Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) Is an Underutilized Crop with a Great Potential
Plukenetia volubilis (Euphorbiaceae) is an underutilized oilseed crop native to the Amazon basin, where it has been utilized by humans since Incan times. The large seeds contain approximately 45–50% lipid, of which approximately 35.2–50.8% is α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3, ω-3) and approximately 33.4–41.0% is linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6, ω-6), the two essential fatty acids required by humans. The seeds also contain 22–30% protein and have antioxidant properties. Due to its excellent nutritional composition and good agronomic properties, it has attracted increasing attention in recent years, and cultivation is expanding. When considering current global challenges, a reformation of our food systems is imperative in order to ensure food security, mitigation of climate change, and alleviation of malnutrition. For this purpose, underutilized crops may be essential tools which can provide agricultural hardiness, a reduced need for external inputs, climate resilience, diet diversification, and improved income opportunities for smallholders. Plukenetia volubilis is a promising up and coming crop in this regard and has considerable potential for further domestication; it has an exceptional oil composition, good sensory acceptability, is well suited for cultivation, and has numerous potential applications in, e.g., gastronomy, medicine, and cosmetics.
Number: 6 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.): An emerging source of nutrients, omega-3 fatty acid and phytochemicals
Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) (SI) is an oleaginous plant producing oil and protein-rich seeds. It has been cultivated for centuries and is native to the tropical rainforest of the Amazon region of South America including parts of Peru and northwestern Brazil. At present, SI seeds are emerging as a potential source of macro- and micronutrients, α-linolenic acid and phytochemicals. This review attempts to elucidate the nutrients, phytonutrients, safety, toxicity, health benefits and food applications of SI seed. Recent scientific studies have associated the consumption of SI seed/oil with reduced risk of chronic inflammatory diseases. However, lack of awareness and in-depth understanding has resulted in it being neglected both at the consumer and industrial level. In all, SI is an underutilized and undervalued oleaginous crop which not only has the potential to mitigate food and nutritional insecurity but also offers humongous opportunities for the development of novel value-added food products.
Hernández, A., Ascanio M.O., Morales M., Bojórquez J.I., García N.E. y García J.D.
El Suelo: Fundamentos sobre su formación, los cambios globales y su manejo
Instituto de Geología y Paleontología de la Academia de Ciencias de Cuba
Los movimientos tectónicos de la etapa de desarrollo Platafórmico en Cuba
Diagnóstico y Clasificación de los Suelos de Rusia (en ruso)
Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem
Fundamentals of Soil Science and Soil Geography
Progress in Soil Classification of China. In: Soil Classification. Report of the International Conference on Soil Classification, 12-16 September 1988
Composición mineralógica de la fracción arcillosa de los suelos en relación con la evolución del medio (en ruso). En colección de artículos científicos “Génesis y fertilidad del suelo de las regiones del sur y su utilización.
Claves para la Taxonomía de Suelos (Décima Segunda Edición) Traducción
XXI Congreso Científico Internacional del Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas, Cuba
Hernández, A., Morales, M., Cabrera, A., Vargas, D., Carnero, G., Bernal, A., Grandio, D., Hernández, Y.
Cambio de las propiedades de los suelos Ferralíticos Rojos lixiviados de las llanuras cársicas de Cuba por el cultivo continuado y algunas buenas prácticas de manejo agrícola
Cambios de carbono orgánico del suelo bajo diferentes coberturas
Climate change impacts on soil organic carbon stocks of Mediterranean agricultural areas: A case study in Northern Egypt
Climate change impacts on soil organic carbon stocks of Mediterranean agricultural areas
Dirección Nacional de Suelos y Fertilizantes
Instituto Cubano de Geodesia y Cartografía, 19 hojas cartográficas publicadas a color
Escuela Superior Politécnica Agropecuaria de Manabí. Calceta, Manabí-Ecuador.
Manual para la Cartografía de suelos y la Descripción de perfiles de suelos (Adaptado a las características de los suelos de la parte centro norte de Manabí)
Este Manual constituye un paso de avance para la Edafología en la provincia de Manabí. Con su uso se pueden regular los estudios de suelos, tanto para la Cartografía (elaboración de mapas de suelos), como para las descripciones de perfiles. Tiene 76 páginas, con una figura y 20 fotos a color. Sin duda, este material puede servir para que en centros de investigación y universidades de la provincia de Manabí, se preparen las descripciones de los perfiles en forma homogénea y se llegue a crear un Patrimonio Único Provincial de Materiales Edafológicos. Permite colectar todos los datos en forma estandarizadas; de forma tal, que sirva de consulta e intercambio entre las instituciones, tanto para la docencia como para recomendaciones sobre el uso racional de los suelos. El manual está elaborado sobre la base del Manual para la Cartografía Detallada y Evaluación General para los suelos de Cuba (Hernández et al., 1995); del Manual para los Estudios de Mapeo y Descripción de Perfiles de los Estados Unidos (Schoeneberger, 2002) y de la Guía de Descripción de Perfiles de la FAO (FAO, 2009); los tres, con adaptación a las propiedades de los suelos de Manabí. La Politécnica de Manabí cumple el compromiso de distribuir este aporte entre las instituciones de educación superior e investigadores del recurso suelo para que se adopte en los futuros estudios edafológicos de la provincia y la región. Es deseable que el trabajo en red derive en revisiones periódicas, cada tres a cinco años, con el fin enriquecer y actualizar el manual, completamente adaptado a nuestros suelos. Tomando en consideración la situación actual se ha trazado la tarea de preparar esta metodología para la cartografía, tratando de cumplimentar los siguientes objetivos: • Establecer normas técnicas para la cartografía de suelos que resulten novedosas para Manabí y el país. • Modernizar el proceso de cartografía de suelos con la aplicación de normas y procedimientos necesarios para homogenizar la 14 Vera, L./ Hernández, A./ Mesías, F./ Guzmán Á./ Cedeño, Á. información disponible en la ESPAM MFL y en el futuro para la provincia de Manabí. • Preparar un material sencillo para realizar estudios a escala detallada y grande, que sirvan para dar las recomendaciones y obtener rendimientos adecuados de los cultivos, que conlleve, al mismo tiempo, a la conservación de suelos. • Lograr la homogeneidad en los trabajos edafológicos realizados a nivel nacional.
Editora Estación Experimental de Pastos y Forrajes Indio Hatuey
Calidad y conservación del suelo. En Avances de la agroecología en Cuba
El presente libro ofrece información actualizada y detallada de los avances de la agroecología en Cuba hasta el presente. Presenta contribuciones de especialistas, directivos y agricultores, quienes han expuesto en sus respectivos capítulos los avances científicos, metodológicos y prácticos logrados en diferentes rubros productivos, tipos de insumos biológicos y servicios técnicos en la producción agropecuaria sobre bases agroecológicas. This book offers updated and detailed information on the progress of agroecology in Cuba to the present. It presents contributions of specialists, managers and farmers, who have exposed in their respective chapters the scientific, methodological and practical advances achieved in different production areas, types of biological inputs and technical services in agricultural production on agroecological bases.
Accepted: 2018-07-16T17:04:29Z Journal Abbreviation: Advances of Agroecology in Cuba
Cambios en la reservas de carbono orgánico en suelos ferraliticos rojos lixiviados de Mayabeque, Cuba
En este trabajo se estudia el cambio de los contenidos de Carbono Orgánico del Suelo (COS) en suelos Ferralíticos Rojos Lixiviados, por el cambio de uso del suelo, lo cual resulta novedoso para la provincia de Mayabeque y para Cuba. Se parte de los resultados obtenidos anteriormente en la caracterización de 38 perfiles de estos suelos en un período entre seis y 14 años. El muestreo para determinar los contenidos de COS se realizó por el método de cilindros de 100 cm3de volumen, por triplicado. La comparación entre ambos muestreos permitió obtener las ganancias o pérdidas de COS. Se obtienen resultados bajo cuatro sitios de arboledas y tres suelos cultivados. En los suelos bajo arboledas se evidencia que, en todos los casos, hay ganancias en el COS. Para los casos de los suelos cultivados, en dos parcelas bajo cultivo intensivo se obtienen pérdidas en el COS, pero en la tercera, donde se hacen prácticas agroecológicas con aplicación sistemática de abono orgánicos, no se registran estas pérdidas. Los resultados sientan las bases, desde el punto de vista ambiental, ya que pueden servir a la provincia de Mayabeque para analizar el estado del COS en los suelos Ferralíticos Rojos Lixiviados según el mapa de uso del suelo y además para recomendar la aplicación de abonos orgánicos que evitan las pérdidas del COS.
Carbon losses and soil property changes in ferralic Nitisols from Cuba under different coverages
Consejo del Plan de la Enseñanza Tecnológica de Suelos, Fertilizantes y Ganadería. La Habana, Cuba, No. 2
Importancia del estudio genético de los suelos
PRESENCIA DE PROPIEDADES VÉRTICAS EN LOS SUELOS FERSIALÍTICOS DE LA ANTIGUA PROVINCIA LA HABANA
The morphological characterization is presented with some physical and chemical results of two Fersialitic soil profiles studied in the former Havana province. In such profiles, it was proved that the vertic properties are shown in horizon B, due to the presence of 5-10 cm prismatic blocks covered with slickensides. These properties are formed as a result of a high content of clay, predominating minerals from the smectite group in the tropical subhumid climate of the region. Soils are moderately deep and made up of limestone rock. They are saturated and carbonated since the mid-lower part of the profile. The present functioning of this soil is related with the formation of this vertic horizon, which permits the soil surface loss when cultivated. The subtype vertic Reddish Brown Fersialitic soil is proposed to be included into the Fersialitic soils at the current issue of Cuban soil classification.
Jiménez et al. - 2011 - PRESENCIA DE PROPIEDADES VÉRTICAS EN LOS SUELOS FE.pdf
Reservas de carbono orgánico en suelos de la llanura fluvial Calceta-Tosagua, Manabí, Ecuador
El carbono orgánico en los suelos (COS) constituye hoy día uno de los problemas de actualidad en la Edafología. Su estudio se analiza desde dos puntos de vista; uno como parte de los problemas del cambio climático y las posibilidades de captura y secuestro de carbono en los suelos; y el otro, en relación con la conservación de un contenido de carbono para mantener buenas propiedades del suelo que mantengan una producción agrícola adecuada. En Manabí, Ecuador, estos estudios se realizaron esporádicamente, con muy pocos resultados. En el caso de la región costera norte prácticamente no hay resultados al respecto. Por esto, en los estudios edafológicos que viene realizando la Escuela Superior Politécnica Agropecuaria de Manabí (ESPAM) en los últimos cinco años, se profundiza en esta temática, dentro de las investigaciones realizadas para los suelos del Sistema Carrizal-Chone. Entre los resultados se tiene, que en esta región, los Grupos Referenciales de Suelos son Feozem (Mollisol), Fluvisol (Fluvent), Cambisol (Inceptisol) y Gleysol (Aquent). La formación natural de los suelos en esta región es de Feozems y Fluvisoles. Los Cambisoles se han formado por degradación de los Feozem cámbico. Los suelos Feozem son los que acumulan mayor cantidad de carbono orgánico, con 52 mg ha-1, para la capa de 0-30 cm del espesor superior del perfil; mientras que los Fluvisoles, Cambisoles y Gleysoles tienen un contenido mediano (32-36 mg ha-1). Se hacen una serie de recomendaciones para investigaciones futuras que permitan lograr tecnologías de manejo en la producción agrícola que mejoren los suelos y mantenga buenos rendimientos.
Aportes al conocimiento edafológico para lograr la agricultura sostenible del sistema Carrizal - Chone
Como es bien conocido, el suelo es uno de los componentes más importantes de los ecosistemas y en el cual el hombre puede incidir directamente para lograr una agricultura sostenible, asumiendo los dos problemas más agudos que enfrenta la producción de alimentos a nivel mundial, que son: el aumento de la degradación de los suelos en todos los países y el cambio climático. Los resultados que se presentan en este libro son el fruto de un trabajo sistemático y sostenido sobre el recurso suelo, que ha llevado la ESPAM durante el período 2010-2017. Antes de este lapso, prácticamente no había datos relevantes de los suelos del campus politécnico y mucho menos del área comprendida en la parroquia Membrillo y en el Sistema de riego Carrizal-Chone. En todo este tiempo, el rectorado de la ESPAM, brindó todo el apoyo a los estudios realizados; incluso, efectuó una inversión muy importante para implementar el laboratorio de suelos de la institución. Gracias a esto y al esfuerzo de la Coordinación General de Investigación, la Dirección de la carrera de Ingeniería Agrícola y de los docentes investigadores, hoy se puede contar con esta obra que muestra las propiedades de los suelos de una zona eminentemente agropecuaria que va desde la parte alta de la cuenca de Membrillo-Bolívar, hasta cerca del filo costanero en Bachillero-Tosagua. El libro trata de varios aspectos que caracterizan los suelos de la zona donde nace el rio Carrizal y del área de influencia del sistema de riego Carrizal Chone, con un mapa de clases de capacidad de uso en esta región, que comprende un poco más de 7 000 ha. Presenta 108 tablas de datos analíticos, 22 figuras y 9 fotos a color. Además, enfoca los trabajos en una metodología poco conocida que consiste en la búsqueda de tecnologías de manejo sostenible de los suelos, con dos resultados prometedores para la conservación de los suelos, que son: el Sector de Referencia de la ESPAM MFL y la obtención de un producto para el manejo biotecnológico de los residuos agropecuarios y su potencial uso en la restauración de los suelos agrícolas. Prólogo 20 Los resultados alcanzados no se limitan solamente al libro y publicaciones de artículos en revistas con factor de impacto mundial y regional; sino además, al valor agregado en la infraestructura científica de la ESPAM con el montaje de un moderno laboratorio de suelos para análisis físicos y químicos (equipo de absorción atómica, prensa Richards, equipo para determinar velocidad de infiltración de campo digital y otros más). Además de contar con personal calificado en el manejo de estos equipos y de las técnicas comunes de los análisis de suelos. Por otra parte, con las investigaciones realizadas la Politécnica de Manabí ha logrado la formación de especialistas en materia de Edafología a nivel de Maestrías y Doctorados, que junto con otros docentes, conforman un Grupo de Investigación en Edafología Aplicada. También se debe tener en cuenta que queda un banco de datos con la descripción, propiedades y clasificación de 173 perfiles de suelos que constituye una información básica para el aprendizaje de los alumnos de ingeniería agrícola y marco referencial para futuros proyectos de investigación que tengan relación con la Edafología. El conocimiento adquirido por los autores de esta obra constituye una etapa superior para beneficio de los alumnos de la institución. Hay que considerar que el profesor que no genera ciencia no puede transmitir nuevos conocimientos, lo cual está intrínseco en la filosofía de trabajo de la comunidad Politécnica de Manabí. Finalmente, se debe reconocer que lo logrado hasta aquí compromete a los autores de la obra y a la ESPAM MFL en continuar con el trabajo y redoblar esfuerzos por complementar el conocimiento y tecnologías de manejo sostenible de los suelos de la región, que necesariamente serán difundidos y transferidos a través de los proyectos de vinculación con los productores agropecuarios de la Zona 4 y el país. Quiero agregar mis agradecimientos al Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas de Cuba por la colaboración y al Dr. C. Alberto Hernández Jiménez, investigador de una amplia experiencia en el campo de la Edafología latinoamericana con aportes reconocidos a nivel mundial, por toda la asesoría en la planificación y ejecución de las investigaciones; así como en la orientación académica para la formación de los especialistas en suelo de los docentes de la ESPAM MFL.
D - Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas
Hernández Jiménez et al. - 2015 - Clasificación de los suelos de Cuba..pdf
Bases de datos de mediciones de Precipitación-Escurrimiento-Erosión-Sedimentación con énfasis en el centro de México
En este trabajo se presentan los resultados obtenidos de la revisión exhaustiva de fuentes bibliográficas nacionales, para la integración de bases de datos del proceso precipitación-escurrimiento-erosión de suelos, así como el transporte de sedimentos que se asocia a la remoción del carbono orgánico de los suelos. Desde la perspectiva de modelación, se destaca la importancia de contar con datos de mediciones directas (no estimaciones) de las variables de interés, así como con estudios bajo diferentes condiciones de manejo uso y tipo de suelo, esto a fin de que la información sea útil para desarrollar un modelo confiable y representativo de un rango amplio de condiciones del sistema suelo-vegetación, para la estimación del escurrimiento y la erosión del suelo. De la revisión realizada se encontró que, a nivel nacional, son pocos los trabajos que reportan estudios con mediciones directas del escurrimiento y la erosión del suelo. La mayoría de los trabajos en el área de interés, se centran sólo en la aplicación de modelos para estimar dichas variables. Por otro lado, es importante considerar que los estudios integrados en la base son representativos de 13 estados y la mayoría de ellos se concentran hacia el centro del país. Así, se presenta la integración de bases de datos como una herramienta fundamental para el desarrollo y/o calibración de modelos de precipitación-escurrimiento-erosión-transporte de sedimentos que permitan, en una siguiente etapa, incursionar en otras aplicaciones, como evaluar la relación la cantidad de carbono orgánico que se pierde del sistema suelo-vegetación por efecto de estos procesos.
Carbono Orgánico del Suelo : el potencial oculto.
El suelo se ha convertido en uno de los recursos más vulnerables del mundo frente al cambio climático, la degradación de la tierra y la pérdida de biodiversidad. El suelo es una importante reserva de carbono, conteniendo más carbono que la atmósfera y la vegetación terrestre en conjunto. El carbono orgánico del suelo (COS) es dinámico, no obstante, los impactos antropogénicos sobre el suelo pueden convertirlo en un sumidero o fuente neta de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). Se ha logrado un enorme progreso científico en la comprensión y explicación de la dinámica del COS. Sin embargo, la protección y el monitoreo de las reservas de COS a nivel nacional y global todavía se enfrentan a desafíos complicados que obstaculizan el diseño e implementación de políticas efectivas sobre el terreno y adaptadas a regiones específicas.
La FAO fomenta el uso, reproducción y la difusión del material en este producto informativo.
Clasificación de los suelos de Cuba 2015 | ISBN 978-959-7023-77-7 - Libro
Autor: Alberto Hernández Jiménez, Dalmacio Bosch Infante, Juan Miguel Pérez Jiménez, Nelson Castro Speck, Materia: Ciencia del suelo (Edafología), ISBN: 978-959-7023-77-7
The State of Food and Agriculture 2024 | FAO
Regional assessment of green and blue water consumption for tomato cultivated in Southern Italy
In the current regional-scale study, the model DSSAT CROPGRO was applied in order to simulate the cultivation of industrial tomato and to estimate the green water (GW), blue water (BW), blue water requirement (BWR) and water footprint (WFP) through a dual-step approach (with and without full irrigation). Simulation covered a period of 30 years for three climate scenarios including a reference period and two future scenarios based on forecast global average temperature increases of 2 and 5 °C. The spatial patterns of indicators relating to the whole territory of Puglia region (Southern Italy), characterized by the high evaporative demand of the atmosphere, are discussed and analysed. Considering the climatic pattern, the analysis was developed for three areas (Northern, Central and Southern). Future scenarios affected all indicators significantly, particularly the Northern area, characterized by higher temperature and rainfall anomalies. Under the A5 scenario, compared with the baseline, this area was forecast to have a large increase of BW (+30%) and reduction in yield (−20%). As a consequence, the BWR and WFP were predicted to increase dramatically, up to 40 and >65%, respectively. On the other hand, Central and Southern areas, with lower anomalies of temperature and rainfall, were forecast to be less vulnerable to climate change. The distributed analysis performed could be important for water policy, allowing most efficient allocation of scarce water resources and concentrating them where the WFP is lowest, or in other words, water use efficiency is highest.
Improving the CROPGRO-Tomato Model for Predicting Growth and Yield Response to Temperature
Parameterizing crop models for more accurate response to climate factors such as temperature is important considering potential temperature increases associated with climate change, particularly for tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), which is a heat-sensitive crop. The objective of this work was to update the cardinal temperature parameters of the CROPGRO-Tomato model affecting the simulation of crop development, daily dry matter (DM) production, fruit set, and DM partitioning of field-grown tomato from transplanting to harvest. The main adaptation relied on new literature values for cardinal temperature parameters that affect tomato crop phenology, fruit set, and fruit growth. The new cardinal temperature values are considered reliable because they come from recent published experiments conducted in controlled-temperature environments. Use of the new cardinal temperatures in the CROPGRO-Tomato model affected the rate of crop development compared with prior default parameters; thus, we found it necessary to recalibrate genetic coefficients that affect life cycle phases and growth simulated by the model. The model was recalibrated and evaluated with 10 growth analyses data sets collected in field experiments conducted at three locations in Florida (Bradenton, Quincy, and Gainesville) from 1991 to 2007. Use of modified parameters sufficiently improved model performance to provide accurate prediction of crop and fruit DM accumulation throughout the season. Overall, the average root mean square error (RMSE) over all experiments was reduced 44% for leaf area index, 71% for fruit number, and 36% for both aboveground biomass and fruit dry weight simulations with the modified parameters compared with the default. The Willmott d index was higher and was always above 0.92. The CROPGRO-Tomato model with these modified cardinal temperature parameters will predict more accurately tomato growth and yield response to temperature and thus be useful in model applications.
