2bVOBcUAUDVL0TCBUOFIZLU8lJczi+oFUCIM/7VNJnVMNqNM83VM+9VM2Zbcn5Ywz7dTMzDgi8IKPEAD9+0LSui2FKIH5+4ssuDaBeA4SOBi5/NSrsAIMUIcj2FVe7VVf/dUjyAdOSAc4QIc+UAF7gIN08IN8AFZnxQB/28I0hdRMdVM6tdNLJYRqpVY+DVT+koFcdVZx/dV88IN0yAct0AJl5YRmHVdo7dTNsFUmzcx+MKWngSdTRcMyyQ0Ie4jkYMYEXMO/kAInUkd5xRVvaIVWKAd49Qhc1VVyNddifQR0WNf/dv3Vd23YfoCAQxgSjSXGj50LK7UKGqgHUFmYfO0HVBWI5jCCBfACwoGCgvUCc0iK8BAIFjACIrDGUjzYWwmENmiFdQhZreCDVnAHosUKUejYpHUQBHhaqI1aqZ1aqq1aq73aUQgFFVABVUCMq/1asA3bqM3aEEgFBe2HZPiNVX2IlF0d0gpYgSCifpghhZCnfigGU1AIgjCtYfRZI1GAYwCrY/CAprUKCGgDCCjckvCENXABxcXLKZAEj0Wks9UAOUQOVj0t/csIj5AMWn2O6DgOgdhZxZqIEhCuviWuPYiFrzoGVnhckWiEY2iDY2gE2P0IVwgAH7jdpSQsx8Wk/7NlgzPZTNF9DljIANjwCDoBlOnwrZcLFKXoBwNMhelAToMlri1Aga96g1jgA97tB03Q3rBCAU343n7wAd0132E0hinAg4U6W4HgmHx4SRAgBAyIgJ65RnUgBNTFSJipAR+amZTZgf5N3ZcSBzpAAYYrMRRAhO9lhSLgsw8ogtf9XvTdXfV1RDzLhvfN4Hj1qRa4BwfAg8crBVLoBQx+XD4ghQhugQkmBe/l3Qv24C28MXHoYBqmC78NEVLQBTBAggfqhy1IgBG43SIgBRPjpUBgYQtO3xx2PV2ohRsG3ieeix0GEQ9AAvAlBVIQCF4I4MIFgwSgAyQYgjcYAiSgg/8EAAPeVYAAKOIqvroonmLKjWOtuGIicQE6oAPzBYEvGNovQIEv6Id1+AIwVlw7CAACsOOUm2McZmSrwOMQyQazomFWIIUKNt9EXmRI5jRHpmJEItwtlGQQEQddKAIa3oIG2IIMjgFF7mRPluJHpqADCARHJOUHQYIA6GIPZgI6YIIMRl8JgmUF+2REoqMn+AErkAVmbmZnfmZojmZpnmZasAIz+AR9aAFJGIdPsKhlnmZoVk9UMANtuAQzUE9wTmd1nuas+gFcfpAACAAaxoV7wIVgdmJiLi5j7iIOOAIMyIFgCGiBHmiCLmiDPmiEDoZNGINOAIRH+IA2IIdN6IT/MdiEZ0jogX6GHGDoIIgHbKDoTABojB5pkjZoVS2ueJ7ner7nFM5nn9pn2C2FNgCrNjiAzmgESrgDD05pD6Zne1bfGXZp4oLpx3WAhvuAY+CMScglSoiBDObpDPZplhbqoZZl3pUD7dWuCc5kunAEXXoDB8jgJggAUVZfqVZfRwgAZqPqlyLqwv0AFJgHsBqCImiAOagLSxDfCXYC9SWAAOiCnl7pvg4AO2DrtrZq2B2BWyCFUng8PHAAY3BguphgsHphq/tevy7sqBZs8/VrwDbshXLrpB2BBEiBfnggJAADXeDlrVgHPWM4Ajjin+bdtF5rs+bs722AANBi0MYk/9EmWhDgvn6QuvJFgrLOCg9IgAYYATk4YwVoAF0Q7tsN6tue7e+F6t7uot8u3D3+XbpghAR4g35QAEHuB0RIAEqc7jcObOu+XV2W5+xGpO1u2g3ejEkohX5wAkzuB0OQ7tsVhzXwBPZW302Ob/lG7O+1Yc8oBDrABw8uhQSQhAE3Xzd2BAPXbgTn3fnGiiUwhvb+3jWIhgn/3txt6Qvnng0n2hS3igO4BWgAkV+QBXReZxqvcRuvcfU0g0t4BBXgBmWmhRsPciGXcWYGIdg5a8wOgBM4cQpa8Y91cpI4gFqwBRDpkn/OASzPci3fci7vci//cjAPczAfg1y9mTEQc/80T3M1z3JoRQAsO3Lcvl3d5m0mR/EMv10oHwkpp/IHeWf1xQCl5B4k513srvPXyXN4RfSP2HMuNPSPwACHEfQ4f9xEDmtHhx1Ff9JMVwhG7/NLV4gcCHQ4/3DFRV84/nTN2XQEVfV+6HSnRfV+CPX1GXTY9WvbhnV4YXXgZHVXz0tUl3VJJ/XCnXNcrxtd701en/JG/3VRfx1aV9z3LnZjv3PYTXY+f3Vmn/VJL1w35mRpf5dj70xrX/ZMMtd0OHd6eMkfiFatgFV4GQRrqItrY4EgoNX1APZR/97a/vZcp/bHHXdPvwo9gbCbNUa6YA3NSSG6IATd6gcwafbRwHf/Z9/2piV2fj+WcL9MgMd2qzB4j3iO2VjZrfD4tGlJuoAFdAQBk3kQid+cZ2/aRG6Aiwd3f1fcjfd1q+DcjygBL421frCBdCBgj7CAAU4zCXiOJEgzEEgZ/iW8CrAZvu2BfNgBMH6ZfABggYiACgABmOkBhdDJrH96dTCtl/EDP6DJDHAGZ2AhIAhg6TmCl9wASZF6oceKltecl0/a3D31mc+SjKfMmyeNi3TbnQcddqtQzRIIA5yazL2Ov6iXsmN833ohhPoT6KVJSoHe6NghQZmam9V5yl8Mg6qUYywd1MmNGIKT6fh8NJgO6OVJkrj7usl7om0BJe97XPl7vAx8/7jECsJXiC88mFi72UW5WXyK1Q/qB8td1QVCfpTN3Oh4DhB6joWQglW1/tLJ0uaYv5UtHSSKLHpRiNLREv3LjdQB+d7gftNZlDK1CtlPG9r/WA8odNwnEt2XS973TKz4QlMFCAGpSpQo0K+fuRI0DvYTIKBfkhI2GPYrEayfhhIHI2KhWMJaQ40MLTIUUcJURWciKIakSOEhCZECRB7kIYFhxoM4HkIsAaWiFIrOnPWLSTFVCJZK++WQtfQp1KhSKeK6h2sq1qxat3Lt2s9HAEdex5Ita/Ys2rRSddUSp/YtXLVs3ZY9UMtW3H4Ippoo4TAVrAkvGPal6LAozYOHc//2K2z44U6GERHg2ImjhLl+WQhalKHYIGGNYWTyZJiBRLDLpA9CKeHFS4kkFBMiPppUatO8Xate1e37t9IWAU4AL278OHKlc5Mzj7u87t