Number: 8 Publisher: American Society for Horticultural Science Section: HortScience
Estimación del ciclo de cultivo de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) en invernadero, con base en grados días calor (GDC) simulados con CFD
Number: 4 Publisher: Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua
CLASSIM: A relational database driven crop model interface
Crop models are valuable tools for examining the interactions of cultivar characteristics, environment, and management practices, and how they affect crop growth and development. The difficulty in finding all the data needed to set up a simulation can often deter potential users from utilizing a crop model. Model interfaces are necessary to make these complex tools accessible to end-users who may lack the expertise needed to work with the models directly, but who would benefit from the information generated by the models. As crop models vary in terms of input and output structures, there is no one universally compatible interface, so different crop model suites require their own interface. CLASSIM is a graphical user interface (GUI) for a suite of models developed by USDA-ARS. The interface provides a simplified tool to assemble input data for a model simulation. Web access to online databases for soil and weather data simplifies finding site-related data. The user is guided step by step to build the necessary input files. A database structure facilitates data entry, storage, and retrieval. The use of Structured Query Language (SQL) for data retrieval allows for advanced analysis and visualization outside of the interface. We describe the features of the GUI and provide examples of various operations. Model outputs are provided in tables and graphs to allow for visualization and analysis. Two-dimensional contour plots of soil processes are provided to visualize output from the two-dimensional finite element soil model. CLASSIM also allows users to set up single- and multiple-season runs for maize, cotton, soybean, potato, and fallow treatments, and is expected to be expanded to more crops in the future. A user-friendly GUI is essential for making simulation tools accessible to the broad range of researchers and practitioners working to solve the agricultural system challenges.
The role of crop simulation modeling in assessing potential climate change impacts
Agriculture is weather dependent, and changes in climate can have a drastic impact on our ability to feed, fuel, and clothe the world's population. Climate change is causing more frequent and unprecedented extreme weather events that are already negatively affecting agriculture. We need to assess the effects of extreme temperatures and rainfall on agriculture. Patterns of short-term extreme weather events, such as elevated temperatures, flooding, and strong winds, are not predictable enough to design field experiments around. Process-based crop and soil simulation models allow us to explore new management options and thus provide whole-system-based knowledge and management guides for different locations over variable climate conditions. By using crop simulation models, researchers can test different adaptation strategies and assess their effectiveness in reducing the impacts of climate change on agricultural production. In this paper, we discuss the development of crop models and how they have been used to assess the effects of a changing climate on agricultural productivity and propose methods for agriculture to adapt to those changes. We describe potential applications of crop models to assess regional issues such as irrigation demand, greenhouse gas emissions, and policy decisions. Better understanding of how weather and climate forecasts at various scales are provided and the reliability of these forecasts is important for using crop models as a planning tool. Different approaches for simulating long-term climate change impacts on crop yield and seasonal yield forecasting are discussed. The use of ensemble models to better assess climate change impacts is also discussed.
Published 2024. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Crop Science Society of America and American Society of Agronomy.
Number: 1 _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/agg2.20453
DSSAT.net - Official Home of the DSSAT Cropping Systems Model
Official Home of the DSSAT Cropping Systems Model
DSSAT 2025 International Training Program Assessing Crop Production, Water and Nutrient Management, Climatic Risk, and Environmental Sustainability with Simulation Models May 19-24, 2025 | The University of Georgia at Griffin, Georgia, USA Presented by a joint training program of the DSSAT Foundation, University of Florida, the Global Food Systems Institute, and the International Fertilizer […]
DRY MATTER DISTRIBUTION IN TOMATO AND CUCUMBER
A modeling study with an artificial neural network: developing estimationmodels for the tomato plant leaf area
A modeling study with an artificial neural network
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
"A modeling study with an artificial neural network: developing estimat" by HANDE KÜÇÜKÖNDER, SEDAT BOYACI et al.
El Índice de Área Foliar (IAF) y su Relación con el Rendimiento del Cultivo de Maíz | Intagri S.C.
El índice de área foliar (IAF) es la expresión numérica adimensional resultado de la división aritmética del área de las hojas de un cultivo expresado en m2 y el área de suelo sobre el cual se encuentra establecido, también expresado en m2. El IAF permite estimar la capacidad fotosintética de las plantas y ayuda a entender la relación entre acumulación de biomasa y rendimiento bajo condiciones ambientales imperantes en una región determinada.
Acúmulo de massa seca na soja em resposta a aplicação foliar com silício sob condições de déficit hídrico
A adubação foliar com silício tem promovido diversas ações benéficas às plantas, dentre elas está a maior tolerância à deficiência hídrica, contudo, para a cultura da soja, são escassas informações destes benefícios nesta condição. Assim, objetivou-se, neste estudo, avaliar o efeito da aplicação de silício, via foliar, no acúmulo de massa seca da soja em seus estádios reprodutivos, onde a cultura sofreu deficiência hídrica durante os mesmos. O experimento foi realizado no setor de Fitotecnia da Unidade Universitária de Aquidauana - Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram representadas pela cultivar de soja 5DR615, as subparcelas consistiram na aplicação (com e sem) de silício, cuja fonte utilizada foi o KSi. Mensurou-se a altura e identificou-se o estádio de desenvolvimento de todas as plantas, separando-as em haste + ramos, folhas + pecíolos, cápsulas de vagens e sementes, para avaliação quanto ao acúmulo de matéria seca. Em condições de déficit hídrico, a aplicação foliar de silício na soja proporcionou um desenvolvimento normal das plantas, gerando maior acúmulo de massa seca de haste + ramos, folhas + pecíolos, cápsulas de vagens e sementes durante toda sua fase reprodutiva, sendo os maiores valores obtidos no estádio R6 (35 dias após R2).
Dry matter production, chemical composition and nutrient accumulation in winter crops
Some winter crops sown in no-tillage system can represent an important alternative to nutrient cycling. The objective of this work was to evaluate the production of dry matter (DM) and accumulation of nutrients for winter cultivation in the West of Paraná. The experimental design was a randomized block, with four treatments and six replications. The treatments were represented by four different winter crops (oat IPR 126, crambe FMS Brilhante, radish common cultivar and wheat BRS Taruma), and the DM, the contents of C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg and C/N ratio in DM and nutrients accumulation were determied The dry matter production was higher for radish with 4.929,14 kg ha-1. The different winter crops used influenced the contents of C, N and C/N ratio. The other studied characteristics were not influenced. Among the four winter cultivation the radish presented larger production of dry matter. The chemical composition was influenced by the cultivations, the contents of C, N and C/N ratio, consequently in the contribution differentiated in the area. The winter cultivation in the studied conditions influences the accumulation of magnesium.
African Journal of Agricultural Research
Desempenho produtivo de fêmeas leiteiras alimentadas com silagem de milho e concentrado à base de farelo de soja ou farelo de algodão
Foram avaliadas dietas com silagem de milho e concentrado à base de farelo de soja ou farelo de algodão para fêmeas leiteiras. Quatro dietas experimentais foram constituídas da combinação de dois níveis de concentrado (1 ou 2 kg) e duas fontes proteicas (farelo de soja ou farelo de algodão). Observou-se efeito da interação nível de concentrado × fonte proteica no consumo de matéria seca (MS), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e no consumo de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT). A quantidade de concentrado influenciou os consumos de proteína bruta (PB), FDN, extrato etéreo (EE), carboidratos nãofibrosos (CNF), matéria orgânica (MO) e de PB por kg de NDT. Não houve efeito nas digestibilidades da MS, FDN, MO e para NDT, porém a fonte proteica influenciou as digestibilidades de PB, EE e CNF. Houve efeito da quantidade de concentrado sobre o ganho de peso (GP) e da interação quantidade de concentrado × fonte proteica sobre o ganho de peso por cm de ganho em altura da cernelha. A dieta com 1 kg de concentrado à base de farelo de algodão foi insuficiente para ganho de peso de 800 g/dia, enquanto as dietas com 2 kg de concentrado propiciaram o maior ganho de peso. Entretanto, a dieta constituída de 2 kg de concentrado à base de farelo de soja foi mais eficiente, pois propiciou maior crescimento linear das novilhas, com ganho médio de 820 g por dia. Equações de predição do peso corporal com base no perímetro torácico apresentam maior acurácia em relação a equações baseadas em outras medidas lineares. , Diets for dairy heifers were assessed with corn silage and soybean or cotton seed based concentrate. Four experimental diets consisting of the combination of two concentrate levels, 1 or 2 kg, and two protein sources, soybean meal or cotton seed meal. The effect of the interaction was observed for intake of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in % live weight and total digestible nutrient intake (TDN). The quantity of concentrate influenced the intakes of crude protein (CP), NDF, ether extract (EE), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), organic matter (OM) and CP per kg TDN. There was no significant effect of the treatments for DM, NDF, OM and NDT digestibility but the protein source influenced the CP, EE and NFC digestibility. There was an effect of concentrate quantity for weight gain (WG), and there was effect of the concentrate quantity × protein source interaction for weight gain per cm of height gain of the cernelha. The diet consisting of 1 kg cotton seed based concentrate was insufficient to reach 800 g/day weight gain and diets consisting of 2 kg concentrate resulted in greater weight gain. However, the diet consisting of 2 kg soybean meal based concentrate was more efficient because it gave greater linear growth to the heifers with an 820g mean gain per day. Body weight prediction equations based on the thorax perimeter are more accurate in prediction compared to the other linear measurements.
Evaluation of CROPGRO-Tomato Model under Different Dates of Planting and Cultivars under Semi-arid Environment. | EBSCOhost
Effects of Different Irrigation Water Sources Contaminated with Heavy Metals on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Different Field Crops
Irrigation water quality is of critical importance for optimum crop yield of economically important field crops in the Kahramanmaraş plains. A preliminary ecotoxicological assessment is necessary before large-scale irrigation. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the quality of irrigation water supplied from different water sources (Karasu, Erkenez, and Oklu streams on the Aksu River and Sır Dam) and the effects on the seed germination and early seedling growth of different field crops (wheat, alfalfa, ryegrass, and maize) irrigated with this water. For this, in order to evaluate the effects on seed germination and early growth parameters of forage crop seedlings, a Petri dish germination test was carried out with four replications using a completely randomized design (CRD). Before the germination assay, heavy metal concentrations including copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) were analyzed in water samples obtained from different water sources. In all water samples used for the experiment, Cu concentrations exceeded the acceptable limit of 0.2 mg L⁻1. The Cu levels found were 0.98 mg L⁻1 in Karasu (KC), 1.627 mg L⁻1 in Oklu (OC), 0.945 mg L⁻1 in Erkenez (EC), and 1.218 mg L⁻1 in Sır Dam (SD) waters. Additionally, Fe exceeded the limit only in KC, while Cd surpassed the permissible levels in EC and SD water samples. Seeds exposed to different water treatments were germinated in a climate chamber at 20 ± 1 °C. Over two weeks, daily germination and seedling growth parameters were measured. The results indicated that higher heavy metal concentrations in irrigation water led to a decline in seed germination rates and adversely impacted early seedling growth. Notably, water from Karasu Creek exhibited the most significant negative impact on all germination and growth parameters in the tested crops, especially due to Cu and Fe metal toxicity. Additionally, ryegrass seeds were most affected by these irrigation waters. This study highlights the importance of using uncontaminated quality irrigation water for optimal crop production by quantifying its impact, such as the percentage of decrease in germination or seedling growth.
Facile synthesis of hierarchical core-shell carbon@ZnIn2S4 composite for boosted photothermal-assisted photocatalytic H2 production
Against the backdrop of energy shortage, hydrogen energy has attracted much attention as a green and clean energy source. In order to explore efficient hydrogen production pathways, we designed a composite photocatalyst with carbon-based core-shell photothermal-assisted photocatalytic system (Carbon@ZnIn2S4, denoted as C@ZIS). The well-designed catalyst C@ZIS composites demonstrated a photocatalytic hydrogen precipitation rate of 2.97 mmol g-1 h−1 even in the absence of the noble metal Pt co-catalyst. The incorporation of carbon-based core-shell photocatalysts into a photocatalytic reaction significantly affects the activity of the reaction by triggering a photothermal effect in the reaction solution. The results of the physicochemical experiments demonstrated that the carbon spheres in C@ZIS composite system could provide a greater number of active sites, thereby accelerating the electron transfer and separation efficiency, and thus enhancing the photocatalytic activity. The study presents an efficacious design concept for the development of efficacious carbon-based core-shell photothermal-assisted photocatalysts, which is anticipated to facilitate the efficient conversion of solar energy to hydrogen energy.
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
Scaling Relationship for NO2 Pollution and Urban Population Size: A Satellite Perspective
Scaling Relationship for NO2 Pollution and Urban Population Size
Optimización del aislamiento proteico de la biomasa de las microalgas desgrase y no desfatizada Nannocloropsiss
Microalgae are a promising source of lipids for biofuel production. To improve the economic feasibility and sustainability of this biofuel feedstock, one should create value for co-products after lipid extraction. Thus, protein isolation from the defatted biomass presents an opportunity. To extract algae protein, temperature and pH were evaluated to maximize the extraction from Nannochloropsis biomass. Maximum quantity of protein was solubilized at 60°C and pH11 and recovered at pH3.2. The isolated protein fractions contained 56.9% and 40.5% protein when using isopropanol (IPA) defatted and non-defatted biomass as the starting materials, with protein yields being 16 and 30%, respectively. The IPA-defatting treatment significantly decreased the protein extraction yield. These values are low compared with soybean protein isolates (>90% protein and ~60% yield). The relatively high protein content (>34%) in the pH11 insoluble fraction indicates needs for further extraction optimization. The nitrogen and amino acid content of the initial materials and all the fractions were determined and the calculated nitrogen to protein conversion factor was in the range of 4.06–4.70. The possibility of the presence of conjugated protein, i.e., N-containing glycoproteins, is also discussed.
Concern is growing about the effects of urbanization on air pollution and health. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) released primarily from combustion processes, such as traffic, is a short-lived atmospheric pollutant that serves as an air-quality indicator and is itself a health concern. We derive a global distribution of ground-level NO2 concentrations from tropospheric NO2 columns retrieved from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). Local scaling factors from a three-dimensional chemistry-transport model (GEOS-Chem) are used to relate the OMI NO2 columns to ground-level concentrations. The OMI-derived surface NO2 data are significantly correlated (r = 0.69) with in situ surface measurements. We examine how the OMI-derived ground-level NO2 concentrations, OMI NO2 columns, and bottom-up NOx emission inventories relate to urban population. Emission hot spots, such as power plants, are excluded to focus on urban relationships. The correlation of surface NO2 with population is significant for the three countries and one continent examined here: United States (r = 0.71), Europe (r = 0.67), China (r = 0.69), and India (r = 0.59). Urban NO2 pollution, like other urban properties, is a power law scaling function of the population size: NO2 concentration increases proportional to population raised to an exponent. The value of the exponent varies by region from 0.36 for India to 0.66 for China, reflecting regional differences in industrial development and per capita emissions. It has been generally established that energy efficiency increases and, therefore, per capita NOx emissions decrease with urban population; here, we show how outdoor ambient NO2 concentrations depend upon urban population in different global regions.
Number: 14 Publisher: American Chemical Society
Parameterizing crop models for more accurate response to climate factors such as temperature is important considering potential temperature increases associated with climate change, particularly for tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), which is a heatsensitive crop. The objective of this work was to update the cardinal temperature parameters of the CROPGRO-Tomato model affecting the simulation of crop development, daily dry matter (DM) production, fruit set, and DM partitioning of ﬁeld-grown tomato from transplanting to harvest. The main adaptation relied on new literature values for cardinal temperature parameters that affect tomato crop phenology, fruit set, and fruit growth. The new cardinal temperature values are considered reliable because they come from recent published experiments conducted in controlled-temperature environments. Use of the new cardinal temperatures in the CROPGRO-Tomato model affected the rate of crop development compared with prior default parameters; thus, we found it necessary to recalibrate genetic coefﬁcients that affect life cycle phases and growth simulated by the model. The model was recalibrated and evaluated with 10 growth analyses data sets collected in ﬁeld experiments conducted at three locations in Florida (Bradenton, Quincy, and Gainesville) from 1991 to 2007. Use of modiﬁed parameters sufﬁciently improved model performance to provide accurate prediction of crop and fruit DM accumulation throughout the season. Overall, the average root mean square error (RMSE) over all experiments was reduced 44% for leaf area index, 71% for fruit number, and 36% for both aboveground biomass and fruit dry weight simulations with the modiﬁed parameters compared with the default. The Willmott d index was higher and was always above 0.92. The CROPGRO-Tomato model with these modiﬁed cardinal temperature parameters will predict more accurately tomato growth and yield response to temperature and thus be useful in model applications.
Calibration and Validation of the CSM-CROPGRO-Peanut Model Under Mulched Drip Irrigation Conditions in Xinjiang
In order to explore the applicability of the peanut growth simulation model CSM-CROPGRO-Peanut under conditions of mulched drip irrigation in Xinjiang, and to determine the optimal scenario for parameter estimation and model validation, field experiments were conducted in 2022 and 2023 on the water and nitrogen regulation of peanut. Based on the water requirements during the stages of peanut growth, three irrigation levels (low, medium, and high) and two nitrogen application levels (100% N and 50% N) were set, resulting in six treatments. An additional control treatment (CK) with a medium irrigation level and no nitrogen application was also included. In this study, four different parameter estimation and validation protocols were designed, and different parameter estimation results were obtained using the DSSAT-GLUE parameter estimation module. The results showed that the FL-SH (time between first flower and first pod), FL-SD (time between first flower and first seed), SIZLF (time between first flower and first seed), XFRT (maximum size of full leaf), and WTPSD (maximum weight per seed) parameters exhibited strong variability, with coefficients of variation of 24.33%, 22.9%, 19.78%, 14.47%, and 23.82%, respectively, and were significantly affected by environment–management interactions. Other parameters showed weaker variability, with coefficients of variation that were all less than 10%. The model outputs varied significantly among different parameter estimation protocols. Scenario 3, which used data from the adequate irrigation and adequate fertilization treatment (W3N2) environment across both years for parameter estimation and data from other treatments for validation, showed the highest model calibration and validation accuracy. The average absolute relative error (ARE) and normalized root mean square error (nRMSE) for model calibration and validation were the lowest at 9.1% and 10.1%, respectively. The CSM-CROPGRO-Peanut model effectively simulated peanut growth and development as well as soil moisture dynamics under mulched drip irrigation conditions in Xinjiang, with the highest simulation accuracy observed under full irrigation conditions. The findings provide a basis for using the CSMCROPGRO-Peanut model to develop suitable irrigation and nitrogen application regimes for peanuts under mulched drip irrigation in Xinjiang.
Genetic and Molecular Mechanisms Conferring Heat Stress Tolerance in Tomato Plants
Climate change is a major threat to global food security. Changes in climate can directly impact food systems by reducing the production and genetic diversity of crops and their wild relatives, thereby restricting future options for breeding improved varieties and reducing the ability to adapt crops to future challenges. The global surface temperature is predicted to rise by an average of 0.3°C during the next decade, and the Paris Agreement (Paris Climate Accords) aims to limit global warming to below an average of 2°C, preferably to 1.5°C compared to pre-industrial levels. Even if the goal of the Paris Agreement can be met, the predicted rise in temperatures will increase the likelihood of extreme weather events, including heatwaves, making heat stress (HS) a major global abiotic stress factor for many crops. HS can have adverse effects on plant morphology, physiology, and biochemistry during all stages of vegetative and reproductive development. In fruiting vegetables, even moderate HS reduces fruit set and yields, and high temperatures may result in poor fruit quality. In this review, we emphasize the effects of abiotic stress, especially at high temperatures, on crop plants, such as tomatoes, touching upon key processes determining plant growth and yield. Specifically, we investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in HS tolerance and the challenges of developing heat-tolerant tomato varieties. Finally, we discuss a strategy for effectively improving the heat tolerance of vegetable crops.
Assessing the impacts of climate change on agriculture and water systems via coupled human-hydrological modeling
Understanding the intricate relationship between farmers’ water usage and its hydrological effects is crucial for developing adaptable water policies. However, conducting such an analysis proves challenging due to the lack of appropriate modeling tools that comprehensively integrate water policies, water utilization, and hydrological processes. To address this challenge, this study introduces an innovative socio-hydrological framework to investigate the interplay between farmer actions and water resources. This framework integrates an agent-based model, which is based on the Value-Belief-Norm (VBN) theory, linked with a distributed hydrological model (SWAT-MODFLOW) to capture farmer behaviors. The modeling framework is applied to the Mahabad River Basin to assess water use and hydrological impacts. To assess the framework's ability, Nash–Sutcliffe (NS) efficiency and the coefficient of determination (R2) are computed for simulating runoff, while Mean Absolute Residual Error (MAE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) are computed for simulating groundwater head. Results demonstrate the acceptable performance of the proposed model, with NS = 0.61, R2 = 0.69, MAE = 1.16, and RMSE = 1.92. Moreover, this study integrates climate change data from the 6th IPCC report to evaluate the model's responsiveness to altering climate conditions. Findings suggest that farmers facing economic challenges tend to opt for high-profit crops to ameliorate their financial situation. So, without policy changes, climate change will reduce crop yield, farmer income, and water storage. Furthermore, the study evaluates enhancing irrigation efficiency and groundwater extraction restrictions to mitigate climate change effects. Enhancing irrigation efficiency annually conserves 38.39 MCM, boosts crop yields by 6 %, elevates farmer incomes, and encourages a shift toward low-water-consuming crops, contributing to regional groundwater sustainability. Overall, the results of this study can enhance our comprehension of the impact of human activities on hydrological cycles, offering valuable insights for water managers.
Quantifying the Health Benefits of Urban Climate Mitigation Actions: Current State of the Epidemiological Evidence and Application in Health Impact Assessments
While ambitious carbon reduction policies are needed to avoid dangerous levels of climate change, the costs of these policies can be balanced by wide ranging health benefits for local communities. Cities, responsible for ~70% of the world's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and home to a growing majority of the world's population, offer enormous opportunities for both climate action and health improvement. We aim to review the current state of knowledge on key pathways leading from carbon mitigation to human health benefits, and to evaluate our current ability to quantify health benefits for cities around the world. For example, because GHGs and air pollutants are both released during fuel combustion, reducing fuel burning can reduce both GHGs and air pollutants, leading to direct health benefits. Air quality improvements may be particularly important for city-scale climate action planning because the benefits occur locally and relatively immediately, compared with the global and long-term (typically, decades to centuries) benefits for the climate system. In addition to improved air quality, actions that promote active transport in cities via improved cycling and pedestrian infrastructure can reap large cardiovascular health benefits via increased physical activity. Exposure to green space has been associated with beneficial health outcomes in a growing number of epidemiological studies and meta-analyses conducted around the world. Finally, noise is an underappreciated environmental risk factor in cities which can be addressed through actions to reduce motor vehicle traffic and other noise sources. All of these environmental health pathways are supported by well-conducted epidemiological studies in multiple locales, providing quantitative exposure–response data that can be used as inputs to health impact assessments (HIAs). However, most epidemiologic evidence derives from studies in high-income countries. It is unclear to what extent such evidence is directly transferable for policies in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This gap calls for a future focus on building the evidence based in LMIC cities. Finally, the literature suggests that policies are likely to be most effective when they are developed by multidisciplinary teams that include policy makers, researchers, and representatives from affected communities.
Quantifying the Health Benefits of Urban Climate Mitigation Actions
The Effect of Co-occurring Heat and Water Stress on Reproductive Traits and Yield of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) productivity is negatively impacted by extreme weather events such as heatwaves, flooding and drought. This study evaluated the individual and additive effects of heat and water stress on reproductive traits and yield in the commercial tomato variety ‘Roma-VF’. Five weeks after sowing, five stress treatments were introduced consisting of combinations of heat and/or moderate and severe water stress. Heat-stressed plants were subjected to day/night temperatures of 35/23°C, and the control of 28/20°C. Moisture stress was imposed by natural depletion of soil water to 70% and 40% of field capacity (moderate and severe stress, respectively). After eight weeks of treatments, plants were placed under control conditions for a five-week recovery phase. Pollen morphology, number of flowers, fruits, and aerial biomass were recorded. Flowers from plants subjected to heat stress combined with either moderate or severe moisture stress did not produce any pollen during the treatment period. Further, by the end of the recovery period, 27–38% fewer fruits matured on plants subjected to either heat or moisture stress, while fruit production among plants subjected to both stresses simultaneously declined 90% relative to the control (P < 0.001). We conclude that the ‘Roma-VF’ tomato will be able to recover adequately from heatwaves provided plants are well irrigated. However, should heat and moisture stress co-occur, fruit yield is likely to be decimated and recovery is unlikely. This study is also the first report on additively combined effects of heat and water stress on the ‘Roma-VF’ tomato.
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in the service of biotechnology
Originating in the Andes, the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) was imported to Europe in the 16th century. At present, it is an important crop plant cultivated all over the world, and its production and consumption continue to increase. This popular vegetable is known as a major source of important nutrients including lycopene, β-carotene, flavonoids and vitamin C as well as hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. Since the discovery that lycopene has anti-oxidative, anti-cancer properties, interest in tomatoes has grown rapidly. The development of genetic engineering tools and plant biotechnology has opened great opportunities for engineering tomato plants. This review presents examples of successful tissue culture and genetically modified tomatoes which resistance to a range of environmental stresses improved, along with fruit quality. Additionally, a successful molecular farming model was established.
Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC)
Genomic variation in tomato, from wild ancestors to contemporary breeding accessions
Domestication modifies the genomic variation of species. Quantifying this variation provides insights into the domestication process, facilitates the management of resources used by breeders and germplasm centers, and enables the design of experiments to associate traits with genes. We described and analyzed the genetic diversity of 1,008 tomato accessions including Solanum lycopersicum var. lycopersicum (SLL), S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme (SLC), and S. pimpinellifolium (SP) that were genotyped using 7,720 SNPs. Additionally, we explored the allelic frequency of six loci affecting fruit weight and shape to infer patterns of selection.
Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence
Computer Science - Computation and Language
Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models
We explore how generating a chain of thought -- a series of intermediate reasoning steps -- significantly improves the ability of large language models to perform complex reasoning. In particular, we show how such reasoning abilities emerge naturally in sufficiently large language models via a simple method called chain of thought prompting, where a few chain of thought demonstrations are provided as exemplars in prompting. Experiments on three large language models show that chain of thought prompting improves performance on a range of arithmetic, commonsense, and symbolic reasoning tasks. The empirical gains can be striking. For instance, prompting a 540B-parameter language model with just eight chain of thought exemplars achieves state of the art accuracy on the GSM8K benchmark of math word problems, surpassing even finetuned GPT-3 with a verifier.
Least-to-Most Prompting Enables Complex Reasoning in Large Language Models
Chain-of-thought prompting has demonstrated remarkable performance on various natural language reasoning tasks. However, it tends to perform poorly on tasks which requires solving problems harder than the exemplars shown in the prompts. To overcome this challenge of easy-to-hard generalization, we propose a novel prompting strategy, least-to-most prompting. The key idea in this strategy is to break down a complex problem into a series of simpler subproblems and then solve them in sequence. Solving each subproblem is facilitated by the answers to previously solved subproblems. Our experimental results on tasks related to symbolic manipulation, compositional generalization, and math reasoning reveal that least-to-most prompting is capable of generalizing to more difficult problems than those seen in the prompts. A notable finding is that when the GPT-3 code-davinci-002 model is used with least-to-most prompting, it can solve the compositional generalization benchmark SCAN in any split (including length split) with an accuracy of at least 99% using just 14 exemplars, compared to only 16% accuracy with chain-of-thought prompting. This is particularly noteworthy because neural-symbolic models in the literature that specialize in solving SCAN are trained on the entire training set containing over 15,000 examples. We have included prompts for all the tasks in the Appendix.
Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Models
Chain-of-thought prompting combined with pre-trained large language models has achieved encouraging results on complex reasoning tasks. In this paper, we propose a new decoding strategy, self-consistency, to replace the naive greedy decoding used in chain-of-thought prompting. It first samples a diverse set of reasoning paths instead of only taking the greedy one, and then selects the most consistent answer by marginalizing out the sampled reasoning paths. Self-consistency leverages the intuition that a complex reasoning problem typically admits multiple different ways of thinking leading to its unique correct answer. Our extensive empirical evaluation shows that self-consistency boosts the performance of chain-of-thought prompting with a striking margin on a range of popular arithmetic and commonsense reasoning benchmarks, including GSM8K (+17.9%), SVAMP (+11.0%), AQuA (+12.2%), StrategyQA (+6.4%) and ARC-challenge (+3.9%).
Comment: Published at ICLR 2023. V2: added PaLM results; V3: added UL2 results; V4: camera ready version at ICLR 2023
Relationships between Tomato Cluster Growth Indices and Cumulative Environmental Factors during Greenhouse Cultivation
Growth characteristics of plants are mainly defined by genetic information and affected by environmental factors, such as air temperature, solar radiation, and humidity. There is a strong potential and demand to predict plant growth by environmental factors. Therefore, this study established mathematical models via multiple linear regression analysis (MLR) to describe the relationship between tomato cluster's growth indices and environmental factors in greenhouse cultivation. The Japanese tomato variety (Solanum lycopersicum L. Var. Culta. Momotarou Haruka) was cultivated in a hydroponic culture system using a porous solid medium from September 2019 to June 2020 in a glass greenhouse. The significant correlations among growth indices and environmental factors showed that the cumulative solar radiation (CSR) had a stronger effect on the number of flowers (NFl) rather than the cumulative heat unit (CHU) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Meanwhile, the number of fruits (NFr) relied much on VPD than CHU and CSR. Also, pollination condition was sensitive to VPD; NFr and enlargement of fruit cells during fruit maturation might be important factors in fruit-cluster weight (CWt). Mathematical models via MLR of cumulative environmental factors, such as CHU, CSR, and VPD could explain tomato cluster's growth indices, such as NFl, NFr, fruit perimeter (PFr), CWt, and duration of tomato clusters with the coefficient of determination (R2) ranging from 0.742 in the fruit maturation duration (FM) model to 0.953 in the PFr model. In MLR models, CHU was the most important factor in the duration of tomato clusters and PFr with the relative importance metrics (RIM) of ranging 29.47%–43.66%; CSR for NFl with RIM was 36.83%; and VPD for NFr and CWt with RIM were 37.37% and 29.37%, respectively. By MLR analysis, results showed the potential of using CHU, CSR, and VPD to describe and predict the growth indices of tomato clusters by mathematical models.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE INTEGRATION ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ROSES
A Review on Leaf Area Index of Horticulture Crops and Its Importance
Leaves represent the largest quantity of the total canopy surface and also the main surface for physiologically active interchange with the atmosphere. Processes like photosynthetic light absorption, carbon uptake and assimilation, transpiration of water and emission of volatile organic compounds are nearly exclusively performed via leaf surfaces, while processes like element deposition, interception of rain, evaporation and susceptibility to wind damage are in part also dependent on the surface area of woody canopy elements. Fruit production and quality depend on adequate source-sink relationships. Carbohydrates (CH) translocated from leaves or reserve organs are the most important for the growth and development of sink organs (mainly fruits). Leaf Area Index (LAI) measures the amount of leaf quantifiable in an ecosystem, which imposes important controls on photosynthesis, respiration, rain interception and other processes that link vegetation to environment.
Number: 4 Publisher: Excellent Publishers
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences
https://www.ijcmas.com/7-4-2018/Prabhugouda Patil, et al.pdf
SUSTAINABLE PROTECTED CULTIVATION AT A MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE. PERSPECTIVES AND CHALLENGES
DIRECTIONS IN MODELLING FRUIT GROWTH AND ORCHARD PROCESSES
MODELLING FRUIT SET, FRUIT GROWTH AND DRY MATTER PARTITIONING
A SIMULATION PEACH GROWTH MODEL AT THE SHOOT BEARING FRUIT LEVEL: FRUIT GROWTH VARIABILITY AND RESERVE KINETICS
A SIMULATION PEACH GROWTH MODEL AT THE SHOOT BEARING FRUIT LEVEL
Dry-matter partitioning in a tomato crop: Comparison of two simulation models
TOMSIM(l.O) and TOMGRO(I.O) are two dynamic models for tomato growth and development. Their sub-models for dry-matter distribution between leaves, stem and fruits were compared and discussed. In both models the simulated dry-matter distribution is regulated by the relative sink strengths of the plant organs. These sink strengths are quantified by the potential growth rates of individual organs, i.e. the growth rates under conditions of non-limiting assimilate supply. This approach is general and not limited to the tomato crop. In TOMGRO(J.O), fruits, leaves and internodes stay within age classes and move from class to class during development, whereas in TOMSIM (1.0), record is kept of every fruit truss separately but leaves and internodes are lumped together (i.e. no record of weight or leaf area per age class as in TOMGRO(l.O)). In TOMSIM(1.0), vegetative sink strength is a constant, whereas in TOMGRO(l.0) it is calculated from potential area expansion rate of leaves and specific leaf area. In both models, the ratio between leaf growth and stem growth is constant. In TOMGRO(l.O) there is a feed-back mechanism which controls the vegetative/generative balance: a higher demand/supply ratio for assimilates induces higher fruit abortion rates. In TOMSIM(l.O) the number of fruits set per truss is not simulated, but is an input to the model. TOM SIM (1.0) functions representing flowering rate, fruit growth period, vegetative sink strength and fruit sink strength were compared with similar TOMGRO(l.O) functions, in their dependence on temperature and physiological plant age. A sensitivity analysis was made for the effects of temperature, flowering rate, and fruit and vegetative sink strengths on dry-matter distribution for both models. A validation of both models was based upon periodic destructive harvests in: 1) a greenhouse experiment in Wageningen, using a round tomato cultivar, consisting of a control treatment and a treatment where every second truss was removed at anthesis, and 2) two greenhouse experiments conducted in Montfavet, using a beefsteak tomato cultivar. Daily shoot dry-weight increase, average 24 h greenhouse temperatures and numbers of fruits set per truss (in TOMGRO(l.O) numbers of flowers per truss) were inputs to the models. In general dry-matter distribution was simulated well by both models for the cultivar and conditions where they were developed. TOMGRO(1.0)'s poor performance in one of the validations resulted from the absence of an assimilate storage pool. To achieve reasonable agreement between measurements and simulations for situations other than where the models were developed, parameter adjustments had to be made, most likely reflecting cultivar differences. Strong and weak points of both models are discussed.
Dry-matter partitioning in a tomato crop
Number: 5 Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.1994.11516525
The decision support system for agrotechnology transfer (DSSAT) has been in use for the last 15 years by researchers worldwide. This package incorporates models of 16 different crops with software that facilitates the evaluation and application of the crop models for different purposes. Over the last few years, it has become increasingly difficult to maintain the DSSAT crop models, partly due to fact that there were different sets of computer code for different crops with little attention to software design at the level of crop models themselves. Thus, the DSSAT crop models have been re-designed and programmed to facilitate more efficient incorporation of new scientific advances, applications, documentation and maintenance. The basis for the new DSSAT cropping system model (CSM) design is a modular structure in which components separate along scientific discipline lines and are structured to allow easy replacement or addition of modules. It has one Soil module, a Crop Template module which can simulate different crops by defining species input files, an interface to add individual crop models if they have the same design and interface, a Weather module, and a module for dealing with competition for light and water among the soil, plants, and atmosphere. It is also designed for incorporation into various application packages, ranging from those that help researchers adapt and test the CSM to those that operate the DSSAT–CSM to simulate production over time and space for different purposes. In this paper, we describe this new DSSAT–CSM design as well as approaches used to model the primary scientific components (soil, crop, weather, and management). In addition, the paper describes data requirements and methods used for model evaluation. We provide an overview of the hundreds of published studies in which the DSSAT crop models have been used for various applications. The benefits of the new, re-designed DSSAT–CSM will provide considerable opportunities to its developers and others in the scientific community for greater cooperation in interdisciplinary research and in the application of knowledge to solve problems at field, farm, and higher levels.
Modelling Cropping Systems: Science, Software and Applications
Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing | Agricultural Science in Print and Online
About DSSAT The Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) is a windows-based software application program that comprises crop simulation models for over 45 crops (as of Version 4.8.5) as well as tools to facilitate effective use of the models. The tools include database management programs for soil, weather, crop management and experimental data, […]
Parameter estimation and verification of the DSSAT-CROPGRO-Tomato model under the condition of different amounts of straw returned to the field in the greenhouse.
Integrating the DSSAT cropping system model and regional climate models to optimize winter oilseed rape, tomato, and bell sweet pepper production in the Czech Republic
Integrated modelling of climate change impacts in the soil–plant–atmosphere system can improve agroecosystem resilience and resource use efficiency. For the research on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), bell sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum L.), and winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), the CSM-CROPGRO-Tomato, CSM-CROPGRO-Papper and CSM-CROPGRO-Canola models were used as an example for Central European environment, including the Czech Republic. Their outputs were validated using an extensive experimental field dataset with contrasting climates and soils. The CSM-CROPGRO-Canola model has tested the three-winter oilseed rape (WOSR) varieties from three experimental sites. To identify the most promising agronomic adaptation strategies for thermophilic vegetables (VEG) in open-field growing conditions, the ability of the CSM-CROPGRO-Tomato and CROPGRO-Papper models have been tested. To assess the risk of compound climate/weather events (CEs) for WOSR production and the most promised areas with technical ripening of fruit tomatoes and sweet peppers, the ensemble of the Regional Climate Models for 2001–2020, 2021–2040 and 2041–2060 have been used. We found that linking the CSM-CROPGRO system with an ensemble of climate models is a reliable tool for testing new varieties of WOSR and VEG and assessing their suitability for future climate change.
Discover this 2021 paper in International Journal of Bio-Resource & Stress Management by Shravika, L.; Sreenivas, G.; Madhavi, A.; et. al. focusing on: FRUIT yield; PLANTING; AGRICULTURAL policy; CULTIVARS; AGRICULTURAL research; TOMATOES; BIOMASS
Assessment of transplanting date influence on processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) production using the Cropping System Model (CSM)-CROPGRO-Tomato simulation model A case study for northeastern Italy
I talian processed tomato has a major dominance at the global level but few studies have been conducted using a cropping systems analysis approach for this crop.The objective of this research was to evaluate the Cropping System Model (CSM)-CROPGRO-Tomato of the DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer) software with experimental data obtained from field studies conducted in Legnaro, northeastern Italy in 2009 and 2010. The experiment encompassed four transplanting dates with ten-day intervals from 22nd March (TD1, 2, 3, and 4), and two processing tomato varieties (Augusto F1 (De Ruiter), and NPT 63 (S & G)) comparing mulched and non-mulched plots. A comparison of yield for the different transplanting dates showed that earlier transplanting increased yield for both varieties, there was a variation in yield between varieties in both years. Calibration of CSM-CROPGRO-Tomato model using non-mulched data of 2009 showed that index of agreement (d-Stat) between observations and model simulation for different parameters (total dry matter, fruits fresh and dry weight, vegetative dry matter, number of fruits, harvest index and leaf area index) using both varieties ranged from 0.562 to 0.964 at TD1, from 0.915 to 0.992 at TD2, from 0.566 to 0.990 at TD3, and from 0.733 to 0.998 at TD4. Values of d-Stat for model calibration were lower for leaf area index, which ranged from 0.511 to 0.924. Model calibration using TD1 gave acceptable simulation, whereas it was quite high with the other transplanting dates. CSM-CROPGRO-Tomato model could be used as a decision-making tool helping in regional short term plans.
Number: 4 Publisher: The National Information and Documentation Centre (NIDOC) affiliated to Academy of Scientific Research and Technology(ASRT)
Efecto de la tasa de evapotranspiración en área foliar, potencial hídrico y rendimiento de maíz forrajero
Number: 3 Publisher: Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias
Effect of evapotranspiration rate on leaf area, water potential and yield of forage corn
‘Soil conditions and plant growth’ - Passioura - 2002 - Plant, Cell & Environment - Wiley Online Library
Anales de Edafología y Agrobiología Tomo 23 | DIGITAL.CSIC
Anales de Edafología y Agrobiología Tomo 24 Número 11-12 | DIGITAL.CSIC
An overview of heat stress in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Heat stress has been defined as the rise of temperature for a period of time higher than a threshold level, thereby permanently affecting the plant growth and development. Day or night temperature is considered as the major limiting factor for plant growth. Earlier studies reported that night temperature is an important factor in the heat reaction of the plants. Tomato cultivars capable of setting viable fruits under night temperatures above 21 °C are considered as heat-tolerant cultivars. The development of breeding objectives is generally summarized in four points: (a) cultivars with higher yield, (b) disease resistant varieties in the 1970s, (c) long shelf-life in 1980s, and (d) nutritive and taste quality during 1990s. Some unique varieties like the dwarf “Micro-Tom”, and the first transgenic tomato (FlavrSavr) were developed through breeding; they were distributed late in the 1980s. High temperature significantly affects seed, pollen viability and root expansion. Researchers have employed different parameters to evaluate the tolerance to heat stress, including membrane thermo stability, floral characteristics (Stigma exertion and antheridia cone splitting), flower number, and fruit yield per plant. Reports on pollen viability and fruit set/plant under heat stress by comparing the pollen growth and tube development in heat-treated and non-heat-stressed conditions are available in literature. The electrical conductivity (EC) have been used to evaluate the tolerance of some tomato cultivars in vitro under heat stress conditions as an indication of cell damage due to electrolyte leakage; they classified the cultivars into three groups: (a) heat tolerant, (b) moderately heat tolerant, and (c) heat sensitive. It is important to determine the range in genetic diversity for heat tolerance in tomatoes. Heat stress experiments under field conditions offer breeders information to identify the potentially heat tolerant germplasm.