28e6WiS8ySQ+LDRh/3G33QMcPDhw9WKQEgDIn05mT3o0FiZokwDUGG7i4z1dESzgDAALC6X2uvxTabRtsdBMttUeXWnFK8MfhgV0gEEACEFVp4oXJtYbjhVM+RZRdecU0XVTrWUVTiUQ/VU0IGHhm0nQ4segRAQ/iNlAVFSdzE3kFEaBQZQ0QQtZ0AsDD0QgksMITBfxF5QUMJSlDkY20MhZAgVAta6CCHXfbjSlheijn/pnMakimmh2OBKN1U+ZjIkJsUhYCfBCVQwBAPJzUmUp131iRRP4BRhAYaDBUjYwlBHRTMj0keVKcJex6EFEN+JEaQYjxFJJszNGWQqKRWhjKVlhVyeWaFDQQQA6qtuqpVmq9WGGtXa4o4FZNQ5cpQKLchCQsHBRT05wQz9PNrsMP2E8KoDHVQAhomTFDCAwdNW4AJwhrRj2pSVFdoPygu22w/FUBrghR+lXATBSVwIMEMJRj7qbvTgivuQciMQqpTF54qK3InBNAAwAUb3A+tByOX8Fa2wjUiVLLkEPHEDG2zDUNPPBDCGT0wBMIDoRByEBAbd8wQDBhTtMEEHNdA/1ENZ4RQgLENCQAFBSHsAMJBK2BwUMoURbDxA8amE0E/HZwRygobqLPBQRW0rDNDPlNkxLa49bulVQobR0AArng9NpkMk+2b2Vk5/BbEZx9l46ulQviv22p5MKEHdes9q5l7/5Y2Vmur1bbeVwIs94N0+13WCAEQsDjkC/cdOVyATyV4WoTXDQCNsiLOoOKUc6Uqq6KbXiZdp6dluVSYo6W56l5+3lzosUcFVgu2614W67tH1TtUrp8Fu+8Wzs5c7cVTpCpxyju/1uTPZwX8U8KbRbz0zB2fXPLOC0xw9uFTRH325CtlfVnYi2/c9sh1r7xwPqy/vvnP108R+mSpP///bxhsbWrX5vc9/olPF71IHQGXcj+G5G8s+0tgXPyHoff5TlXyg+DzanFADCowerWKjogQIMIRkrCEJjwhClOowhWycIWjGAUCtFACBFwpFPqCYQtzqEMEeGGCARQf7jiYwVtkQ4gsWeBBGmhEllCiFXdgwPwoqDvmLbF4tbgAH6p4ECT2Q4la7McdWvGBNgxBD+KTYuwal7sv6q4XxjjAF7noRS1+4Q0taMEHKOEIRmQPjaeTUADswEbd3eKNcfQgV+ZYRVa84QN4fAMK6HAD6fnRdGB73CBtd4t7LOGQCPSKIpfIiiI48gNUaME91kDJHz5PYAHIWyZjt8lOalH/jiCM5VISgYJAfOADQ+iHJYSwyt5Iz4K4lCUnPWmWUBqxELFAhByKgILmDTN7jgjAGo95ulkqEzoh0ib+6ECKfnwjFh/YQx9ZWbwYTEiQ4DQdN7WowU9+8Jvv7IcCEtCLfjCgAQ1gQjqJqTxVie2eootnFWtxC3om8pb3BIETSleIexiDls6r5OKumU2DRg6hRizFLRa6TIdylCGBMEYtSvE8jO7Nle4sKeQ8KkRx3OICDG0YSWHKhiLcIhArVaftkGBMmHY0mVUUxwWMUURvEpUlCjBGAqjpO5bWzQEBcEBTi2pRI2bDGEodqT2z2jhSIEF5VD1b4xoAy6z6TaYc/+zqV5nKVoZYFavFO+vYXFm6ue7NrRiE61I/lNOsqkosUwWq6QB5Qb721ahLBCxYGXsQO0xosbbD68E8UFjJttWxXPVqYNU02Ky6Uqqqw6zB6srZzm5ViJCVK2cbF4CyXhaxkbtmA2i72rr5FYKvFWxYGYtb3Z4OtbKSLXF3e7beJvC3og0uY62q1tgZ11VgGo5yG9vat4I2stlV7Wlt29IJmTa7ZGMuAZ0LytHyVbNXDa9AIedKy5p3uZ51bXdhq1yhvtd01SWTK0dQX+1qUb31HDB/7Uq5/4opwAMmcBUN3FDorjbBomMCHQAq3wkJ+MF6Qy//JIxTCldYVQ5Yq//fttCALUBOARz2MIQfm1/gwpi/uYUcK2LBisXJtqAw5u19uRtXGv9Yusn1GgN22Y8voOAL/WBCLKCIVvL+OMafHfJzq9wPq2L3bGBIQAP+MIQ3DOEPDUgAGM7G5fJq2Wsgnp+ItcLMucqWvgoLBCkQgY8P4AMRpPDp2JAg3Ze22b7b/euMs9zm63Z4bHhoACnxWARS4GFsMVBVC45caDcHGdFYXi+JB+zKE5NtBCjo5QdQ0OiDgaW/mwbyoX2baFC/2sZ7PdgeWlCENxwjFuhU2DUDsOpXG7rAsz4wsbns44M5AQXSdILCkCCcBrCZ2JyOdXOPPWFrf2lCpFaYAyT/oeCCtTrT3P5wp2X9aWRb+9IDU4DCDDAFSxjMA2AT9rmtjN91bzvf98akwaBdMAWoitr51reQQ0vrgxP83cgBwA5N+EJk2PCFOewcg+w9IQKg+ODFjrC2R+zxfmjccR3XzQNvxaCGNwDeI0c3ttMbcjmzl9gND4CdVc6clL/FDlzm+MsR7mmFs3vkHgh2C26t8+TwPC2yNXjQha5uovc76jEQjuM0/ToGNd0sPlBV2KK+uDevL85qq3m+v87hkw+P68Y5AdYJoHWxj43s4jN74NCebw/IVths15/bfwP3CSWd7jFNd7b5LXLDM6Tkfs9c4PMyeGxWm/HnRbzMFU/z/1AH3Q73fvz1skKQl209LpNvQM4t7za7hw/vl9N75z9PAEJ35YFIcgYHIP8WtWPT5ao/fMxDPHO19YLzdOf7hCjvQKyYZzxtR4sdRtAEwlf+96vHvPA1r7ZbAMP6S2EDKEgxoViMgAxc2V91ROAf3ZdFAVh3nNK9z1pjaz9wF9Cw/JXCBwckIAFrQMQBGEJWqE+dkIB9sF9XxIAjTN/AuMLf5R+s0R/VNYwx4B8EsgQDUMEbKIMyREMgyIEARsW+RIWwHIQVyMjzMcQfeEL1xcAIgF0TEED1XeD1BR+cDV/g9JQm4EE2CIEP/iAQBqEQDiERFqERHiESJqESAmEXuP9NF7gCHdCBMiRAIByASi0FuSzFpxhgPywAoGTFL0DFCB5EIdxC8S3FCTgCDDqAAjwgDcKcBHqdLoRUL+iCLvQfHuahHu4hH/ahH/4hIAaiIA4iIRaiIR5iAtihHboRHfhTLKAAJEIiKTQAHXiVMdxDI8aCJFCCCkTFQFCGAFxGpIieGDJECpBCLLSAlPUDGbgClwVAEziAD8zdG84fyNUfVrjCDdiCLdyAL/4iMAajMA4jMRajMR4jMiajMgZjICCiMz6jHiqiQhlDI/qTNVaiV91DA6AiJXTjI0BFvBQACZiAOcQEEZTLCxACMmCABRxEMpzBA1RAP9RACfwMFh7/xBcUQRHIQykIgRNsQS0kQPI5QhvWIiFh3w3iokHCRSkoAJNFQzdMwSG8yUFgimEQRbzsQz88QLWkAwXAi0Z8ygo8xaiIQiP10hsUQSw0wD3ogivE30JuE0KWHQ7GpG4wgBwMAQRQJAyUABBch0bMgJH0wwzgBxrcRD9IwWBQZD+8AiUcw0l+QEq2wBaswx/YpO+wXva4Hlb6RhYyBJSMIUPQYwfMwG0UZUUIhEMsJVSogCRAZSMFQhZ1pfJopfRwJV3GhVhqxRM0CxAYybocRAbcBFM6gx6AggNIEyQ6QCHk5e7Y5fPgpWMOjlf8wAiuwKh4JFGWgDyWQDsuxRhm/yA10MEtJMBkatJM3l1NniZldgULZI0MqAwMvAMAjGR3IMBCKMVe9oMLLhtrUg5kOo9k/mb6RB5xPmZqtt5qHmdxNkfXMWcNxiF0opxxTqdM2iBNKqR11l51bidwJudWLqd3asVzlt54HhR43qV4nudUlGcKsifwSSd8hp5zzqdWyad9OlAOYEAO9Kd//ieA5sAYjEEnnEMnDGiAJqh/8qd75ueZBKfyDKeDsoQXyIKFXiiGZqgs0IIVmMElNMM0NMMlmIEV0IKGnuiF9tCEwuEtTuCK6kYjSAIovKj0QGjxSCiNjoUHPCUluGGOoid2qqZ2/ihZOAJUHoNhEelBBv+pcg6pknKFJaBAI0ESvT0pMjFpeDqplWbFB0Ral1LDlqqOjfoOjoYpVBQCKRQBNXwANUwalpqpwYzp7pQpnLKEB+gCKQzBEPjSEJyZj9apwsip7tApoB6EASQAHfTDEBTBL9FBAhhAodqijGlppH6MD8zBkjVZP8yB71VqdLaop5bFFpACi4Wq1CWei5qqVGCYBarq5b1pZK6nqx4Eq87qp05qqtpqg4iXrr6KoNoOoYYqg/Vqc/xq7ASrpw4rsSaHsaoOslaqsi7rcTTr6TxrpEartBYHtZoOHnhVpWUrVGAruPrGtooOHkTht47rrsaXuj5oej6PC0zBFLhAuyr/BTAYA7vWq5iUK+XE6xToK0vYgjF0H8C6K6w+iBEEQTAsLMM2rMM+LMRGLMQ+wyZkAj9MQTd0QiZswjNIrMd+LMiGrMgubA4sbBhanxhcAMEW7Jjwa14AwC9YgRWgKM3WrM1iqBVcASqYgRmggszeLNAGrdAOrSzI7A+EwUVY3wHcgvGx7IO4bFzQB0z9QNL+3gGcodPu67s+iNSWlBVUjNVibdZ2CdTChaLAlBVUrerN2dj+Rtm+xdmWlCyoreWxbdvqxtuqRdxy1Nx6n93ebVzkbVrsrUH1rdLCHuAah+CiBeHek+FaLeImLnAs7lk07js97tpGruSSa0XJiuU+/8UGrMAPrMwKPEE/gMATrAAbsEToWoFarMAKtKMF/MD/YMUCWIGS+Abm1q3mbm5euNHBMsjnLsW05AJFWIpG1IlPskQulMA7pIW5yEs/7IBFRgUIAADPVEQJRMFv7C7j/a3vnkUtGNKrDK9SDMQEGIZfVKS7UASSlED2noUpWGQ6hMARSEW88MmVQI3u0u339m74vgUu3AIcle9WEIQOeEQJcOFMgAb75t5TVADSRM0MdMBS1AyT4AA41gxDBEEJnCM4WjA4xi9DAIEIK4X3Gh74BjBZAAMBe65W0EuLCCZBLMBB5EAJaPBBDEP1MsQ+6EeMhCR8EMQMJyVnqEO7qP8D+7KHsHBGAusFZ2gEo/BEBgzxF/YDdhCBBxMEBzfx6KGw/6owALMwWrhwAbuK+VLE/CbGitCEEVQvAitFXxCEM6CD9iLDDoSCRVoDQWDAA3CGx3ihSDQxIfxxCayEaoTCz1yGAZoEQZCAjzhKSBBERnxwjzhvBMRECfAvQ6Qw3a0wGe9G5xpwVvRFafTDFjNEa8AvRvRweBCEimqGBtCwRlhADR9ECBCEPGbEdPxCGMij9trwBsBxCYzkO8wQQ1xGxRAEMhwEIayv9u4AayAlRXiy2IFyKG8FPtBBY5IyVsyE2s4ECLOvBRMESigFQYBtP7BBD9ADBwxEUjxzMx//BPWKxDHbYz+swA7wQLuIRDKUQLMMs0gQxOgeREZosEDzr39woWrkQj6sBBj77Rhnc1fwwkGwAilAWyn8qYWk8UiUgDQosJR8NA9MyykzhPLmrmZwxkCUQPqeQQmMjLWUwBkcRPNyr0BDCxqUgPG2cudEAU/3QwT0sH887z/TBEGE9DrDNGcUcSeH8SdPNEVrhRNQYabC2wWswSqOiUezrw0fxGYEZjLbCUH8hFLYQA8TxGD0w05rJEzLdD80r0wTBNSMgkvPdOdcBgwcBJM8ryAr8F5n8Eer9OmWiJ1E9OE27VSTxQnoQpiNmRx8gZ+iSlf3Q6cgwOoKsp8whCZb//JSYEdp5O9BvO9B+IdI9GQJjO5fa+9PKm9B3zK3LDD7qoxpHwQCYMZGYIoEzMRXH8Fhs4Q1Rx02L/ZTIMIz7Rk+oEADBC9yVDYWRDEdnzVn5KZS5HL6fnQuIANnsAZn3DZBLIQpKwZBMLVPsO9HaC97pMsMcQaOaO9EhEsJ2EhLcw4XIzbkKjZxewUepCmqnRoab0UV9DPuLUUEpEIqQPBSLI1tHsRzf3AzCMSREIQADAKE90M+UE0/VLF+DAIRpELNvO+7IEj8FsNO20kVHEQHXAkwqwOGh0tLUwAHVzNUX7NU5/dUjAApSSUKVCllN1VwB91w2zhLgEALvEFKJv9pjxPVj79ckAs5RSgAj271mVQ2Gy35yDW5k9OVJDQCDCv5jAu32Gb5W4TDBwAMlX+RlXvc0q6s70acm0tcKISCPYSCxb35m5fAyXJF13JU2vptT7FwgxpM+zzFnhsU1fotSgG67eSA63ZFod/ToVvfEhjDPgVwoBcMo3sFxNk5p3e6p396xGXN7036LSh67ARD7Yo5cyzBPZS6pdsOqqs6hLC6q4fvpQNMrMs6gyxBJZq66