Effects of high temperature on tomato summer fruit quality
The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology
COMPORTAMIENTO DEL RENDIMIENTO AGRÍCOLA Y EL MANCHADO DEL GRANO EN DIFERENTES TECNOLOGÍAS DE SIEMBRA DEL ARROZ POPULAR. - PDF Free Download
Performance Evaluation of Mini Tractor Operated Rotary Weeder Cum Fertilizer Drill
Developed rotary weeder cum fertilizer drill was operated by the mini-tractor using threepoint linkage, it performs both the operations of intercultivation and fertilizer application at a time. Experiments were conducted in field by varying forward speed ranged 1.8-2.0 kmh-1, 2.5-2.7 kmh-1 and 3.0-3.2 km h-1. Calibration of the machine was conducted at laboratory condition and at field condition. A 42.67 % more fertilizer was dropped at field calibration on comparing with that of fertilizer dropped at laboratory calibration. The highest effective field capacity of developed machine was found out as 304×10-3 hah-1 at the forward speed of 3.0-3.2 km h-1. The highest field efficiency, highest weeding efficiency and lowest plant damage of developed machine were obtained at 1.8-2.0 km h1forward speed of operation. The highest field efficiency, highest weeding efficiency and lowest plant damage of developed machine obtained were 86 %, 91.23 % and 3.62 % respectively. The lowest fuel consumption of developed machine was obtained as 1.30 lh-1 at 1.8-2.0 km h-1 forward speed.
Venkat et al. - 2020 - Performance Evaluation of Mini Tractor Operated Ro.pdf
Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology
Performance Evaluation of Power Weeder in Sugarcane Crop
Weeding is an important and labour intensive agricultural operation and about 1/3rd of the cost of cultivation is accounted towards weed control operation alone. Any delay and negligence in weeding operation effects the crop yields up to 30-40%. Today the agricultural sector requires non-chemical weed control that safeguards consumers demand for high quality food products and pay special attention to food safety. The objectives of the study was to evaluate the performance of power weeder by evaluating the energy consumption and cost economics of power weeder in sugarcane crop. The evaluation was conducted at soil different moisture contents at 30,45 and 60 days after sowing (DAS) at different speeds of weeder. The bulk density decreased from 0.84 to 0.65 g cm-3 with increased soil moisture content from 7±1 to 12±1 per cent. The field capacity of power weeder varied from 0.0347 to 0.137 ha h-1 when operated with 3 forward speeds at 30, 45 and 60 DAS. The weeding efficiency of power weeder is in the range of 98.74 to 91.22% at 0.584 km h-1, 96.80 to 84.93% at 1.35 km h-1 and 94.67 to 73.72% at 4.153 km h-1. The minimum and maximum plant damage is observed at a forward speeds of 0.584 km h-1 and 4.153 km h-1. When operated at lower speeds the plant damage will be minimum whereas operating at high speeds will result in maximum plant damage. Field machine index of the weeder is observed as 0.83, 0.82 and 0.864 for 30, 45 and 60 DAS. The cost of weeding per hectare is calculated as Rs.3,878 ha-1 and Rs.8000 ha-1 for mechanical and traditional weeding, respectively. It can be started and operated by farmer or any unskilled labour with ease. Also working with power weeder in between the rows is easy with a very less maintenance cost.
Farmers' perceptions on mechanical weeders for rice production in sub-Saharan Africa
Performance of Weeder in Mechanically Transplanted Rice Cultivation
Field performance of low land weeder was evaluated in mechanically transplanted rice fieldat Bahirbagh and Provakordi representing the silty loam soil under Gopalganj district of Bangladesh during the non-irrigated wet season (Aman) 2016. Twenty-one-day-old seedlings were transplanted by walk behind type 4-rows mechanical rice transplanter (DP480) at a pre-set spacing of 300 × 170 mm. Randomized Complete Block (RCB) design with three replications was applied with weeding practices of BRRI weeder (BW) followed by (fb) one hand weeding (HW), BRRI power weeder (BPW) fb one HW, two HW, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl (PSE) fb one HW, weedy check, weed free and mulching fb two HW (farmers’ practice) in two locations. The common weed species were observed in experimental sites. Weeding efficiency (WE) of BPW and BW was 67 and 44, respectively. Field capacity of BPW and BW was obtained 0.07 and 0.03 ha hr-1, respectively. Operator’s skill influenced the performance of weeder. During operation, BPW damaged 14-15% tillers in both the locations. However, damaged plants were revived after few days. The labour requirement in BW fb one HW, BPW fb one HW, PSE fb one HW and two HW were 380, 362, 243 and 616 man-hr ha-1 respectively. Except weedy check, weed management practices showed identical grain yield in both the locations. The BCR was accounted in PSE fb one HW (1.35), BW fb one HW (1.21), BPW fb one HW (1.20) whereas the lowest BCR was observed in weedy (0.83) and two HW (1.00). It can be concluded that pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, BRRI power weeder followed by one hand weeding and BRRI weeder followed by one hand weeding appeared as the cost effective weed control methods in mechanically transplanted Aman rice production.
Islam et al. - 2019 - Performance of Weeder in Mechanically Transplanted.pdf
Farmers’ knowledge, use and preferences of parasitic weed management strategies in rain-fed rice production systems
Rain-fed rice production in sub-Saharan Africa is often hampered by parasitic weeds. This study assessed farmers’ awareness, use, preference and adoption criteria of parasitic weed management practices in rain-fed rice production environments in Tanzania. Surveys and workshops were organized in three affected rice growing areas in Morogoro-rural, Songea and Kyela district, supplemented with on-farm experiments in Kyela. In all districts, farmers were aware of the locally occurring parasitic weed species, Rhamphicarpa fistulosa (lowland) and Striga asiatica (upland), and they considered these weeds more problematic than non-parasitic weeds. Though they mostly practise hand weeding, farmers were aware of a wide range of control options. Local access, affordability, ease of implementation and control efficacy were considered important criteria for adoption, whereas trade-offs, like lack of preferred grain quality traits in resistant varieties, were mentioned as an important break on adoption. Based on informal discussions with farmers, altered sowing times, resistant rice varieties and soil amendments were marked as feasible control options and tested in a farmer-participatory manner in four years of experimentation in upland and lowland fields. In both types of fields, the contribution of soil amendment to parasitic weed suppression was not evident, but rice husk was marked as a suitable and cheap alternative to inorganic fertilizers. Control of R. fistulosa in lowlands was perceived to be best realized by early crop establishment, escaping major parasite damage due to the relatively slow early development of this weed species. The local variety Supa India, appreciated for its grain qualities and marketability, remained the preferred variety. For the control of S. asiatica, late planting was preferred, requiring a short-duration variety to minimize risk of drought stress during grain filling. The short-duration NERICA-10 was most preferred, as it combined a favourable short cycle length with resistance to S. asiatica and good grain appearance. Farmer participation in technology testing showed to be crucial in defining locally adapted and acceptable parasitic weed control strategies. Yet, it is argued that without lifting important constraints related to credit and input supply, it will be impossible to sustainably solve the parasitic weed problem in rain-fed rice.
Comparative assessment of newly designed burial type lowland power cultivator for weed control
Weeds are the major reason for the significant yield reduction in rice cultivation worldwide. Power weeders have been introduced to rice cultivation as an alternative solution for the controversial herbicide applications. The aim of this study was to appraise the newly designed burial type lowland power cultivator through a comparative performance assessment including cost economics. Five weeding methods using Cono-weeder (T1), Modified “Asakura” wooden clog (T2), Rotary power weeder (T3), Newly designed lowland power cultivator (T4) and manual weeding (T5 as the control) were evaluated. The T4 showed a significantly high field capacity of 0.04 ha/h, which is 8 times higher than T5, high field efficiency of 88.30% and weeding efficiency of 62.29% which was similar to the performance of T5. Significantly high performance indexes were observed in T2 and T4 (461.65) followed by T1 and T3. Plant damage percentage, maximum tiller number and the yield did not show any significant variation (p>0.05) among weed control methods assessed. Further, the T4 showed a significantly low cost of weeding of 6583 Rs/ha which was 76% of cost reduction of the T5, and moderately high break-even point of 0.88 ha/yr suggesting that it is appropriate for the medium and large scale farmers. Moreover, T4 showed low fuel consumption (0.556 L/h) and power requirement (0.57 kW) representing 48% and 42% respective reductions over the T3. Further, T4 showed the significant lowest weed re-growth rate which is essential for sustainable weed control. Based on the above results, newly designed burial type power cultivator could be recommended for medium and large scale paddy farming, since it showed high performance compared to other methods assessed. Machine performance could be further improved by high speed, light weight design with efficient turning mechanism. Besides, it is suggested to conduct detailed ergonomic evaluation in future investigations.
Valuation of Weed Control Methods by using Inter Row Rotary Weeder in Sugarcane Crop
Background: Weeds are one of major threats to crop yield and quality. Weeds compete with cane crop and reduce the yield significantly in a very short period. Planned use of all available farm resources leads to integrated control strategy. The current study aimed to study the use of inter row rotary weeder for integrated weeds management to control population dynamics of weeds in sugarcane crop. The objective of experiment is to find out economical, feasible and easy to use approach to minimize the weed density below the threshold level in sugarcane crop and to minimize the use of chemicals for weeds control to promote organic farming. Method: In this research experiment, at Sugarcane Research Institute, Faisalabad during 2017 and 2018, the treatment includes viz. Application od Click (atrazine and acetochlor) @ 3.75 Liter per hectare as Pre-emergence, Ametryn + Atrazine 80 W.P @ 2.50 kg per hectare as post-emergence, Machanical Inter-culture with Rotary weeder and cultivator plough and earthing up. These treatments in different combinations were compared with control. Results: The application of Pre-emergence weedicide Click (atrazine and acetochlor) @ 3.75 Liter per hectare + Inter culture with Rotary weeder 50 days after planting (DAP) + Inter culture with cultivator plough before earthing up (100 DAP) produced significantly higher cane yield of 105 t. ha-1 and highest net benefits per hectare of Rs. 156250/-. The lowest cane yield of 70 t. ha-1 was noted from the experimental units with Weedy check / control. If farmers use this approach, the use of post emergence weedicides will be minimized and will encourage organic farming with safe and healthy environment.
Weed Management in Direct-seeded Rice Systems
International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines
A system for agroinoculating rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV), one of the two viruses of the rice tungro disease complex, has been optimised. A nontumour‐inducing strain of Agrobacterium (pGV3850) was used in order to conform with biosafety regulations. Fourteen‐day‐old seedlings survived the mechanical damage of the technique and were still young enough to support virus replication. The level of the bacterial inoculum was important to obtain maximum infection, with a high inoculum level (0.5 × 10 12 cells/ml) resulting in up to 100% infection of a susceptible variety that was comparable with infection by insect transmission. Agroinoculation with RTBV was successful for all three rice cultivarss tested; TN1 (tungro susceptible), Balimau Putih (tungro tolerant), and IR26 (RTSV and vector resistant). Agroinoculation enables resistance to RTBV to be distinguished from resistance to the leafhopper vector of the virus, and should prove useful in screening rice germplasm, breeding materials, and transgenic rice lines.
Cruz et al. - 1999 - International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, .pdf
Agronomy - Free Full-Text - Gestión de las manos en semilla directa seca: una revisión de los desafíos y oportunidades para la producción de arroz sostenible
Resilience of Red Ferralitic soils in the karst regions of Mayabeque Province, Cuba
There is an ongoing global debate on soil degradation, its magnitude and agro-environmental impact, where long-term experimentation provides quantitative criteria for its capacity for restauration with rational use and management. In this context, research in the last 30 years has confirmed that the resilience of Red Ferralitic soils in the karst regions of western Cuba is a multifactorial process, conditioned not only by the intrinsic properties of the soil surface and use conditions but also dependent on geological–geomorphological and use conditions. This study determined the capacity of Red Ferralitic soils for blocking karst-erosion to be a period of 50 years in the San Jose de Las Lajas polje. They would recover, but depending on the amount of limestone impurities, it would take from 100 to 600 years. In any case, there are very few similar studies, not only because of the time necessary to achieve reliable results but also because in the case of karst ecosystems, they are subjected to constant disturbances impeding resilience research.
Number: 1 _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ldr.3192
A New GIS-Based Model for Karst Dolines Mapping Using LiDAR; Application of a Multidepth Threshold Approach in the Yucatan Karst, Mexico
Dolines are important features strongly influencing the outcomes of groundwater vulnerability maps, subsidence risk and land use studies. Their relationship with subsurface features like epikarst, stresses the importance of doline mapping for environmental and hydrological management strategies. Current methodologies to map dolines from elevation models apply morphometric attributes on depressions, including a depth threshold, to filter depressed areas and to define dolines. However, the use of a single threshold tends to overlook dolines located in already depressed areas. In this work a new geographic information systems (GIS)-based methodology is proposed to identify karst depressions within digital elevation models, applying a multidepth threshold approach. The method statistically classifies depression intervals to identify dolines at variable depths. The method was tested in the Yucatan karst, displaying a final accuracy of 63% after testing different parameters. The results are affected by false positives due to the impossibility of verifying by imagery 190 possible dolines in areas of dense vegetation. Nevertheless, out of 655 estimated dolines, 464 match those located by imagery giving sensitivity and precision values of 85% and 71%, respectively. Comparing this methodology against single threshold outcomes, improvement is evident in doline mapping. Notwithstanding, its application and performance with lower and higher resolution elevation models must be investigated.
Number: 10 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Suelos Y Karst, Origen De Inundaciones Y Hundimientos En Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México
El Caribe mexicano y sus principales ciudades tienen la tasa de crecimiento de la población más alta de México. Este objetivo de trabajo fue analizar el crecimiento de la ciudad de Chetumal y las características geopedológicas en las que se ha desarrollado, identificar riesgos potenciales y mejorar así los programas de desarrollo. La metodología consistió en el estudio de las características geopedológicas y el análisis de los cambios de uso del suelo en la ciudad a lo largo del tiempo. Los principales problemas de Chetumal son las inundaciones y el hundimiento. Las inundaciones son más comunes en áreas donde los suelos de Gleysols se encuentran en áreas bajas. El hundimiento se asocia a Leptosols con un manto frute de una profundidad poco profunda donde las precipitaciones favorecen la disolución de la roca. La extrapolación de las relaciones entre las condiciones geopedológicas y el área ocupada por la ciudad, nos permite suponer que las áreas que el actual Programa de Desarrollo Urbano propone para la futura expansión de la ciudad desarrollarán los mismos problemas de hundimiento e inundación que las áreas ya construidas en sitios con condiciones similares.
Copyright (c) 2018 European Scientific Journal, ESJ
Análisis morfométrico de la cuenca hidrográfica del río Ayuquila, Jalisco-México
La descripción de las características morfométricas de la cuenca hidrográfica del río Ayuquila, aporta información base para la planificación estratégica del manejo de recursos naturales así como para la realización de estudios hidrológicos a escala espacial. El trabajo emplea los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) como herramienta base que permite el análisis de la cartografía digital oficial, conformando imágenes de la red de corrientes, hipsometría y pendientes, y manipulación de imágenes digitales. La cuenca se distribuye en 21 municipios y una superficie de 3,642.43 km2, se conforma por 24 cuencas tributarias, drenaje dendrítico y 10,288 corrientes superficiales. Basado en 35 parámetros morfométricos se estimaron modelos de correlación, identificando la mayor dependencia en el tiempo de concentración con respecto a la longitud de la cuenca (R2 = 0.91) y la proporción de elongación en relación al área de la cuenca (R2 = 0.83).
Copyright (c) 2019 GeoFocus. Revista Internacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Información Geográfica
GeoFocus. International Review of Geographical Information Science and Technology
Estimation of Saturated Soil Paste Salinity From Soil-Water Extracts
Es esencial estimar la salinidad del suelo con un método eficaz y fácil de usar. Muchos laboratorios determinan la salinidad del suelo mediante una medición de la conductividad eléctrica (CE) con extractos de agua del suelo 1:2.5 o 1:5 (EC 1:2.5, EC 1:5) porque es un procedimiento más sencillo que el extracto de pasta saturado estándar (EC e). Dado que las interpretaciones de la tolerancia y la rehabilitación de los cultivos de salinidad se basan en valores derivados de la CE e, es necesario convertir EC 1:2.5 o EC 1:5 en CE e para evaluar las actividades de gestión de las centrales y de los planes. Los objetivos de este estudio eran desarrollar y validar modelos para predecir la CE e a partir de CE 1:2.5 y EC 1:5 para los importantes suelos agrícolas en el norte de Egipto y para probar la transferibilidad de estos y modelos similares desarrollados de otros suelos. Se recogieron ciento veintiséis muestras de suelo, de las cuales 105 se utilizaron para desarrollar modelos, y 21 se utilizaron para validar los modelos. Se prepararon y analizaron pastas saturadas y extractos de agua del suelo para la CE. Se desarrollaron modelos de regresión lineal para los dos métodos. Los resultados demostraron que la CE e estaba muy correlacionada (R 2 - 0,92, P - 0,001) con EC 1:2.5 y EC 1:5. Un conjunto independiente de validación de 21 muestras mostró que las laderas de las retrocesionas entre las previsiones de la CE ey las 1:5mediciones EC 1:5, y las mediciones directas de la CE las mediciones directas CE de 1,0, lo que sugiere que los modelos desarrollados pueden evaluar de manera fiable la salinidad en los suelos utilizando la EC o CE en lugar de la extracción de pasta saturada más cara y que consume mucho tiempo.
El karst de Yucatán: su origen, morfología y biología
Export of nutrients to the sea in a karstic basin in the west of Cuba
Few studies relate soil water erosion and associated nutrient losses in flat karst landscapes to marine waters. This is due to the complexity of these peculiar ecosystems, given their scarce distribution in the world (20%) and the low erosion rates. Adding that in Cuba these marine waters, where these soils discharge are oligotrophic with a strong historical reduction of their nutrients as a result anthropic-engineering causes; therefore, these are one of their main sources of nutrients. The present research constitutes an approximation of the influence of soil erosion on La Teresa basin, a karstic environment where there are practically no permanent surface streams, to the marine platform of the Batabanó Gulf. The influence of soil erosion and its associated nutrients (0.064 kg ha−1 yr−1 (2.3 t) of P, 1 kg ha−1 yr−1 (35 t) of N) on marine waters coincides with the oligotrophication effect suffered by the island's water bodies reported by Baisre (Biogeochemistry 79:91–108, 2006) and Baisre and Arboleya (Fish Res 81:283–292, 2006) as a result of the damming by agricultural programs.
Progress of the karstic-erosive processes of soils in San José de las Lajas polje.
Gale OneFile includes Progress of the karstic-erosive processes of soils in S by José Manuel Febles-González, José Migue. Click to explore.
Publisher: Editorial Universitaria de la Republica de Cuba
A review of the (Revised) Universal Soil Loss Equation ((R)USLE): with a view to increasing its global applicability and improving soil loss estimates
Soil erosion is a major problem around the world because of its effects on soil productivity, nutrient loss, siltation in water bodies, and degradation of water quality. By understanding the driving forces behind soil erosion, we can more easily identify erosion-prone areas within a landscape to address the problem strategically. Soil erosion models have been used to assist in this task. One of the most commonly used soil erosion models is the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and its family of models: the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation version 2 (RUSLE2), and the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE). This paper reviews the different sub-factors of USLE and RUSLE, and analyses how different studies around the world have adapted the equations to local conditions. We compiled these studies and equations to serve as a reference for other researchers working with (R)USLE and related approaches. Within each sub-factor section, the strengths and limitations of the different equations are discussed, and guidance is given as to which equations may be most appropriate for particular climate types, spatial resolution, and temporal scale. We investigate some of the limitations of existing (R)USLE formulations, such as uncertainty issues given the simple empirical nature of the model and many of its sub-components; uncertainty issues around data availability; and its inability to account for soil loss from gully erosion, mass wasting events, or predicting potential sediment yields to streams. Recommendations on how to overcome some of the uncertainties associated with the model are given. Several key future directions to refine it are outlined: e.g. incorporating soil loss from other types of soil erosion, estimating soil loss at sub-annual temporal scales, and compiling consistent units for the future literature to reduce confusion and errors caused by mismatching units. The potential of combining (R)USLE with the Compound Topographic Index (CTI) and sediment delivery ratio (SDR) to account for gully erosion and sediment yield to streams respectively is discussed. Overall, the aim of this paper is to review the (R)USLE and its sub-factors, and to elucidate the caveats, limitations, and recommendations for future applications of these soil erosion models. We hope these recommendations will help researchers more robustly apply (R)USLE in a range of geoclimatic regions with varying data availability, and modelling different land cover scenarios at finer spatial and temporal scales (e.g. at the field scale with different cropping options).