uS6rjNHIUShr58OsAc7ciTCFCTqq596qiM7cCj7vzY7VKSCQ1w7Baz1VkQAsxgHs3w1RRx74rIA0Za7uV+oFewsO8jriJboub/7zf7/bJ5bJ/bQC3S371ZgB1OqRXlwplKIO+AGwzv458gWvME7LMVmQjW4gRtsbMcePMQXvH/uO2tiTxBHAMYPjStPhY84sG+88ZsA/N0GQ0G/063TIPYwSk8fxFDTRBVIQSrQDEXMQAEIwLYQhMr4wdMcRA0cAekRZQHAQgH8JEpzgABkO0VIwAQIQDBYwB+Pc7g/e9vmQMmD08lfIPZchsf/8QiaNmeYdRATRC6XgA2vMkPsNAR7sVofRNgTxCiyAHQ3LxeyhMi3bTA0usmPJ/YQBAXQAz3swNjvNVCXANL49vM6Msb0wHb3wxsTBfuGoTTA8p5ohCO/zBNYJEHQSPSW//e/S/3Y1n0mXT0EEg/c33suyHTz0sNH94N/6HBcl8Bt+EfnwMZAlwDYVoFs+Mdm53IEHDVDTAtFgn7WCj8biX7+EQ/Id0AH/HGC2HJ8UwD0Y0rzJgNDwHTnaLfKbENQO79nMC+0QH8/R8C0YFw9PwXxs+z5a5Hxyx/x+Mc8v749ajb0nwEFVAtBTLD2Ur/2TvAxA8SDfgtKlOh3EGG/gqkoUDjjEMSZEoQQSgSQMGEwWRg5dvT4EWRIkSNJljR5EmVKlStZmtTYEmZMmTARzLR5E2dOnS1renRW4uJBIwUPiiB6cEOEgwWTHYxSUEY/GUctFNQg9ajCVEkUlphxEP9EBAv9cAA9WLWEEo8vd7Z1+xZuXLkc2c61K7fnXb17+dL8WLBYwoJq+wkogSxCsoJQ+hEp+OPpUSgFYawoWMLLUqBWfhrsZ67gihUISpjrN7QEjB+jClZZu7FvbNmzaaOsWxu3yby5efd2uzuh5RJAEhY4KqFzQR0HM1wuYVgAQufBstpwXqIDQseXCyBMbthzx9u+yZc3H3O8x1QFsZTfUHCDSAtRDsLIuhL4ef37ReY/KEM0jDb4YYWxDsIiHXoqSKgCHjiQQIIZlEKIHh4k6GcG4hBqMJ32MMognXSyS+gFDlzL8KP0+FuRRf1UxGiygkwoD4v7PHqhBB4OeqD/hDP8ahHIFv0LMqQXiTwSSbuMlO4yIsqT4jmRCsrMpiGTvDI2K7FEaMktvfxypS6HQqPGUTB6AY2CukNoBgoKomBEEEIIZcIJQvDjoFQEgAKAgkjox4SCdOxHzhDqDCGdgwz7s58k3CzBGRuYI60EHDYSQIAMDnK0IDQGPQgWAVgwrgR6MNISzFR3QnXLLlV9FVaMumSvufD6IRU8NA7SoaDkLkwiKxn7oeEyZIotgVIaGg22hBm72ihGZIwtgTESnFuAIM+yuKysZg9i4bqCFkSI1VjNxe/cflxNl10sl7QWFs2iWhYzzbjy86A0OQA0Ss0W6CeyGvoBoqCgCvrX/9roNMtsqhJE6GcQHDA4KIQSGO3ziPqIYqPgg7Y56mOzuvqK3HZN5inddU9emUUjiS1B065+OMgxJzFCrSPHcjgo24MwKCGXg3Y46j3P3ilh54GOiiyhCDJAswT6+jG2qX76vMg+Ww+2+jAmT2UZ7JLKvVLlsM32zcjtGnqUoq6k4cixoDAqSGoNuu5HInV2LEEggIE+KJeoD7IbGZ8rNfy6+LpS3FgY+uFxYiaVCqWEq/r5wcaxzz5ZcyTL3hz02V4ENlyRt+7nQkUr7wi+g4w1WPCuLP/5Hc0YF7msq7J+QYIqjmqYyX9zRwhzz05P+OvQle/8yM+Vf/6uF396B//bBSLoEwfNZu5qAq4jd1PXGA+KgDKsHF5Y9T977of8ErbRnqwSdjjIzaC2zV5pz7An16z1CysBHcmD3tmYRyTnDRCBblFRDQqiLIT84iigsdhlNlWQHIDnK7V6x8+m1I96HIV0TGIMuEqwwctkhoQH6ZP8JGKxgwTKYjQYBqQOEiMcWKuB/AoPewSYQJYV8D9WoBJIFrCCefXlgD5Uok3SY5QSJCohMyhI6sBTglSMqB9QuoyH+vGoEmzLM8aJVz/8cJQOZMWLYDwIjjwjAW4Zpnv9qJVBjLOmfljnMpmiXwkocJAKtC4hQFzilQRZFrn9pQQCi00SB9nIMMFGJRX/mMG4MDIDLCKkA5dMSSZHMoPUYQQEQNBQRzowSZTkJwaIoIYjVSXIM4SgByFxI8xkw0hW3pIktnyemRCyhy3Q4R66QAIuvcRLkFQACCAYiQRG2Q9T2GgvuiTmNOkCSWoexJhOiAUKUOAAMFzzSsbsSI0uEwJl9oOc6asiQsLAR/O9w4FKsiY46emSeVIzFP2IQQuK8IY3DAEPSNCEC7IhDoMeFKEJVehCGdpQcWTjAAdYwkQpWlGLXhSjS4joRjnaUY9+FKQhFelISUpSMQADFylV6UpZygQmsEIeKvjIGaP2A9L0LVAK4xYHh3EQiZigVnaM3j3rWVSQSDN0RLiD/ySO8YYPPPUNKGgAHYzRi1pcFatZ1epWudpVrvaiF7cwxljvUVaznhWtaUXrWI1xC7B6Fa5xletc6TpXsN7iAmxVa1rp0IApTEGmHkkH0JTJBsaobmLtC4pEGFWwjvEFqUZlZWQ3B45GMNWpUJUqHW5RC118FrShFe1oSVta0mI1rLdQ7WpZ21rXvtaquICGLWhbW9veFre51e1uedtb3+oWpSwV7kpdyop5BLYjvivIA6qmmRX0I2sICdy//uicRRJVstnlEnZxmc9JeIIS/RSDdoEkTo6E7LFOHEufatcPjpVgLD24zhH1Qlny+tC+ZjOmJVoQi1g0IBH35Y95O//Sg0exoB8Q9IyxGKXggxyhIDaYQAmCgUTuCrie+Q2beQtR1QR4AMPnGRIG0KCwriAYNPhbzAv7VZb5CcfCIb6vhsGWHw+MwBUyNs+QhIOAdvZrPTMKYZ681ZVfaGZC9b2wjqfJSBCkgyGWM5sgmdwXK0WAAutxxr58CouvvCAEPvJpCIhTgRCEIHUTCEUYILvkKt+SkVosQQg2R+U368XOK6LxnVnGSKv0g5JhyzOf8ZIyNxN6iV2aQYhIhjorUAbBHOkAPdLRzAisQHEbCJAfK3ShDBkInRzgQMwIBYQv7+CcCHpBoOEyaES/xdUuOvSrE2ikORZEYSt8EyjXcxn/NJyzIC84yGB11Q9eXaZhmrp1CdbEKwGQyoPXcVyhaU2eWJ9nz9U+l5EKggArFG9nyZBILkjQ6INMuHYW+El7ZklFsziRekc7imFGEQEGliAqObiMNUzRFaUMJZ/U1jZvrm2ebA8cVi/SIkKYhjeRYWQ9odDkIJhFnxUyCX8DkZzDwxOj+eEZ4QQ3dMgni92fvI9nRylIFjpybKC1rR/Wwp8T49M46U6EZ+poCAW7YgTBXOYB9G01yXFT8PIcnOhfetHp+vGxoIGgIJHmyA8oV5DIDc9vxitBkkOTdTRMwE3xqm48VeicTw496bMxOnmQnnZ3YfcxCDHk5aB5kNRV/4BHWn9u/FRcgicc5N7KDPYeE6UYW/Uj0vsoCJfjsna3n3Lkj681dt2EADZw7XzUMfHPbRbdrjjObkg7yNHIzEatC4yNStG3ibM2r8ELXPIg3/asY3+yF9HUOcvpx3riiBHDI6sg/f7fdeqR8uuIWdcn/B8UKdbtTtnF8bUfSfQf1vQcLHkbOdjeQciOHtpLn11L4kAqUjGBT6pDHXvnSAXSMQEBPGhDBUhFYET9SQvsQNhpYlQ/OCAAKdCgGEatH/LhCBQHIV4gHSigAIQN+sDvLtauA4LGuUKiIDQkAnGi7RywZb4vJwYLf2hK6vgj+jTQI4wOR5zB7jiA+TyC/f+47INQ8CYykAT3QwZBAvdaaPNEcAYbLyQahAMYMCEQREEQIgMcAwcygwagAME+DSE24AmIQwKSAMFk4GhwgDGYcHx+YIjsaQfPpgZBAgvSpCCkIEhGsAtL5iMmzDliZtkY0Dlqok+c5CeAcPG4xkkCp9tGxu7KxzY48AyVzg8RyAz/0EqegDIioGJspiCIwAtg6EJw6AjogzX+pE9MQ4cOgjSuYmhKQB3epiCa4SDESCW+8A95IxisoKgG8Qy1hAUUhwd6pB9CDyFC5EL8Z2s+JnvQ4si64l/aR+5Wp2jMjQtLcWVyABXrSRW7UEu24QEoQAznh3Ii52ZgMX9SLmj/Jgx/1sc+Ms5aukcibCYlSJEYa0P7UnEcc8JKOoMCiqECebEj9C1yPiYviKIgqm8oeOlnkqYfpIGPZqn7hvEcw2/7wCkZd3BIcEQCa8VfDkIF90F1pOZqEMJYAmf/jCMoyoLlUu7rHi4cAzEgiSQIkAUBRpIkS9IkTxIlU1IlV5IlW9IlXxImSeMjq0Sw/qYfKgZ/4uY0CsIhu+IYfyIwaIbn8qUEeqorQJFJ6g4gZ5Ipm3LHWDBcFIZ0uCMpnaQgGo0DIuznSOYy+ghw8IUlxNEpx5Is++Mj2oQCdIAFOMBUDmIG5K8AmqkDsox3/CBjNiQfPu4/MEAa5zIEgLCFfWBCLMuSMAsTE8uDhIqvJQbTMBvTKQsSJSKg13JwFD3SMS8TMz8CMk8ia7xSMC0zM0MzNDczxkTTNE9z+tLl+lCTNVsTIwhMVTDgGF2TNk+zcM4l/WpTN0WTzs4lHdRvN4PTMPUEB4rTOI8TOZNTOZeTOZvTOZ9TOb1iJAICADs=" 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<div class=figure__caption__header><strong class=figure__title>Figure 1</strong><div class=figure-extra><a href=# class=open-figure-link>Open in figure viewer</a><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/downloadFigures?id=f1&doi=10.1111%2Fj.1365-3040.2010.02181.x" class=ppt-figure-link><i aria-hidden=true class=icon-Icon_Download></i><span>PowerPoint</span></a></div>
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<div class="figure__caption figure__caption-text">
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<p>Model of interactions between <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> and <i>A</i><sub>net</sub> under environmental stresses. A co-regulation of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> and <i>A</i><sub>net</sub> based on abscisic acid (<i>ABA</i>), <i>C</i><sub>i</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> is proposed.</p>
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</div>
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</figcaption>
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</figure>
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</section>
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</section>
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<section class=article-section__sub-content id=ss23 lang=en>
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<h3 class="article-section__sub-title section2" id=ss23-title> Other issues associated with the global change</h3>