A review of the (Revised) Universal Soil Loss Equation ((R)USLE)
Predicting the impact of land-use changes on soil erosion rates in the three small sub-catchments of Larona Catchment
This study aims to predict the amount of soil erosion in the three sub-catchments of Larona Catchment, which are Larona, Balambano, and Karebbe sub-catchments. The USLE method is used to predict soil erosion rates in 2009 and 2015 by using rainfall data of 13 rainfall stations, soil maps, DEM data for generating LS factors, Landsat 8 Imageries, and land use maps create CP factors. Four thematic maps (R, K, LS, and CP) were overlaid and clustered using ArcGIS 10.4. The results show that soil erosion rates in the period of 6 years have changed in the three sub-catchments. The erosion rate in Larona and Karebbe sub-catchment slightly increased from 43,092 tons to 50,982 and 155,005 tons to 224,757 tons, respectively, from 2009 to 2015. In the Balambano sub-catchment, the value of erosion rate increased dramatically during the period. Total erosion this sub-catchment in 2015 became 5 to 7 times of the total erosion in 2009. The change of land use caused the increased sediment yields in the three cascade-reservoirs in Larona Catchment and land cover, mostly the result of increasing agricultural activities and not due to mining development.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
Technosols in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources – history and definitions
The World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) is an international soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. The currently valid version is the update 2015 of its third edition. WRB has two levels: first and second. The first level comprises 32 Reference Soil Groups (RSGs), identified using a Key. At the second level, the soil names are constructed by adding a set of qualifiers to the name of the RSG. In the WRB, diagnostic horizons, properties and materials are defined. Diagnostic materials are materials that significantly influence soil-forming processes. Diagnostic properties and horizons have a combination of attributes that mostly reflect results of soil-forming processes. The RSG Technosols was introduced in the second edition of the WRB in 2006. In the current version of the WRB, two diagnostic materials are defined for Technosols: artefacts and technic hard material. Artefacts are substances that are created or substantially modified by humans or brought to the surface from a depth, where they were not influenced by surface processes. The technic hard material is a (relatively) continuous consolidated material resulting from an industrial process. The Technosols are at the third place in the Key after Histosols and Anthrosols. A soil is a Technosol if it has technic hard material within 5 cm or a geomembrane or a significant amount of artefacts within 100 cm. If a soil has no technic hard material and no geomembrane but a layer with artefacts that has undergone enough soil formation to develop a diagnostic horizon typical for advanced pedogenesis, the soil is excluded from the Technosols. There are specific qualifiers to further characterise the Technosols. They are also important to characterise soils other than Technosols that have artefacts or technic hard material. Human-transported natural soil material does not qualify as Technosol.
Number: 2 Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2018.1432973
MORPHOMETRY OF KARST DEPRESSIONS AT DETAILED SCALE: EL CEDRAL, COZUMEL – MEXICO
Antecedentes. El estudio morfológico del relieve permite una clasificación adecuada de la forma y estructura del relieve kárstico desarrollado con el tiempo. Hoy en día, hay una clasificación del relieve kárstico que diferencia las unidades de acuerdo a la dimensión de su eje X, Y, en 3 categorías principales: poljes, uvala y doline (índice de compactitud). Objetivo. Analizar y clasificar las depresiones kársticas de la zona conocida como El Cedral, ubicada en la isla de Cozumel, México, como una alternativa para entender la evolución del relieve insular del Caribe. Metodología. El relieve kárstico fue analizado a partir de la construcción de un Modelo de Elevación Digital (DEM) obtenido de la construcción de un mosaico de datos de detección de luz y de gama (LiDAR), derivado del método de interpolación del vecino más cercano aplicado a una nube de puntos generados de la LAS. Este modelo tiene una resolución de datos de 5 m para la X, ejes Y y 0,50 cm para el eje z; 45 cenotes fueron georreferenciados de la base de datos de campo y se identificaron otras 190 depresiones a través de la teledetección, tomando como criterio una profundidad mínima de 1m; además, los perfiles longitudinales fueron generados por datos de altitud interpolizado a través del eje X de la depresión, y el perfil longitudinal fue visualizado e interpretado, que se ditubió manualmente en 232 depresiones. Resultados. Así, se presenta una tipología de las depresiones, basada en la morfología del perfil en el plan (en las formas "V", "U" y " LI", la profundidad y el gradiente de las laderas. Los principales resultados son: El eje mayor oscila de 31 a 434 m, con un promedio de 106 m; la profundidad máxima es de 10,75 m y la mínima es de 1,45 m, siendo el promedio 7,60 m; En la configuración, se reconoce que el 56% corresponde a depresiones del tipo V, 27% de tipo U y 17% a perfiles de tipo caja; estos últimos presentan abajo en contacto con el manto foso y 70% con procesos de inundación permanente. Implicaciones. Los análisis geomorfológicos de este tipo aplicados a lugares de bajo contraste de altitud son escasos, muchos aplicados a mayor escala, adaptándose a las entradas disponibles. La clasificación más cercana a este tipo de estudios, a partir de los perfiles, se hace en valles, donde la escala es mayor y el contraste de altitud es mucho mayor. Conclusiones. La distribución de estas depresiones es de carácter radial, que destaca el proceso de disolución asociado a la estructura geológica original.
MORPHOMETRY OF KARST DEPRESSIONS AT DETAILED SCALE
Copyright (c) 2021 Oscar Frausto - Marti­nez, José Francisco Rodríguez Castillo, orlando Colín Olivares
Cambio climático y la gestión de la adaptación | Revista Cubana de Administración Pública y Empresarial
Mayabeque: atlas agrícola de una provincia cubana | ISBN 978-959-7251-26-2 - Libro
Coordinador: Angelina Herrera Sorzano, Materia: Atlas geográficos, ISBN: 978-959-7251-26-2
Evaluacion del Medio Ambiente Cubano - GEO Cuba
La Evaluación del medio ambiente cubano GEO Cuba 2007 es el resultado de un proceso de consultas con organismos e instituciones gubernamentales y no gubernamentales del país. La obra en sus seis capítulos recoge las principales tendencias sociales, económicas y ambientales de los últimos siete años. Asimismo, pretende relacionar las dimensiones humanas con los cambios que se han producido, así como las oportunidades que el medio ambiente proporciona para el bienestar humano. Ofrece también una perspectiva del futuro, y de las opciones políticas para solucionar los problemas actuales y emergentes.
Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas e Información
5. Panorama Ambiental - Buscar con Google
Programa Nacional de Establecimiento de Metas para la Neutralidad en la Degradación de la Tierra Informe Final de la República de Cuba
INFORME FINAL DE LA REPÚBLICA DE CUBA.pdf
Karst modelling challenge 1: Results of hydrological modelling
The complexity of karst groundwater flow modelling is reflected by the amount of simulation approaches. The goal of the Karst Modelling Challenge (KMC) is comparing different approaches on one single system using the same data set. Thirteen teams with different computational models for simulating discharge variations at karst springs have applied their respective models on one single data set coming from the Milandre Karst Hydrogeological System (MKHS). The approaches include neural networks, reservoir models, semi-distributed models and fully distributed groundwater models. Four and a half years of hourly or daily meteorological input and hourly discharge data were provided for model calibration. The validation comprised forecasting one year of discharge, without the observed discharge data. The model performance was evaluated using the volume conservation, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and the Kling-Gupta efficiency (KGE) applied on the total discharge and individual flow components. As a result, the comparison of model performances is a challenging task due to the differences in the model architecture but also required time steps: some of the models require aggregated daily steps while others could be run using hourly data, which provided some interesting differences depending on how the data was transformed. The use of instantaneous data (e.g. value at noon) produces less bias that averaging hourly data over one day. The transformation of hourly into daily data produces a decrease of Nash and KGE of 0.05 to 0.08 (i.e. from 1 to ~0.93). The resulting simulations (forecasted values for year 2016) produced KGEs ranging between 0.83 and 0.37 (0.83 to −0.24 for NSE). Although the simulations matched the monitored flows reasonably well, most models struggled to simulate baseflow conditions accurately. In general, the models that performed the best for this exercise were the global ones (Gardenia and Varkarst), with a limited number of parameters, which can be calibrated using automatic calibration procedures. The neural network models also showed a fair potential, with one providing reasonable results despite the relatively short dataset available for warming-up (4.5 years). Semi-and fully distributed models also suggested that with some more effort they could perform well. The accuracy of model predictions does not seem to increase by using models with more than 9–12 calibration parameters. An evaluation of the relative errors between the forecasted and the observed values revealed that for most models, 50% of the forecasted values contained more than 50% of difference against the observed discharge rate, with 25% having a difference larger than 100%. A significant part of the poorly forecasted values corresponded to base-flow which was surprising given that as base-flow is generally much easier to predict than peak flow. Hence, this shows that modelling approaches and criteria for the calibration are too oriented towards peak-flow sections of the hydrographs, and that improvements could be gained by more focus on the base-flow.
Conocimientos y saberes sobre el karst tropical de México
Cálculo automatizado de la profundidad de depresiones kársticas a escala detallada. | Asociación Mexicana de Estudios sobre el Karst
La “Asociación Mexicana de Estudios sobre el Karst A.C. (AMEK)”, celebra el tercer aniversario correspondiente a su tercera reunión anual, lo que es motivo de celebración, pues, como se sabe, ocho de cada 10 emprendimientos fracasan al segundo año. Esta celebración está acompañada de la publicación del primer libro de la AMEK que lleva por título “Conocimientos y saberes sobre el karst tropical de México” promovido por el Dr. Oscar Frausto Martínez. El mundo, y en este caso el karst, necesita de gente que haga que las cosas sucedan, y el Dr. Frausto es una de esas. Aprovecharemos para hacer un homenaje al geógrafo y cartógrafo Dr. Thomas Joseph Ihl por sus contribuciones al conocimiento del karst de la península de Yucatán. Vivir en el karst no es como vivir en zonas volcánicas ni en zonas fluviales, ni de montañas con rocas metamórficas. El vivir en el karst con objetivos de sustentabilidad y de seguridad, requiere en primera instancia, estar consciente de que el ambiente kárstico funciona de manera muy diferente a otros. La solubilidad de la roca, la formación de dolinas, úvalas y poljes son un riesgo ante el que hay que tomar precauciones. La presencia de acuíferos someros requiere un tipo de agricultura muy particular, de bajos insumos en agroquímicos, para no contaminarlos y después beberlos. El estudio y manejo de la biodiversidad requiere el conocimiento de la gran diversidad y heterogeneidad de suelos a cortas distancias. Son muchos los aspectos en los que el karst es singular. Para vivir en el karst, se requiere un amplio conocimiento, y es por esto, por lo que este libro y la AMEK son necesarios para el país. Disfrútenlo. Dr. Francisco Bautista Zúñiga Presidente de la Asociación Mexicana de Estudios sobre Karst A. C.
Capítulo 3: Cálculo automatizado de la profundidad de depresiones kársticas a escala detallada. | Asociación Mexicana de Estudios sobre el Karst
Bebeshito MIX -Temas más populares 2024-2025 💥🔥🔥#repartocubano 👌Full HD
La salud mental de las personas jóvenes en España
Herramientas prácticas para incorporar una perspectiva de género en la evaluación
Metodología de evaluación de género para internet y TIC: una herramienta para el cambio y el empoderamiento
GEM es una herramienta creada por el programa de mujeres de APC para integrar el análisis de género a evaluaciones de iniciativas que usan tecnologías de información y comunicación (TIC) para el cambio social. Puede descargarse en español, inglés, francés y portugués.
Metodología de evaluación de género para internet y TIC
Validación del instrumento para medir actitudes hacia la Igualdad de género en estudiantes universitarios en Perú
Publisher: Los autores permiten el uso libre de sus publicaciones bajo la norma CC-BY
Escuela Internacional de Doctorado. Programa de Educación. Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, España
Construcción de una escala sobre igualdadde género percibida en la escuela
The estimation with standardized tests on the teachers' belief about the current situation of gender equality in the classrooms is of interest to establish predictions about the real practice of sexist behaviors in schools. The objective of this work was to validate a scale to know, from the subjective assessment of the teachers, the behaviors present in the school that act as transmitters of sexist content in the hidden curriculum. For the construction of this instrument, an initial review was carried out by 11 experts. Then, a pilot study, in which 221 teachers from educational centers in the Community of Madrid participated, were conducted. The reliability and validity of the scale was examined. The results showed that the internal consistency of the instrument generated a Cronbach's α value higher than .84. The factor analysis showed five factors that explained 54.5% of the variance. The psychometric properties of the scale were adequate to measure teachers' perception of behaviors that transmit sexist content at school. Thus, a future line of research is opened to detect beliefs by means of this instrument, and to correct sexist behaviors in educational centers.
Revista de Psicología y Educación - Journal of Psychology and Education
Diseño y validación de un instrumento para medir el conocimiento sobre identidad de género y orientación sexual en estudiantes chilenos de educación superior
Knowledge of gender identity and sexual orientation is essential to build more inclusive, equitable and respectful societies, where each person can live authentically without facing discrimination or stigmatization. The research focused on designing and validating an instrument to measure knowledge of gender identity and sexual orientation in Chilean higher education students. For this task, rigorous criteria were followed in the design and validation process: theoretical review, expert judgment, cognitive interview, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The instrument was administered to a convenience sample of 401 students belonging to a higher education institution located in the Biobío region, Chile. The results revealed a latent structure with adequate fit to the data, composed of 15 items underlying the variables of gender identity and sexual orientation. Reliability was established at an Omega coefficient of .87 and a Cronbach's alpha of .86, indicating satisfactory internal consistency. The instrument is a tool that seeks to promote inclusion, equity and understanding, by identifying areas of ignorance or misunderstandings that could contribute to discriminatory attitudes or unintentional exclusions in the context of higher education. It also provides information for the design of future educational programs that promote inclusion, equity, and understanding. El conocimiento hacia la identidad de género y la orientación sexual es esencial para construir sociedades más inclusivas, equitativas y respetuosas, donde cada persona pueda vivir auténticamente sin enfrentar discriminación o estigmatización. La investigación se enfocó en diseñar y validar un instrumento para medir el conocimiento hacia la identidad de género y la orientación sexual en estudiantes chilenos de educación superior. Para este cometido, se siguieron criterios rigurosos en el proceso de diseño y validación: revisión teórica, juicio de expertos, entrevista cognitiva y análisis factoriales exploratorio y confirmatorio. El instrumento se administró a una muestra por conveniencia de 401 estudiantes pertenecientes a una institución de educación superior ubicada en la región del Biobío, Chile. Los resultados revelaron una estructura latente con adecuado ajuste para los datos, compuesta por 15 ítems que subyacen a las variables de identidad de género y orientación sexual. La fiabilidad se estableció en un coeficiente Omega de .87 y un alfa de Cronbach de .86, indicando una consistencia interna satisfactoria. El instrumento es una herramienta que busca promover la inclusión, la equidad y la comprensión, al identificar áreas de desconocimiento o malentendidos que podrían contribuir a actitudes discriminatorias o exclusiones involuntarias en el contexto de la educación superior. Asimismo, proporciona información para el diseño de futuros programas educativos que promuevan la aceptación de las diferencias.
Publisher: Asociacion Interuniversitaria de Investigacion Pedagógica (AIDIPE) Section: Revista de investigación educativa, RIE
Knowledge of gender identity and sexual orientation is essential to build more inclusive, equitable and respectful societies, where each person can live authentically without facing discrimination or stigmatization. The research focused on designing and validating an instrument to measure knowledge of gender identity and sexual orientation in Chilean higher education students. For this task, rigorous criteria were followed in the design and validation process: theoretical review, expert judgment, cognitive interview, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The instrument was administered to a convenience sample of 401 students belonging to a higher education institution located in the Biobío region, Chile. The results revealed a latent structure with adequate fit to the data, composed of 15 items underlying the variables of gender identity and sexual orientation. Reliability was established at an Omega coefficient of .87 and a Cronbach's alpha of .86, indicating satisfactory internal consistency. The instrument is a tool that seeks to promote inclusion, equity and understanding, by identifying areas of ignorance or misunderstandings that could contribute to discriminatory attitudes or unintentional exclusions in the context of higher education. It also provides information for the design of future educational programs that promote inclusion, equity, and understanding.
Derechos de autor 2024 Revista de Investigación Educativa
ESTRATEGIA DE EQUIDAD DE GÉNERO EN EL ENTORNO UNIVERSITARIO
Universidad y feminización: la experiencia cubana
A lo largo de los últimos sesenta años la educación superior cubana ha mostrado variaciones importantes de su matrícula general dependiendo de las políticas ...
EPISTEMOLOGÍA METODOLOGÍA Y REPRESENTACIONES SOCIALES
¿Feminización de las ciencias o distribución sexuada? Una mirada desde el enfoque de género al sesgo actual en las carreras de ciencias exactas y naturales en cuba
El presente trabajo se propone analizar el sesgo de género en la educación superior cubana, manifiesto en la limitada presencia femenina en las carreras de ciencias exactas y tecnológicas. Dichos espacios han sido copados históricamente por los hombres, lo que contrasta con la feminización que exhiben las ciencias sociales y naturales. La estrategia metodológica se centra en ofrecer herramientas para analizar desde una perspectiva socio-histórica el tema en cuestión. No pretendemos examinar en profundidad las diversas expresiones de la exclusión que se abren desde él. Desde el enfoque de género, analizamos el modo en que la sexualidad tiende a incidir en las representaciones sociales de los individuos en determinadas ramas del conocimiento, que luego se traducirá en la selección de especialidades a estudiar. Privilegiamos el análisis de las estadísticas, tomando como fuente los Prontuarios del MES; éstos llegan hasta el 2011 e ilustran con cifras claras el modo en que se manifiesta nuestro objeto de estudio.
¿Feminización de las ciencias o distribución sexuada?
Copyright (c) 2021 Yeniset Núñez Manzanares
Anales de la Academia de Ciencias de Cuba
La feminización cultural de las prácticas educativas: etnografías de la popularización de la ciencia y de la tecnología en dos países del Sur
La feminización cultural de las prácticas educativas
This research paper explores experiences with the popularization of science and technology from an ethnographic perspective. It argues that they become culturally feminized –rather than only demographically– in their educational mise-en-scene and that it occurs in a similar manner in two southern countries, India and Colombia. The ﬁrst experience is an example of hands on science models and the second, refers to fun science models. The article closes by proposing some connections between these experiences, aiming at providing an understanding as to how the educational staging of the popularization of science and technology reinforces a central dichotomy between what is considered androcentric and feminized.
La feminización de la Educación Infantil. Un estudio de caso de estudiantes varones en la Universidad de Málaga
The aim of this article is to investigate some of the historical, social and educational issues that have been contributing the feminization phenomenon in the Pre-Elementary Education Bachelor’s Degree. From a qualitative and interpretative paradigm and from in-depth interviews and discussion groups, we approach the school, social, family and university experience of seven male students enrolled in the PreElementary Education Bachelor’s degree at the University of Malaga during the following periods: t 2015/16, 2016/17 and 2018/19. Based on individual, collective and focus group interviews, we approach their own personal, social and educational experiences, which are linked to the choice and training in this professional itinerary. The students’ stories reveal (1) social, educational and family discourses that reduce the profession of Early Childhood Education teachers and that link it both explicitly and implicitly with the female gender and with feminized educational functions; (2) stereotyped and limiting training trajectories in terms of gender, and, (3) feminized and feminizing discourses and actions of positive discrimination on the part of university teachers that have generated discomfort among male students. Knowing how this process has developed and in what situations these discourses and actions are manifested is essential to deploy social and educational actions that counteract it and that transform the vision and discourses that society in general and the educational community in particular have about the male teachers of Early Childhood Education. El objeto de estudio del presente artículo es investigar algunas de las cuestiones históricas, sociales y educativas que han contribuido y contribuyen a la feminización del Grado de Educación Infantil. Desde un paradigma cualitativo e interpretativo y a partir de entrevistas en profundidad y grupos de discusión nos acercamos a la experiencia escolar, social, familiar y universitaria de siete alumnos varones matriculados en el grado de Educación Infantil en la Universidad de Málaga durante los cursos escolares 2015/16, 2016/17 y 2018/19. A partir de entrevistas individuales, colectivas y grupos focales nos acercamos a sus respectivas experiencias personales, sociales y formativas y que se vinculan con la elección y formación en este itinerario profesional. Los relatos del alumnado nos muestran (1) discursos sociales, educativos y familiares que reducen la profesión del profesorado de Educación Infantil y que la vinculan tanto de un modo explícito como implícito con el género femenino y con funciones educativas feminizadas; (2) trayectorias formativas estereotipadas y limitantes en cuestión de género, y, (3) discursos feminizados y feminizantes y acciones de discriminación positiva por parte del profesorado universitario que han generado malestar entre los alumnos varones. Conocer como se ha desarrollado este proceso y en qué situaciones se manifiestan estos discursos y acciones es fundamental para desplegar actuaciones sociales y educativas que lo contrarresten y que transformen la visión y los discursos que la sociedad en general y la comunidad educativa en particular tienen sobre los maestros varones de Educación Infantil.
Publisher: Red Estatal de Docencia Universitaria Section: REDU: Revista de Docencia Universitaria
PRÁCTICAS DE GÉNERO EN ADOLESCENTES: UN ANÁLISIS EN EL CONTEXTO FAMILIAR Y ESCOLAR
Informe - Dimensiones de género_July2022.pdf
¿Familiarización o feminización de la intervención social en infancia? Problematizando los riesgos de re-producción de la división sexual del trabajo en los procesos de intervención
In the field of social intervention in childhood, it could be assumed that the children and youth would hold centrality as subjects of protection and rights, however, there appears to be a strong emphasis on the configuration of families as the main subjects of these processes. This could be associated with the category of familiarization (Esping-Andersen, 2000; Llobet, 2008; Danani, 2009; Villalta, 2021; Chiora, 2022), while policies and interventions require families to assume the main responsibility for the well-being of their members. But the emphasis on individual-family empowerment is restricted to working with a responsible adult, who is almost always a female figure. This female is expected to take charge and take responsibility for the intervention process on behalf of the “family,” which raises the question of how policies and intervention in childhood are shaping discourses and practices that sustain the sexual division of labor. En el campo de la intervención social en infancia se podría asumir que la centralidad la tendrían las niñeces y juventudes, en tanto sujetos de protección y derechos. Sin embargo, existe un fuerte énfasis en la configuración de las familias como los principales sujetos de estos procesos. Esto se puede asociar a la categoría de familiarización (Esping-Andersen, 2000; Llobet, 2008; Danani, 2009; Villalta, 2021; Chiora, 2022), ya que desde las políticas e intervenciones se exige que las familias asuman la principal responsabilidad del bienestar de sus integrantes. Pero ese énfasis en la habilitación individual-familiar se restringe al trabajo con un adulto responsable, quien por lo general suele ser una figura femenina. Esta se hará cargo y responsabilizará del proceso de intervención en representación de la “familia”, con lo que comienza a ser pertinente problematizar ¿en qué sentido las propias políticas y la intervención en infancia van configurando discursos y prácticas que sostienen la división sexual del trabajo? No campo da intervenção social na infância, poderia assumir-se que as infâncias e juventudes teriam a centralidade, enquanto sujeitos de proteção e direitos. No entanto, existe uma forte ênfase na configuração das famílias como os principais sujeitos desses processos. Isto pode ser associado à categoria de familiarização (Esping-Andersen, 2000; Llobet, 2008; Danani, 2009; Villalta, 2021; Chiora, 2022), uma vez que, a partir das políticas e intervenções, exige-se que as famílias assumam a principal responsabilidade do bem-estar de seus integrantes. Porém, essa ênfase na habilitação individual-familiar está restrita ao trabalho com um adulto responsável, que costuma ser, em geral, uma figura feminina. Essa figura assumirá e se responsabilizará pelo processo de intervenção em representação da “família”, com o que começa a ser pertinente problematizar em que sentido as próprias políticas e a intervenção na infância vão configurando discursos e práticas que sustentam a divisão sexual do trabalho.
¿Familiarización o feminización de la intervención social en infancia?
Publisher: Ediciones Universidad Católica Silva Henríquez Section: Perspectivas: revista de trabajo social
Necesidades de aprendizaje en adolescentes sobre violencia de género
A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in adolescents of the IPU Mártires de Girón with the objective of determining learning needs about gender violence in the period from January to June 2019. The study universe was represented by 86 adolescents belonging to 3 Classrooms that voluntarily accepted to belong to the study, divided into two strata, the first from 14 to 16 years and the second from 17 to 19 years. The sample consisted of 68 students taking into account the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A questionnaire was applied that consisted of general data and 5 questions to know the level of knowledge that adolescents had on the different issues related to gender violence. It was concluded that knowledge about gender violence was insufficient, predominantly male sex and ages 14 to 16 years demonstrating learning needs on the subject.
Resumen A lo largo de los últimos sesenta años la educación superior cubana ha mostrado variaciones importantes de su matrícula general dependiendo de las políticas de acceso puestas en vigor en diferentes momentos. Sin embargo, hasta el curso 2006-2007 se mantuvo un incremento sostenido de la proporción de mujeres en las aulas universitarias, lo que dio lugar a igual comportamiento del índice de paridad de género, aunque a partir del mencionado año académico se invirtió la tendencia del indicador hasta alcanzar un valor mínimo en el 2014-2015. El trabajo realiza una revisión analítica de datos de matrícula, tanto totales como desagregados por ramas del conocimiento, con el propósito de identificar las causas que determinaron la disminución de la feminización de la matrícula universitaria entre los cursos 2006-2007 y 2014-2015, así como su recuperación en los cursos posteriores. Se concluye que tales variaciones en el acceso de las mujeres se explican esencialmente a partir de cambios que tuvieron lugar en las políticas de ingreso desde finales de la primera década del 2000. El estudio también aborda la diferenciación por sexo de las carreras universitarias, donde se aprecia claramente una menor incorporación de las mujeres en los programas de estudio relacionados con las Ciencias, Tecnologías, Ingenierías y Matemática (CTIM), a pesar de su reconocida importancia en la necesaria diversificación de profesiones y empleos directamente relacionados con el desarrollo económico y social. Adicionalmente se proponen tareas de investigación para continuar profundizando en estas problemáticas.
Publisher: Faculdade de Educação da Universidade de São Paulo
Influencia de la violencia intrafamiliar en el rendimiento académico de adolescentes
Efectos de la desigualdad de género en la educación de las niñas y adolescentes | UNICEF
Efectos de la desigualdad de género en la educación
FEMINIZACIÓN DE LA ENSEÑANZA: UN ANÁLISIS DESDE LA IMAGEN PÚBLICA PROYECTADA EN REDES SOCIALES
The feminisation of teaching is not a new issue. Historically, women have been conceived as subjects who, by their very nature linked to the maternal instinct, offer an exclusive ability to care for and look after children. In this sense, the public projection of a role that has always been associated with women is one of the causes of this process. Nowadays, the media are part of the culture and intervene in the reproduction of this culture, playing an important role in the construction of the social imaginary of the profession. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyse the public image projected on social networks about the teaching profession, by collecting and subsequently analysing a total of 100 publications that present information about the traits, iconography and language used to represent the profession on these networks.
Socialización escolar: Procesos, experiencias y trayectos
Convergencia con Europa y cambio en la universidad: XI Conferencia de Sociología de la Educación : Santander, 22, 23, y 24 de septiembre de 2006 [i.e. 2005], 2006, ISBN 84-96147-77-0, págs. 127-128
Feminización y modelos de autoridad y control: La organización escolar en la etapa infantil. Una aproximación etnográfica en el entorno de la Comunidad de Madrid
Feminización y modelos de autoridad y control
Section: Convergencia con Europa y cambio en la universidad: XI Conferencia de Sociología de la Educación : Santander, 22, 23, y 24 de septiembre de 2006 [i.e. 2005]
Convergencia con Europa y cambio en la universidad: XI Conferencia de Sociología de la Educación : Santander, 22, 23, y 24 de septiembre de 2006 [i.e. 2005]
Construcción social de la juventud y el papel percibido de los medios desde la perspectiva de los jóvenes
Publisher: Universidad de Costa Rica. Facultad de ciencias sociales. Instituto de investigaciones psicológicas
Representaciones Sociales de Identidad de Género en Adolescentes y Jóvenes de Latinoamérica
La construcción cultural de la sexualidad en adolescentes
Talking about sexuality requires a vision focused on the analysis´ perspective of culture as a creator of sexual behaviors and expressions. It depends less on biology and more on the construction of meanings during the whole life, even more in adolescence, when our social and sexual identity is formed. Nowadays our young people build their own sexual scripts from the dominant speeches among the different social agents, and create a different way of interpreting reality: the beginning of couple relationships, sex, the usage of the new technologies of information, and the appearance of new expressions of sexuality in couples, are demonstrations of a changing reality that has to be studied. The deep interview can be used as a method to approach to these cultural constructions of our teenagers, and can also answer all the questions that try to understand how these new scripts are characterized.
Representaciones sociales de la identidad y los roles de género en adolescentes de una escuela secundaria de México
La identidad y los roles de género son de los aspectos más complejos e importantes de la sexualidad, pues definen la forma en la que las personas piensan, si...
Interiorización de patrones culturales de género
La interiorización de los estereotipos de género en jóvenes y adolescentes
This study is a contribution within the line of investigation Gender and Education developed by the Group of Investigation, Evaluation and Educative Technology of the University of Seville integrated in the Andalusian Plan of R+D+I (Research + Development + Innovation). The purpose of this article is to identify the internalization of cultural patterns of gender (stereotyping gender) in the teenagers (14 - 18 years old) who attend secondary lessons. Methodologically it is solved by means of a descriptive study. Our sample includes 25 secondary training school of Seville and 455 students, (48.2% male and 51.8% female). The obtained results indicate a high internalization of cultural patterns of gender (stereotyping gender) in the teenagers. From these results, proposals of pedagogical intervention are derived to work the equality of gender in the school.
The role of gender in the manifestation of mental health in adolescents: A Systematic Review
Background: Literature extensively discusses gender differences in the manifestation of mental disorders in adolescents. Gender socialization causes them to respond differently to various stressors: girls tending towards internalizing behaviors, and boys towards externalizing behaviors. Method: PRISMA methodology is used in the current systematic review to further investigate these relationships through articles published in the last 5 years in 3 databases: Web of Science, Scopus and PsycINFO. Results: Within the 15 studies included, it is found that, in all the populations evaluated, girls tended to experience depression and anxiety, while boys used substance abuse and peer victimization. The relationships between gender conformity and adolescent mental health were contradictory, however, androgyny emerged as a protective factor.
Algunas consideraciones sobre comunicación, género y prevención del embarazo adolescente
Revista Cubana de Higiene y Epidemiología
Género, adolescencia y psicoanálisis: el impacto de las relaciones de género sobre la salud mental de adolescentes en la ciudad de São Paulo
Hay múltiples factores determinantes de la salud mental del adolescente en cualquier momento. Cuantos más sean los factores de riesgo a los que estén expuestos los adolescentes, mayor serán las posibles repercusiones en su salud mental.
Violencia de pareja y salud mental en la adolescencia y juventud: un análisis diferencial en función del género
The objective of this study is to analyse dating violence in the adolescence and young adulthood studying if the gender and being student or non-student are a differentiating factor. The study is cross-sectional and the sample consisted of 96 women and 95 men aged between 15 and 27 years old. No differences were found in function of gender or in function of being a student or a non-student in perpetrating violence, but male students reported more victimization in physical violence than girls and non-student male reported more psychological violence that non-student female. In men, suffering from sexual and psychological violence is related to depressive symptoms and a lower life satisfaction; furthermore, physical violence is related to depression, and psychological violence and control is related to a lower self-esteem. In women physical violence victimization and threats are related to social dysfunction and depressive symptoms, and physical violence is related to a lower self-esteem. In men dating control is related to social dysfunction and physical and psychological violence perpetration is related to a lower self-esteem. In women psychological, physical and control violence perpetration is related to depressive symptoms and a lower self-esteem.
Salud mental y género: estereotipos y prejuicios
Explora la compleja relación entre género y salud mental, analizando cómo los estereotipos y prejuicios impactan en el bienestar emocional.
¿Por qué la adolescencia es un factor de riesgo para la salud mental?
Ser joven suele ser un factor positivo al hablar de salud, pero esta perspectiva se modifica significativamente cuando se centra la atención en la salud mental
Un índice sobre la relación entre salud mental y género en adolescentes
El índice parte de una idea de salud mental y de género no binaria, que profundice en qué significa ser hombre, qué significa ser mujer y qué es la salud mentalEl género condiciona las formas de expresar sufrimiento, pero también las formas de buscar ayudaLa edad y un estatus socioeconómico bajo tienen un impacto negativo en el bienestar emocional de las mujeres jóvenes
Diferencias de género en adolescentes de 14 a 19 años en Área de Salud Federico Capdevila
Publisher: 1999, Editorial Ciencias Médicas
Revista Cubana de Medicina General Integral
Entender y apoyar la identidad de género en la adolescencia es un factor para la prevención de adicciones - servicio pad
La adolescencia es una etapa de la vida compleja, donde se deja atrás la infancia y se continúa desarrollándose hasta alcanzar la edad adulta, son unos años complejos, que coinciden con el esfuerzo que requiere la Enseñanza Secundaria o FP, y donde se demanda una creciente autonomía e intimidad. Quizá lo más evidente en la
https://serviciopad.es/entender-y-apoyar-la-identidad-de-genero-en-la-adolescencia-es-un-factor-para-la-prevencion-de-adicciones/, https://serviciopad.es/entender-y-apoyar-la-identidad-de-genero-en-la-adolescencia-es-un-factor-para-la-prevencion-de-adicciones/
Feminismo y juventud en las sociedades formalmente igualitarias | Concejo Educativo – Movimiento de Renovación Pedagógica de Castilla y León
ADOLESCENCIASEMA | Sociedad Española de Medicina de la Adolescencia
Autor: José Luis Iglesias Diz. A lo largo de la historia el “constructo” del género se impuso como una forma de socialización “normal”, El macho/ hombre-masculino-heterosexual y la Hembra/mujer-femenino-heterosexual , los que entraban en este esquema serían normales y los que no entraban en esa categoría serían patologizados como aberrantes. El género solo se concibe […]
FEMINIZACIÓN DE LA VOZ Y ADOLESCENCIA: las sesiones de voz con las chicas prepúberes y adolescentes
Vídeos de la Mariela Astudillo Ramírez con explicaciones detalladas sobre FEMINIZACIÓN DE LA VOZ Y ADOLESCENCIA: las sesiones de voz con las chicas prepúberes y adolescentes
Feminismo y juventud. La importancia de su adhesión en los espacios de incidencia social
Derechos de autor 2018 Universidad Nacional Autonòma de Mèxico
Eusko Ikaskuntza = Sociedad de Estudios Vascos
Gizarte aurrerapen iraunkorrerako berrikuntza = Innovación para el progreso social sostenible
Aplicaciones de la modelación matemática y la simulación de cultivos agrícolas en Cuba
Uso de Machine Learning para estimar la producción de cultivos frutales: análisis de tendencias y agenda de investigación
La estimación precisa de la producción de cultivos frutales es crucial para mejorar la planificación agrícola, optimizando la cosecha, el almacenamiento y la distribución, y, en última instancia, gestionando de manera más eficiente la cadena de suministro agrícola. Este estudio presenta una revisión sistemática sobre el uso de métodos de inteligencia artificial (IA) y machine learning (ML) en la estimación de la producción de cultivos frutales. Aplicando la metodología PRISMA, se identificaron 266 documentos en las bases de datos Scopus y Web of Science, de los cuales se analizaron 21 tras aplicar criterios de inclusión y exclusión. La investigación examina qué cultivos frutales utilizan técnicas de machine learning para la estimación de producción y qué técnicas muestran el mejor desempeño en la estimación o conteo de cultivos. Se identificaron tendencias emergentes, como la integración de variables climáticas, el uso de imágenes multiespectrales y la implementación de sistemas en tiempo real. Se propone una agenda de investigación para abordar las lagunas existentes, enfocándose en el desarrollo de soluciones ligeras y escalables para su implementación práctica en la agricultura.
Uso de Machine Learning para estimar la producción de cultivos frutales
Accepted: 2024-09-23T20:27:44Z Publisher: Universidad Señor de Sipán
Agricultura 4.0: uso de tecnologías de precisión y aplicación para pequeños productores
The concept of agriculture 4.0 has emerged as an evolution of precision agriculture (PA) through the spread of the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine learning data analytics, which have been applied throughout the value chain of the agricultural sector. However, the challenges facing agriculture today go far beyond merely technological ones. Achieving the Zero-Hunger goal by 2030 will require the use of Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) applications, essential for the primary sector to become a driver of economic and sustainable development. This article presents the concept of agriculture 4.0, the contexts of use, its technologies, their application in the agricultural sector, and the benefits to present the trends in the use of technologies at a global level. For this, English-language papers published in the last 5 years were considered, considering both review articles and research ones. Internet of Things, data analytics, artificial intelligence, and cloud computing, among others, have been identified as the most studied technologies in both agricultural systems. The range of opportunities opens to continue reviewing innovations that are specific to the regions and their communities.El concepto de agricultura 4.0 ha emergido como una evolución de la agricultura de precisión (AP) a través de la difusión del Internet de las cosas (IoT), la analítica de datos, y el machine learning, que han sido aplicados en toda la cadena de valor del sector agropecuario. Sin embargo, los desafíos que enfrenta la agricultura hoy en día van mucho más allá de los meramente tecnológicos. El logro de la meta Hambre Cero de aquí a 2030 exigirá que se utilicen aplicaciones de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (CTI), primordiales para que el sector primario se convierta en impulsor del desarrollo económico y sostenible. En el presente artículo se presenta el concepto de agricultura 4.0, los contextos particulares de su uso, así como sus beneficios y principales tecnologías aplicadas en el sector, con el fin de evidenciar las tendencias de uso a nivel global. Para ello, se tomaron en cuenta artículos en idioma inglés, publicados en los últimos 5 años, tanto de revisión como de investigación. El Internet de las cosas, la analítica de datos, la inteligencia artificial y la computación en la nube, entre otras, han sido identificadas como las tecnologías más estudiadas en sistemas agrícolas. Se abre un abanico de oportunidades para seguir revisando innovaciones que sean específicas para las regiones y sus comunidades
La evolución de la agricultura de precisión
La agricultura está sufriendo un profundo cambio por la aplicación de nuevas tecnologías que están cambiando el paradigma de la producción agrícola, con el uso de diferentes herramientas que conforman la agricultura digital y la agricultura de precisión. El productor actual ha de estar abierto al uso de estos nuevos instrumentos, que le permitirán modernizar su explotación y reducir costes.
Publisher: E.T.S. de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas (UPM)
El modelo de lenguaje basado en inteligencia artificial sensible - ChatGPT: Análisis bibliométrico y posibles usos en la agricultura y pecuaria
El modelo de lenguaje basado en inteligencia artificial sensible - ChatGPT
Publisher: Universidad Nacional de Trujillo. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias
INTELIGENCIA ARTIFICIAL APLICADA A LA AGRICULTURA
This paper presents an overview of the use of Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture.
Melgar - 2020 - INTELIGENCIA ARTIFICIAL APLICADA A LA AGRICULTURA.pdf
Implementación de técnicas de machine learning para la predicción de variables meteorológicas y del suelo que afectan la agricultura
Desarrollo de ground truth dataset con análisis de datos fenotípicos y su aplicación en agricultura e investigación
Aplicación del Machine Learning en agricultura de precisión
This article proposes a Machine Learning model to predict the state of the harvest from information on the consumption of pesticides and other crop variables. A machine learning methodology is followed, which consists of four steps. At first, a stage of preprocessing and analysis of information, and separation of training, test, and validation data. The final stages include the selection of models and evaluation of hyperparameters of the model from a metric. For this, five classification models are proposed, and the accuracy score is taken as a metric for evaluation. As a result, the hyperparameters for every model are obtained, and the best-performing model is selected.
RESPUESTA AGRONÓMICA DE DOS VARIEDADES DE MAÍZ BLANCO (Zeas mays, L.) A LA APLICACIÓN DE QUITOMAX, AZOFERT Y ECOMIC
La aplicación de biofertilizantes y bioestimulantes a los cultivos constituye una estrategia priorizada para mejorar y preservar las condiciones físicas, químicas y biológicas de los suelos, elevar el potencial agroproductivo y sustituir importaciones. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue el de determinar la respuesta agronómica de dos variedades de maíz blanco (var. Chuco y Cariaco) a la aplicación de tres productos bioactivos. El experimento se desarrolló del 1 de abril al 26 de julio del 2016, utilizando un diseño experimental de bloque al azar con tres réplicas y cuatro tratamientos para cada variedad [T1: (semillas asperjadas con H2O), T2: (semillas embebidas en una solución de QuitoMax), T3: (Semillas tratadas con Azofert) y T4: (semillas peletizadas con una pasta formada por Ecomic y agua)]. Se realizó un análisis de varianza de clasificación doble. En los casos en que los indicadores mostraron diferencias estadísticas significativas, se utilizó la prueba de Comparación Múltiple de Medias por Duncan, para un nivel de significación del 5%. Los tres productos bioactivos superaron al tratamiento control en los indicadores del componente del rendimiento, alcanzando los máximos resultados mediante el tratamiento con Quito- Max, obteniéndose rendimientos de 2.84 y 3.2 (t.ha-1) en las variedades Chuco y Cariaco respectivamente.