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<p>In the context of global change, factors that appeared previously as minor become very important and require to be fully integrated into models (<a href=#b134 class=scrollableLink>Xu & Baldocchi 2003</a>). This is clearly the case of temperature. As air temperature is predicted to increase by a few degrees, stomatal conductance will be strongly affected (<a href=#b54 class=scrollableLink>Jarvis 1976</a>; <a href=#b56 class=scrollableLink>Jones 1992</a>). It is generally expected that <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> will globally decrease as the consequence of the increase in air temperature. Leaf temperature will increase more than expected as the consequence of the increased air temperature because of reduced cooling by transpiration when stomata close. This increase in leaf temperature will be even more marked in conditions of drought because of the negative effect of drought on <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>. Eventually, photosynthesis will be strongly reduced. That is not all: a synergetic effect between high temperature and elevated CO<sub>2</sub> elevation has been reported, which results in down-regulation of photosynthetic capacity (<a href=#b38 class=scrollableLink>Erice <i>et al</i>. 2007</a>). So far, models of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> are not capable to integrate the combined effect of the simultaneous increase in air temperature, CO<sub>2</sub> concentration of the air and drought.</p>
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<p>Models of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> have eluded so far the question of the morphology-mediated effect of drought on <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>. In response to environmental stresses, modifications of the morphology of the plant were reported. It was observed that drought results in: (1) a decrease in the specific leaf area that leads in turn to a decrease of the evaporative surface (<a href=#b8 class=scrollableLink>Assuero <i>et al</i>. 2002</a>; <a href=#b44 class=scrollableLink>Gomez-Del-Campo <i>et al</i>. 2003</a>; <a href=#b2 class=scrollableLink>Al-Khalifah <i>et al</i>. 2006</a>); (2) a decrease of the number of leaves on new shoots (<a href=#b44 class=scrollableLink>Gomez-Del-Campo <i>et al</i>. 2003</a>) and abscission of existing leaves (<a href=#b47 class=scrollableLink>Gu <i>et al</i>. 2007</a>); (3) an increase in the root-to-shoot ratio (<a href=#b8 class=scrollableLink>Assuero <i>et al</i>. 2002</a>); and (4) modifications in vessel anatomy that favour small diameter vessels (<a href=#b2 class=scrollableLink>Al-Khalifah <i>et al</i>. 2006</a>). These adaptive strategies buffer the effects of water stress on <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> and, for that reason, should be integrated into models. An attractive way to achieve that should be to introduce whole-plant changes into a model of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>. Here are some avenue of research: (1) intercepted light as affected by leaf area; (2) photosynthetic capacity as affected by root-to-shoot ratio; and (3) hydraulic resistance as affected by vessel anatomy (<a href=#b14 class=scrollableLink>Buckley 2008</a>).</p>
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</section>
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</section>
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<section class=article-section__content id=ss24 lang=en>
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<h2 class="article-section__title section__title section1" id=ss24-title> CONCLUSION</h2>
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<p>Modelling <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> represents a major objective and challenge for the scientific community. What is at stake in the long term is the capacity to develop an integrated view of the way interactive environmental factors influence, either directly or indirectly, carbon fixation by photosynthesis and water losses through transpiration. The capacity to develop such an integrated view conditions in turn our capacity to design models of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> which can be used, among other objectives, for simulating the consequences of the climatic change. Roughly, two major types of models have been developed so far: models expressing <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> as a function of atmospheric factors, and models expressing <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> as a function of water availability. Considerable efforts have been made to design models of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> of more universal value, capable to deal simultaneously with all the environmental factors. Arguably, the most advanced of them are based on the well-established role of <i>ABA</i> in the control of the movements of guard cells. Considering the recent advances in our understanding of the molecular bases of stomatal regulation, we advocate for the use of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> production in addition and in conjunction with <i>ABA</i> concentration in future models of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>. This should facilitate the integration of such factors as UV radiations and long-term drought, which have been more or less ignored by current models of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub>. With the same objective in mind (i.e. integrating better the complex influences of environmental factors, especially the ones associated with the global change), it would be stimulating to explore other ideas originating from the emerging molecular view of stomatal regulation. For instance, it is now well established that aquaporins play a key role in water relations and stomatal regulation (<a href=#b115 class=scrollableLink>Tyerman <i>et al</i>. 1999</a>; <a href=#b55 class=scrollableLink>Johansson <i>et al</i>. 2000</a>). Their regulation in response to environmental stresses opens promising perspectives, particularly in modelling.</p>