Torres-Rodríguez et al. - 2018 - RESPUESTA AGRONÓMICA DE DOS VARIEDADES DE MAÍZ BLA.pdf
Cuba: Instituto Nacional Ciencias Agrícolas
Informe Final del megaproyecto “Manejo conjunto e impacto de biofertilizantes micorrízicos y otros bioproductos en la producción agrícola de diferentes cultivos”
Uso de micorriza y abonos orgánicos en el cultivo de maíz
Efecto de micorrizas nativas y fósforo en los rendimientos del maíz en Guárico, Venezuela
En suelos de sabana del estado Guárico – Venezuela, se evaluó la eficiencia de cuatro especies de hongos formadores de micorrizas nativa y su mezcla: Scutellospora pellucida, Scutellospora calospora, Glomus leptotichum y Acaulospora mellea en la toma de N y P, y su efecto en los rendimientos del cultivo de maíz hibrido HIMECA 3005 con 4 dosis de P (0, 27, 54 y 80 kg ha-1 de P2O5). Se sembró a 0,9 m entre hileras y 0,4 m entre plantas, la cuantificación del P y N foliar se hizo muestreando la hoja opuesta a la mazorca, por los métodos de Murphy – Riley y destilación con Kjeldalh; los redimientos se evaluaron en los tres surcos centrales de cada parcela. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques al azar con arregló factorial. Encontrándose que las dosis de P y los morfotipos evaluados influyeron en la toma de N y P, siendo 54 kg ha-1 de P2O5 y la mezcla de inóculos los de mejor eficiencia para la toma de N; mientras que la dosis de 54 kg ha-1 de P2O5 más Scutellospora pellucida para la toma de P. Se concluyó que estos inóculos pueden disminuir la aplicacion de P en un 25% e incrementar los rendimientos del maíz hasta en un 100% (de 2 a 4 t ha-1) con base en la producción de la zona.
Efecto de micorrizas nativas y fósforo en los rendimientos del maíz en Guárico, Venezuela | Temas Agrarios
Influencia de la inoculación micorrízica en los abonos verdes. Efecto sobre el cultivo principal. Estudio de caso: el maíz
ISBN: 0258-5936 Publisher: Ediciones INCA
Respuesta de la Canavalia ensiformis a la inoculación micorrízica con Glomus cubense (cepa INCAM-4), su efecto de permanencia en el cultivo del maíz
Diferencias en la respuesta del maíz (Zea mays L.) a la inoculación con Glomus cubense (Y. Rodr. & Dalpé) y con un conglomerado de especies de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA)
Aplicación combinada de quitosano y HMA en el rendimiento de maíz
Two experiments were carried out in field conditions, with the objective of evaluating the QuitoMax® and EcoMic® biostimulants, alone and in combination, in the yield of two varieties of corn (Zea mays L.), during the years 2015 and 2016. In both Experiments, the biostimulants were applied by imbibition of grains in QuitoMax® solutions, which were then pelletized with EcoMic®, prior to sowing and, subsequently, the plants were sprinkled in the leaf area with QuitoMax®. In the first experiment, the different combinations of the bioproducts stimulated the majority of the yield components of corn, Creole variety. In the second, the treatment of the grains with QuitoMax® and EcoMic® stimulated the diameter of the ear, the number of rows of grains and the agricultural yield of the P 7928 variety, together with the foliar sprinkling of QuitoMax® in the crop. In the Creole variety, the treatment of the grains prior to sowing with QuitoMax® and EcoMic® followed by the foliar spray of QuitoMax®, increased the yield with respect to the pelletized control with EcoMic® by 62 %, while in the P 7928 variety, both the treatments of each product alone and their combinations, increased the yield with respect to the untreated control between 15 and 22 %. In general, corn yield increased significantly with the use of biostimulants, which suggests that application in the field of EcoMic® and QuitoMax®, alone and in combination, is a recommended option to increase crop yields, depending on variety.
Derechos de autor 2020 Cultivos Tropicales
El sector vitivinícola frente al desafío del cambio climático
Desafíos del regadío español frente al cambio climático y consecuencias para el viñedo
Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Technical Summary
The Working Group I (WGI) contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) assess the physical science basis of climate change. As part of that contribution, this Technical Summary (TS) is designed to bridge between the comprehensive assessment of the WGI Chapters and its Summary for Policymakers (SPM). It is primarily built from the Executive Summaries of the individual chapters and atlas and provides a synthesis of key findings based on multiple lines of evidence (e.g., analyses of observations, models, paleoclimate information and understanding of physical, chemical and biological processes and components of the climate system). All the findings and figures here are supported by and traceable to the underlying chapters, with relevant chapter sections indicated in curly brackets.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change AR6
37.° período de sesiones de la Conferencia Regional de la FAO para América Latina y el Caribe
Los países Miembros de la FAO aprobaron por unanimidad el Marco Estratégico 2022-2031 de la FAO, que llama a respaldar la Agenda 2030 mediante la trasformaci...
Modeling Planting-Date Effects on Intermediate-Maturing Maize in Contrasting Environments in the Nigerian Savanna: An Application of DSSAT Model
The Crop Environment Resource Synthesis (CERES)-Maize model in Decision Support System for Agricultural Technology Transfer (DSSAT) was calibrated and evaluated with experimental data for simulation of response of two intermediate-maturing maize varieties to different sowing dates in the Nigerian savannas. The calibration experiments involved 14 consecutive field trials conducted in the rainy and dry seasons in Bayero University Kano (BUK), Dambatta, and Zaria between 2014–2019. Two sets of field experiments were conducted simultaneously for model evaluation in Iburu in the southern Guinea savanna zone and Zaria in the northern Guinea savanna zone during 2015 and 2016 cropping seasons. The experiments for calibration had two maize (SAMMAZ-15 and SAMMAZ-16) varieties planted under optimum conditions with no water and nutrients stresses. The trials for model evaluation were conducted using the same varieties under four different nitrogen (N) rates (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha−1). A 30-year (1985–2014) term simulation was performed to determine effect of varying sowing dates on yields of two maize varieties (SAMMAZ-15 and SAMMAZ-16) in the Sudan savanna (SS), northern Guinea savanna (NGS), and southern Guinea savanna (SGS) zones. The calibration results showed that the cultivar coefficients of the two maize varieties resulted in simulated growth and development parameters that were in good agreement with observed parameters. Model evaluation showed a good agreement between simulated and observed data for phenology and growth of maize. This demonstrated the potential of the CERES-Maize model to simulate growth and yield of maize in the Nigeria savannas. Results of 30-year sensitivity analysis with 9 different sowing windows showed that in SS, sowing the intermediate maize varieties from early to mid-June produced the highest grain yields. In NGS, the optimum sowing windows were found between late June and late July for the both varieties. In SGS, the optimum sowing window is from early June to late July for SAMMAZ-15 and mid-June to late July for SAMMAZ-16. These planting windows gave the highest long-term average yields for each variety. The variety SAMMAZ-15 was found to be best performing across the three agro-ecologies. Maize performance was generally higher in NGS than in SGS. SS in the Sudan savanna recorded the lowest yield compared with other locations.
Modeling Planting-Date Effects on Intermediate-Maturing Maize in Contrasting Environments in the Nigerian Savanna
Exploring management strategies to improve maize yield and nitrogen use efficiency in northeast China using the DNDC and DSSAT models
Process-based models are valuable tools for simulating crop production, estimating agronomic efficiency and developing optimum management practices to achieve sustainable agriculture. However, a comparison of the DeNitrification-DeComposition (DNDC) and Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) models has not been previously used to optimize management practices for spring maize in northeast China. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of the DSSAT and DNDC models in simulating maize growth and soil C & N dynamics and analyse their weaknesses and strengths based on a 7-year spring maize study in northeast China; and to explore the optimal management practices for improving maize production and nitrogen use efficiency under 20-year climate variability. Both DNDC and DSSAT exhibited “good” to “excellent” performance in simulating maize yield, above-ground biomass and plant N uptake for ecological intensification with N fertilizer (EI-N) and farmers’ practice with N fertilizer (FP-N) treatments based on percent bias (PBIAS) of −10.5–4.2%, a normalized root mean squared error (nRMSE) of 7.5–17.2%, a Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.17–0.77 and a d index of agreement (d) of 0.81–0.94. Both models showed “fair” to “good” performance in the same simulation for EI without N fertilizer (EI-N0) and FP without N fertilizer (FP-N0) treatments, but the maize yield simulation was better for the DSSAT model. In addition, the two models provided “fair” performance for N-fertilized treatments to “poor” performance for N-unfertilized treatments in simulations of soil organic carbon (0–0.20 m) and mineral N (0–0.30 m), but the simulations were better for the DNDC model. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the optimum yield and agronomic efficiency were achieved at a planting date of late April to early May, a fertilizer N application rate of 180–210 kg N ha−1 with two timing splits in the DNDC and DSSAT model and a planting density of 7 seeds m−2 in the DSSAT model. This study suggests that comparing the management scenarios of multiple dynamic models is more beneficial to develop best management practices for improving crop production and fertilizer use efficiency.
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
Agronomy | Free Full-Text | Modeling Planting-Date Effects on Intermediate-Maturing Maize in Contrasting Environments in the Nigerian Savanna: An Application of DSSAT Model
Decision support system for agrotechnology transfer: DSSAT v3 | SpringerLink
Data for model operation, calibration, and evaluation | SpringerLink
Adecuación de un modelo de simulación de cultivo para la predicción del crecimiento y producción del arroz en el sur de La Habana
This paper presents the results of fitting simulation model STICS, previous validated for maize and beans, for growth prediction of rice under different management conditions in south of Havana. It was used and processed the experimental field information for define the climatic and soil input files and for the output files with the data of the two important crop functions: leaf area index and dray matter production. The optimization of crop file parameters was done using the experimental information of winter or dray season and the optimization module of STICS model that uses as optimization criteria the minimum of mean square error. The validation of this crop file parameters was done using data of another season cold and dry season. As a result of this work it was adjusted a new crop file for rice (STICS-Rice), that resume the general characteristics of rice crop and particularities of crop growth faces of the studied variety (J-104). However for complete validation of the model with respect to prediction of irrigation management strategies in this crop, it is necessary due field observations of variables related to water storage in the root zone and plant water consume and this will be understood in the continuity of the investigation and validation work.
Seijas et al. - 2010 - Adecuación de un modelo de simulación de cultivo p.pdf
Informe de la Cuarta Reunión de la Conferencia Regional sobre Desarrollo Social de América Latina y el Caribe
Informe del Taller sobre Modelación para la Evaluación Regional de Cambio Climático y Agricultura en Latinoamérica y el Caribe (LAC)
Este reporte presenta las actividades y contenido del Taller Sobre la Modelación para la Evaluación Regional de Cambio Climático y la Agricultura para Latinoamérica y el Caribe (LAC), realizado en Manizales, Colombia, del 28 de septiembre al 2 de octubre del 2015. El taller fue co-organizado por el Centro Común de Investigación (JRC, por sus siglas en inglés) de la Comisión Europea (CE), el Proyecto de Mejoramiento e Inter- comparación de Modelos para la Agricultura (AgMIP), y el Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) a través de su programa de Cambio Climático, Agricultura y Seguridad Alimentaria (CCAFS). El taller estuvo compuesto de dos partes: cuatro días de sesiones científico-técnicas y un día con una sesión de dialogo ciencia-política. La parte científico-técnica tuvo como objetivo el desarrollar las bases científicas y tecnológicas para estudios específicos enfocados en evaluaciones de impacto de cambio climático e identificación de estrategias de adaptación. En este componente, el JRC organizó sesiones dirigidas a usuarios y diseñadores de modelos biofísicos de cultivos para difundir el uso, adaptación y aplicación de modelos incluidos en la plataforma BioMA; y AgMIP organizo sesiones específicas sobre los protocolos para la integración de herramientas de modelaje tanto de cultivos, climáticas, y económicas dirigidas a expertos técnicos y científicos en estas disciplinas. La sesión de dialogo ciencia-política, en el último día del evento, tuvo como objetivo principal de mejorar el entendimiento entre los tomadores de decisiones y actores de la política pública y los científicos que trabajan en el desarrollo y aplicación de herramientas científicas para investigar los impactos del cambio climático en la agricultura y que pueden contribuir a la formulación de opciones políticas para la adaptación. Esta sesión conto con un panel de discusión compuesto por miembros representantes del Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural del Colombia, el presidente del Consejo de Secretarios de Agricultura de Colombia, representantes de los Ministerios de otros dos países y representantes de tres centros de Investigación. Los principales resultados del componente técnico-científico del taller son: • 80 participantes de 15 países de la región participaron en las sesiones de entrenamiento sobre herramientas de modelaje y/o a protocolos de investigación en base de modelación; • la organización de grupos de trabajo interesados en desarrollar estudios de caso específicos, ya sea por región de interés y/o cultivo; • la formación de una red de investigadores con interés de contribuir a evaluaciones regionales ya sea a través de AgMIP, Euroclima o ambos. • El establecimiento del equipo coordinador de AgMIP-Latinoamérica y coordinadores en cada país. Los principales resultados de la sesión de dialogo ciencia – política es la definición de una lista de las principales brechas y obstáculos que impiden o limitan el rol de la modelación científica en los procesos de generación de políticas públicas en el sector agrícola de América Latina, así como la lista de recomendaciones o estrategias que pueden ayudar a superar tales barreras. Este cuadro resumen se presenta en las páginas 36 y 37. This report presents the activities and results of the Workshop on Modelling for the Regional Evaluation of Climate Change and Agriculture for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), in Manizales, Colombia, from 28 September to 2 October 2015.The workshop was co-organised by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (EC-JRC), the Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP) and the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) through its programme on climate change, agriculture and food security (CCAFS). The workshop consisted of two components: four days of technical-scientific sessions and one day with a science-policy dialogue session. The objective of the technical-scientific component of the workshop was to develop the scientific and technological basis for specific studies focussed on the evaluation of climate change impacts and the identification of adaptation strategies. For this component, the JRC organised sessions aimed at users and developers of crop growth models to disseminate the use, adaptation and application of models included in the BioMA platform; and AgMIP organised specific sessions about the protocols for the integration of crop-, climate- and economic modelling tools aiming at technical and scientific specialists in these disciplines. The main objective of the science-policy dialogue session, during the last day of the event, was to enhance the mutual understanding between policy makers and scientists that develop and apply scientific models to investigate the impacts of climate change on agriculture and which can contribute to its adaptation through the design of public policies. This session counted with a discussion panel composed of representatives of the Colombian Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, The president of the Council of the Secretaries of Agriculture of Colombia, representatives of Ministries of other countries participating in EUROCLIMA and representatives of three research centres. The main results of the technical-scientific component of the workshop are: • 80 participants of 15 countries in the region participated in the training sessions on modelling tools and/or protocols for model-based research; • Working groups were organised, interested in the development of region-specific or crop-specific case studies; • The establishment of a network of researchers interested to contribute to regional assessments through AgMIP, EUROCLIMA, or both. • The formation of the AgMIP-LAC coordinating team and identification of coordinators for each country. Main results of the science-policy dialogue are the list of perceived obstacles and gaps that restrain the role of science-based modelling to inform agricultural policies in LAC, and recommendations on how to overcome these, as summarised in the table on pages 36 and 37.
El cultivo de maíz y sus necesidades hídricas en Manabí, Ecuador
The lack of water is the most limiting factor in corn production, when there is water stress during the early stages of cultivation it can cause loss of young plants, also in the flowering stages corn is very sensitive to water stress, so which grain yield is seriously affected (Deras, 2012). The water needs of crops are related to various factors, among them is the climate, and water waste, in addition to the state of the development phases of the crop; since all these components make it easier to conserve moisture in the root system of plants. It is important to know the crop coefficient (Kc) which is an important parameter for management, programming, since water extraction varies from one period to another. Knowledge of the adequate water requirement for crops is essential to improve the efficiency of irrigation systems, providing the plantation with the amount of water necessary to meet its needs; since, an excess of irrigation can cause, among other things, the washing of fertilizers, while a supply of water less than the needs of the crop can cause a water deficit; and with it, a decrease in production. It must be periodically replenished to the soil so as not to damage the productive potential of the plant, the crop coefficient (kc) being a value used to calculate the amount of water that must be applied through the different irrigation systems. Keywords: water, crop, corn, moisture.
Derechos de autor 2022 Revista de Ciencias Agropecuarias ALLPA. ISSN: 2600-5883.
Revista de Ciencias Agropecuarias ALLPA. ISSN: 2600-5883.
Evaluación del desarrollo y rendimiento del cultivo de maíz (Zea mays L.) utilizando cuatro híbridos.
Corn is a crop of economic importance worldwide. The expression of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics are affected by the environmental conditions to which the plant is exposed. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the development and performance of the corn crop, to contribute with the expansion of the agricultural frontier, using four corn hybrids, during the period november – February 2016. The trial was developed in the parish of Luz de America, province of Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas – Ecuador. The management was carried out by performing fertilization and pest control of the crop equally in all treatments, the hybrids used were; Thunder-NB-7443, Iniap-H-551, Pioneer-F30K73 and Gladiador-DOW-2B-688; The variables yield per hectare, length of the ear, diameter of the ear and weight of the ear, number of leaves, height of the plant, insertion to the ear, and ear per plant were evaluated. Where the hybrid that better developed in the zone of Luz de America was Pioneer-F., when expressing high yields in terms of production per hectare; being Trueno-NB., and Iniap-H., those that occupy statistically non-significant ranges and during most of the evaluation Gladiator DOW 2B-688; it is the least potentialized. It is concluded that corn tends to adapt, favorably to different environments, however, depending on the agroecological environment can be expressed the tolerance to stress that this generates, which is expressed through production and yield.
Derechos de autor 2020 Rocío N. Guamán G., Xavier Desiderio Vera , Ángel F. Villavicencio A., Santiago M. Ulloa C., Edison Javier Romero Salguero
An overview of models of stomatal conductance at the leaf level
Stomata play a key role in plant adaptation to changing environmental conditions as they control both water losses and CO2 uptake. Particularly, in the context of global change, simulations of the consequences of drought on crop plants are needed to design more efficient and water-saving cropping systems. However, most of the models of stomatal conductance (gs) developed at the leaf level link gs to environmental factors or net photosynthesis (Anet), but do not include satisfactorily the effects of drought, impairing our capacity to simulate plant functioning in conditions of limited water supply. The objective of this review was to draw an up-to-date picture of the gs models, from the empirical to the process-based ones, along with their mechanistic or deterministic bases. It focuses on models capable to account for multiple environmental influences with emphasis on drought conditions. We examine how models that have been proposed for well-watered conditions can be combined with those specifically designed to deal with drought conditions. Ideas for future improvements of gs models are discussed: the issue of co-regulation of gs and Anet; the roles of CO2, absissic acid and H2O2; and finally, how to better address the new challenges arising from the issue of global change.
_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02181.x
Determinación de parámetros para la calibración del modelo DSSAT en el cultivo del maíz
Experimental observations of growth and development variables of a crop constitute the basic information for the calibration of crop models. Considering the above, this work was developed at the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences during the dry season 20162017, with the objective of determining the physiological and agronomic variables of a maize cultivar. A planting density of 47,619 plants ha-1 was used with a quasi-experimental design on a Leached Red Ferralitic Soil. From 15 days after emergence (DDE), destructive sampling was carried out. The Leaf Area Index (LAI), the total dry mass of the aerial part and the grain growth were determined. Phenological observations were made during the crop cycle. The data was adjusted to different mathematical functions with the statistical program Statgraphics Plus 5.0. Next, the Absolute Growth Rate (AGR) of the dry matter and the Grain Filling Rate (TLlG) were calculated. Agricultural yield in dry grain and its components as well as the Harvest Index (CI) were evaluated. In conclusion, the primary data of 16 variables were obtained for the calibration of the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) model..
González-Viera et al. - 2022 - Determinación de parámetros para la calibración de.pdf
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Evaluación de cultivares de Sorgo (Sorghum Vulgares, l. Moench) en la CCS “José Manuel Rodríguez” del municipio Jesús Menéndez
Se presentan los resultados de la evaluación de cuatro cultivares de sorgo (Sorghum vulgares, L. Moench) en la CCS José Manuel Rodríguez” del municipio Jesús Menéndez, provincia Las Tunas, en el periodo comprendido entre el 12 de agosto al 2 de noviembre de 2013. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques al azar con cuatro tratamientos y tres réplicas. Los cultivares utilizados fueron: Forrajero, Rojo Enano, Blanco Amarillo y Blanco Enano. Durante la fase experimental se evaluaron los parámetros: altura de las plantas, número, largo y ancho de las hojas, diámetro del tallo, largo de la panícula, masa verde y seca de la panícula y rendimiento experimental. En los parámetros fisiológicos el cultivar Forrajero alcanzó la mayor altura y el mayor número de hojas, mientras que en el cultivar Blanco Amarillo se obtuvo el mayor rendimiento, diámetro de la panícula y peso verde y seco de la panícula.