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<p>While the progressive construction of a more and more complete view of stomatal regulation at the molecular level represents a source of novel ideas for the modeller, conversely the need to design more performing models of <i>g</i><sub>s</sub> represents a clear incentive for more fundamental research to be performed about the physiological determinism of guard cell functioning. Clearly, both approaches should greatly benefit from each other.</p>
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</section>
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<div class=article-section__content>
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<h2 class="article-section__title section__title section1" id=ss25-title> ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</h2>
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<p>We thank the two reviewers who gave important comments and helped to complete this review. G.D. acknowledges support from the Conseil Régional de la Réunion (PhD grant) and from the CIRAD. T.S. acknowledges support from the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche grant ANR-06-BLAN-0122.</p>
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<div class=pb-dropzone data-pb-dropzone=citedBy-dropzone><section id=cited-by class="article-section article-section__citedBy cited-by"><div class="accordion article-accordion"><h2><div tabindex=0 role=button aria-controls=cited-by__content aria-expanded=false data-getftr-citedby-enabled=data-getFTR-citedby-enabled data-getftr-citedby-url=/action/CitedByEntitlement data-getftr-links-count=10 data-getftr-request-source=FULL_TEXT class=accordion__control><span id=citedby-section class=section__title>Citing Literature</span><i aria-hidden=true class=icon-section_arrow_d></i></div></h2><div id=cited-by__content data-source="/pb/widgets/citedBy?page=0&widgetId=f6d59956-1f70-4e88-8811-a42ff3d9d1fa&pbContext=%3Barticle%3Aarticle%3Adoi%5C%3A10.1111%2Fj.1365-3040.2010.02181.x%3Bpage%3Astring%3AArticle%2FChapter+View%3Bctype%3Astring%3AJournal+Content%3Bwebsite%3Awebsite%3Apericles%3Bjournal%3Ajournal%3A13653040%3BrequestedJournal%3Ajournal%3A13653040%3Bissue%3Aissue%3Adoi%5C%3A10.1111%2Fpce.2010.33.issue-9%3Bwgroup%3Astring%3APublication+Websites%3BpageGroup%3Astring%3APublication+Pages%3BsubPage%3Astring%3AFull+Text" class="accordion__content cited-by__content" style=display:none></div></div></section></div>
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<div class="cover-image-wrapper cover-image__image hasDetails"><a href=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/13653040/2010/33/9 title="View Volume 33, Issue 9"><img 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 alt></a></div><div class="extra-info-wrapper cover-image__details"><p class=volume-issue><a href=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/13653040/2010/33/9 title="View Volume 33, Issue 9"><span>Volume</span><span class=val>33</span>, <span>Issue</span><span class=val>9</span></a><p>September 2010<p class=page-range><span>Pages</span><span> 1419-1438</span></p>
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