Publisher: Mª Begoña Peris Martínez Section: Ojeando la Agenda
Crop water requirements, biomass and grain yields estimation for upland rice using CROPWAT, AQUACROP and CERES simulation models
This study estimated crop water requirements using CROPWAT while AQUACROP and CERES models evaluated performance in simulating biomass and grain yield of upland rice’s response to different irrigation schedule. NERICA 4 was subjected to five treatment given as: full (100%ET), good (80%ET), medium (60%ET), average (40%ET), and low (20%ET) and three replicates in a randomized block design. It was planted at the farmyard of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Ibadan, Nigeria for two seasons 2015 and 2016 and the results of the first season was used in model calibration while second season’s result was used in validation. Biomass and grain yields values were obtained and compared with simulated values from AQUACROP and CERES and the results were analyzed using E-VIEWS, R and Minitab 17 statistical tools. Results showed that there were significant differences among the models in simulation of grain and biomass yield with respect to irrigation schedule. CERES slightly underestimated LAI while both CERES and AQUACROP slightly overestimated grains and biomass yields although CERES showed highest precision in grain yield, AQUACROP showed highest accuracy in biomass yield and slightly underestimated canopy cover. CROPWAT performed excellently and could be used to efficiently estimate water requirements and reference evapotranspiration. The models’ showed high performance and accuracy in simulation of crop water requirements, grain and biomass yield of rice respectively.
Copyright (c) 2020 Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal
Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal
Se realizaron dos experimentos en condiciones de campo, con el objetivo de evaluar los bioestimulantes QuitoMax® y EcoMic®, solos y combinados, en el rendimiento de dos variedades de maíz (Zea mays L.), durante los años 2015 y 2016. En ambos experimentos, los bioestimulantes fueron aplicados por imbibición de granos en soluciones de QuitoMax®, que después fueron peletizadas con EcoMic®, previo a la siembra y, posteriormente, las plantas fueron asperjadas en el área foliar con QuitoMax®. En el primer experimento, las distintas combinaciones de los bioproductos estimularon la mayoría de los componentes del rendimiento del maíz, variedad Criolla. En el segundo, el tratamiento de los granos con QuitoMax® y EcoMic® estimuló el diámetro de la mazorca, el número de hileras de granos y el rendimiento agrícola de la variedad P 7928, conjuntamente con la aspersión foliar de QuitoMax® en el cultivo. En la variedad Criolla, el tratamiento de los granos previo a la siembra con QuitoMax® y EcoMic® seguido de la aspersión foliar de QuitoMax®, aumentó en 62 % el rendimiento respecto al control peletizado con EcoMic®, mientras que en la variedad P 7928, tanto los tratamientos de cada producto solo como sus combinaciones, aumentaron el rendimiento respecto al control no tratado entre 15 y 22 %. En general, el rendimiento del maíz aumentó significativamente con el empleo de los bioestimulantes, lo que sugiere que la aplicación en el campo de EcoMic® y QuitoMax®, solos y combinados, es una opción recomendable para aumentar los rendimientos del cultivo, en dependencia de la variedad. Palabras clave: bioestimulantes; biofertilizantes; micorrizas; polímeros
Identifying the most promising agronomic adaptation strategies for the tomato growing systems in Southern Italy via simulation modeling
The main cultivation area of the Italian processing tomato is the Southern Capitanata plain. Here, the hardest agronomic challenge is the optimization of the irrigation water use, which is often inefficiently performed by farmers, who tend to over-irrigate. This could become unsustainable in the next years, given the negative impacts of climatic changes on groundwater availability and heat stress intensification. The aim of the study was to identify the most promising agronomic strategies to optimize tomato yield and water use in Capitanata, through a modeling study relying on an extensive dataset for model calibration and evaluation (22 data sets in 2005–2018). The TOMGRO simulation model was adapted to open-field growing conditions and was coupled with a soil model to reproduce the impact of water stress on yield and fruit quality. The new model, TomGro_field, was applied on the tomato cultivation area in Capitanata at 5 × 5 km spatial resolution using an ensemble of future climatic scenarios, resulting from the combination of four General Circulation Models, two extreme Representative Concentration Pathways and five 10-years time frames (2030–2070). Our results showed an overall negative impact of climate change on tomato yields (average decrease = 5–10%), which could be reversed by i) the implementation of deficit irrigation strategies based on the restitution of 60–70% of the crop evapotranspiration, ii) the adoption of varieties with longer cycle and iii) the anticipation of 1–2 weeks in transplanting dates. The corresponding irrigation amounts applied are around 360 mm, thus reinforcing that a rational water management could be realized. Our study provides agronomic indications to tomato growers and lays the basis for a bio-economic analysis to support policy makers in charge of promoting the sustainability of the tomato growing systems.
Development and performance evaluation of an APP for vegetable fertilization and irrigation management originated from EU-Rotate_N
Overapplication of nitrogen fertilizer and water in vegetable production is popular and serious in China and other developing countries, leading to severe environmental pollution. To date, most model-based decision support systems, which are believed to be powerful tools for improving fertilizer and water management in vegetable production, have been established by developed countries, and the weather, soil, hydrology, facility type and vegetable species of developing countries have been less considered. In this study, a water level component and a new vegetable species, pakchoi (Brassica campestris ssp. Chinese) were incorporated into EURotate_N, a simulation model developed by the European Union for open field vegetable cultivation. The experiment was carried out in typical vegetable plastic tunnels in Jiangsu Province, China, an area with high groundwater level. The results indicated that the water level algorithm which differentiate the soil into saturated and unsaturated layers enhanced the model simulation accuracy of the soil nitrogen and water content in the 30 cm soil layer, indicating the significant influence of groundwater on the soil water and nutrient movement. The pakchoi experiment suggest that new vegetables could be added into the crop list of EU-Rotate_N by adjusting parameters with ‘trial and error’ methods after considering its biological characteristics. Furthermore, a novel module was added for recommendations of fertilization and irrigation on daily basis in accordance with reasonable upper and lower thresholds of soil water content and soil available nitrogen after a series of adjustment. Finally, a user-friendly application (APP) was developed based on the improved model. The evaluation experiments in 2021 and 2022 showed that APP could significantly improve nitrogen and water use efficiency without obvious yield loss in pakchoi production. We conclude that simulation models for vegetable fertilizer and water management established by developed countries could be modified by several operable steps to expand its application area.
Evaluation of AquaCrop model for greenhouse cherry tomato with plastic film mulch under various water and nitrogen supplies
Assessing and optimizing crop management strategies, e.g. irrigation and nitrogen (N) fertilization, is critical for the sustainable production of crops. Currently, crop simulation models combined with experimental data have been proved to be effective tools. Herein, the FAO AquaCrop model was calibrated and validated based on fieldmeasured data during two consecutive growing seasons (2020 and 2021) for predicting canopy cover (CC, %), aboveground biomass and soil water content (SWC, mm) on a daily scale, and for simulating final fruit yield, evapotranspiration (ET, mm) and water productivity (WP, kg m 3) on a seasonal scale under plastic film mulch condition. The two-year experiment included three irrigation levels (60 %, 80 % and 100 % ET0, where ET0 is the reference evapotranspiration) and five N fertilizer rates (0, 180, 270, 360 and 450 kg N ha 1). In general, the AquaCrop model adequately simulated the dynamic changes of cherry tomato CC, aboveground biomass and final fruit yield. Nonetheless, the model severely overestimated SWC especially under full irrigation in the twoyear experiment, and the simulation accuracy gradually increased with the increase of N rate. For ET, it was largely underestimated. With the decrease in irrigation level and N rate, the simulation accuracy improved and the impact of water stress was stronger than that of nitrogen stress. The simulation accuracy of WP decreased as irrigation level and N rate increased. The optimal integrated regime was deficit irrigation of 80 % ET0 combined with N rate of 360 kg ha 1 (I80N360), which obtained 98.24 % of potential yield while significantly decreasing water input. The simulation of the mulched module and parameters of the AquaCrop model (crop transpiration, water productivity, etc.) should be further optimized and verified. If these improvements can be made, the AquaCrop model can be used in the decision-making of irrigation and N fertilization strategies of cherry tomato under plastic film mulch condition.
Model selection with a common structure: Tomato crop growth models
Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación
Análisis de sistemas de producción animal
DSSAT-MODFLOW: A new modeling framework for exploring groundwater conservation strategies in irrigated areas
Groundwater models are often used to assess the impact of climate or management strategies on groundwater resources in arid and semiarid regions of the world. However, these models do not account for crop growth and crop yield, and thus cannot be used for evaluating long-term impacts of climate and management strategies on water use efficiency and farm profitability of agricultural systems while managing the aquifers sustainably. This study presented a linkage between DSSAT, an agronomic model, and MODFLOW, a groundwater flow model. The linkage between these two models occurred on an annual basis, with rates of irrigation and deep percolation from an ensemble of field-scale DSSAT simulations converted to pumping rates and recharge rates for the MODFLOW simulation. MODFLOW simulated groundwater head, which can be used to update saturated thickness and thereby well capacities for each pumping well in the model domain. Simulated well capacities were then used to constrain irrigation applications in the DSSAT simulations during the following growing season. Python scripts were used to convert output from one model to input files for the other model. The DSSAT-MODFLOW modeling system was applied to the Ogallala aquifer underlying Finney County, Kansas, a region experiencing significant groundwater depletion due to irrigation practices, and was tested against observed water table elevation and crop yield. Over a decadal period, well capacity decreased by > 50 % for many pumping wells in the county. A no-irrigation scenario for this same time period resulted in average water table elevation increasing by 2 m, but also a 70 % decline in crop yield. Additional work is needed to balance groundwater conservation with crop yield. The DSSAT-MODFLOW modeling system can be used in regions worldwide to assess changes in irrigation technologies, crop selection, and climate change adaptation strategies.
MODELOS EMPÍRICOS DEL CRECIMIENTO Y RENDIMIENTO DE TOMATE PODADO A TRES RACIMOS
In order to obtain simple empirical models for simulating tomato biomass accumulation and fruit yield in plants pruned to three clusters and grown under green house conditions, different plant densities (1.7, 3.8, 6.8, 15.4 y 66.6 plants/m2) were evaluated. The growth analysis technique was used to measure biomass of leaves, fruits and aerial part (total) during the growing season. The Gauss equation with its parameters replaced by functions considering plant density, produced models that fitted best (R2 0.96) to simulate plant behaviour in the three variables for any density from 1.7 to 15.4 plants/m2.
La modelación del crecimiento de cultivos: conceptos, aplicaciones y retos
Effects of moderately elevated temperature stress on the timing of pollen release and its germination in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)
Under the increasing threat of global warming to horticultural crop production, research on moderately elevated temperature stress in relation to plant productivity becomes important and urgent. Two tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars, ‘NC 8288’ (a high temperature-susceptible cultivar) and ‘FLA 7156’ (a high temperature-tolerant cultivar) were exposed to a moderate level of high temperature stress. Reproductive development (i.e. pollen production, germination and release) in relation to anthesis, was examined under 28°/22°C and 32°/26°C day/night temperatures, respectively. High temperature stress reduced the number of pollen grains released, but not the timing of pollen release. Reductions in pollen release and germination were observed in both tolerant and susceptible cultivars; however, the magnitude of the reduction was larger in the susceptible cultivar. Furthermore, pollen grains retained in the anthers exhibited extremely poor germination. These results suggest that the pollen release mechanism and the quality of the pollen grain are closely related. Possible adverse effects of global warming on tomato productivity, and a potential breeding strategy for high temperature tolerant tomato lines are discussed.
Number: 1 Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2005.11511885
Modelación y simulación de la producción de biomasa de Pennisetum Purpureum Schum vc. king grass y su aplicación en la alimentación animal.
Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre las aplicaciones de la modelación y simulación en cultivos agrícolas en Cuba con el objetivo de dar a conocer las características e importancia del uso de los mismos, como herramientas para la estimación de los rendimientos de los cultivos agrícolas. Se presenta un resumen de algunos conceptos relacionados con la modelación de cultivos y los tipos principales de modelos que se pueden utilizar desde el punto de vista de su uso en la agricultura.
Modelos de simulación para la elaboración y evaluación de los programas de servicios ambientales hídricos
OFICINA CENTRAL DE ESTADÍSTICA E INFORMÁTICA
Anuario Estadístico de Cuba 2018 | Oficina Nacional de Estadística e Información
Universidad Central" Marta Abreu" de Las Villas.
Caracterización agroproductiva de nuevos cultivares de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) en las condiciones edafoclimáticas del INIVIT
Factores climáticos y su influencia en la producción de tomate
El empleo integral y racional de los factores climáticos es fundamental tanto para el desarrollo como para el funcionamiento adecuado del cultivo, ya que todos ...
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International
Accepted: 2018-09-09T23:54:05Z Publisher: ‎‎Corporación colombiana de investigación agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA
Modeling Nitrogen Dynamics in a Waste Stabilization Pond System Using Flexible Modeling Environment with MCMC
This study presents an approach for obtaining realization sets of parameters for nitrogen removal in a pilot-scale waste stabilization pond (WSP) system. The proposed approach was designed for optimal parameterization, local sensitivity analysis, and global uncertainty analysis of a dynamic simulation model for the WSP by using the R software package Flexible Modeling Environment (R-FME) with the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. Additionally, generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) was integrated into the FME to evaluate the major parameters that affect the simulation outputs in the study WSP. Comprehensive modeling analysis was used to simulate and assess nine parameters and concentrations of ON-N, NH3-N and NO3-N. Results indicate that the integrated FME-GLUE-based model, with good Nash–Sutcliffe coefficients (0.53–0.69) and correlation coefficients (0.76–0.83), successfully simulates the concentrations of ON-N, NH3-N and NO3-N. Moreover, the Arrhenius constant was the only parameter sensitive to model performances of ON-N and NH3-N simulations. However, Nitrosomonas growth rate, the denitrification constant, and the maximum growth rate at 20 °C were sensitive to ON-N and NO3-N simulation, which was measured using global sensitivity.
Number: 7 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Evaluating the climate change impact on water use efficiency of cotton-wheat in semi-arid conditions using DSSAT model
Water is the most important limiting factor of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping systems in semi-arid conditions of Southern Punjab. A two-year field experiment (comprising of cotton-wheat cropping) was conducted in Vehari (Southern Punjab) to calibrate and validate a DSSAT model in the climatic conditions of 1 × CO2 concentration (conc.) (current). The model simulation during calibration was good with errors up to 4.7, 4.4, 10.1, 6.4 and −5.4% for days to anthesis, days to maturity, total dry matter, yield and HI, respectively for the cotton-wheat cropping system. During model validation, the error percentages were also under reasonable limits. So, the model was run under 2 × CO2 conc. (future) conditions and it showed a difference of −7.3 to 19.7% anthesis days, maturity days, total dry matter, grain yield, crop ET and WUEGY with respect to current CO2 concentration. Simulation by DSSAT showed that the cotton cultivar MNH-886 and wheat cultivar Lassani-2008 were better utilizers of limited water resources under changed climatic conditions in semi-arid conditions of Vehari, which was due to their better water use efficiency. Wheat and cotton cultivars with high water use efficiency would enable crop growth to maintain high crop yields under increased CO2 and its associated consequences in future.
Modelo para simular la producción potencial del cultivo del café en Colombia
Publications Office of the European Union
Joint Research Centre (European Commission)
Modelaje de producción de soja en América Latina: estado del arte y base de datos para parametrización
El objetivo de este informe es de describir el estado del arte de la modelación de la soja (Glycine max (L)) en América Latina y el Caribe (LAC) y de proporcionar una base de datos experimentales que puede servir para la calibración y evaluación de modelos de crecimiento y desarrollo del cultivo de soja. La soja es una especie de gran importancia económica y alimentaria a nivel mundial, proporcionando aceite, alimento para animales, e insumos para la acuicultura. Recientemente su uso para consumo humano, por su excelente fuente de proteína, se ha incrementado con una gran variedad de productos de consumo alimenticio en el mercado de derivados de la soja. América Latina y el Caribe constituyen la principal región productora de soja ya que Argentina y Brasil juntos proveen 50% de la producción mundial, que junto con Estados Unidos y China producen el 90% de la producción mundial. De estos cuatro principales productores, Brasil es el principal exportador. La productividad de la soja ha alcanzado incrementos importantes en las últimas décadas, reflejando la especialización y grado de tecnología utilizado en su producción. Hay varios modelos de crecimiento y desarrollo que se han creado para modelar el cultivo de soja y varios genéricos que son usados para simulación del cultivo. La mayoría de los modelos (APSIM, DSSAT / CROPGRO, CropSyst, MONICA, AQUACROP, STICS) están disponibles para usuarios generales; de estos CROPGRO, CropSyst y APSIM son los más utilizados en el mundo y en América del Sur. Los estudios sobre modelización del crecimiento y desarrollo de soja en América Latina se iniciaron en la década de 1990, con trabajos en Argentina y Brasil, para estudiar opciones de manejo (fecha de siembra, fertilización, irrigación, manejo de plagas, agricultura de precision). Después de los años 2000, se observó un nuevo impulso, manteniéndose activa hasta la actualidad, con una relativa concentración de trabajos desarrollados en Argentina y Brasil donde el cultivo tiene mayor importancia socio-económica y donde se ha enfatizado la investigación y uso de modelos en soja para la evaluación de los efectos de variabilidad y cambio climático en la producción y el rendimiento. En los últimos años se ha trabajado en el uso de estas herramientas para los pronósticos agrícolas a corto plazo y las proyecciones de escenarios futuros de impactos del cambio climático. Para este informe fueron identificados 8 trabajos con potencial de uso de datos para futuros trabajos de desarrollo y calibración de modelos y se obtuvieron datos completos provenientes de 11 sitios distintos distribuidos entre 4 países productores del grano en LAC. El conjunto de datos contiene 14 variedades de soja y varios experimentos con cada una, variando su fecha de siembra y tratamientos de manejo. La distribución 3 geográfica de estos trabajos está concentrada principalmente en Argentina, Brasil, Uruguay y Paraguay, pero se tiene en Bolivia un polo de modelización que también puede ganar fuerza en los próximos años. La base de datos propuesta, aunque restringida geográficamente, representa la principal zona productora de soja de América Latina (y del mundo) con una variación considerable de clima y suelo. La base genética de las variedades presentadas también sugiere que el desarrollo y ajuste de modelos basados en esos datos constituyen un importante primer paso para estudiar los impactos del cambio climático y las opciones de adaptación en la principal zona productora de soja mundial. Iniciativas como EUROCLIMA pueden actuar como polos irradiadores de conocimiento y facilitar la conexión entre los investigadores e instituciones interesados en el tema de la modelación biofísica, acelerando el desarrollo y uso de esas herramientas en América Latina y el Caribe.
Modelaje de producción de soja en América Latina
Understanding Options for Agricultural Production
Decision support system for agrotechnology transfer: DSSAT v3
Agricultural decision makers at all levels need an increasing amount of information to better understand the possible outcomes of their decisions to help them develop plans and policies that meet their goals. An international team of scientists developed a decision support system for agrotechnology transfer (DSSAT) to estimate production, resource use, and risks associated with different crop production practices. The DSSAT is a microcomputer software package that contains crop-soil simulation models, data bases for weather, soil, and crops, and strategy evaluation programs integrated with a ‘shell’ program which is the main user interface. In this paper, an overview of the DSSAT is given along with rationale for its design and its main limitations. Concepts for using the DSSAT in spatial decision support systems (for site-specific farming, farm planning, and regional policy) are presented. DSSAT provides a framework for scientific cooperation through research to enhance its capabilities and apply it to research questions. It also has considerable potential to help decision makers by reducing the time and human resources required for analyzing complex alternative decisions.
Decision support system for agrotechnology transfer
Utilización de un modelo de simulación para la predicción del comportamiento de algunos cereales en las condiciones de Cuba
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HortScience: a publication of the American Society for Horticultural Science
Gene Action and Heritability of High-temperature Fruit Set in Tomato Line CL5915
High-temperature fruit set (heat tolerance) is a critical trait of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars targeted for lowland wet season production in the tropics and subtropics. Heat-tolerant Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC) tomato line CL5915-93D4-1-0-3 (CL5915) is a valuable source of heat-tolerance genes for tomato genetic improvement. The gene action of heat tolerance in CL5915 was determined by evaluating the F1, F2, BCP1, and BCP2 of a cross between CL5915 and heat-sensitive line UC204A for fruit set traits in two wet-season trials at AVRDC. Parent-offspring regression of F2-derived F3 (F2:3) family means on the F2 plants from CL5915 × UC204A was used to estimate the heritability of F2 single plant selection for heat tolerance. Mean percentage of fruit set and fruit number per cluster of the F1 and BCP1 exceeded midparent values and were not significantly different from those of CL5915, indicating complete dominance for heat tolerance. Generation means analyses indicated that a model including simple additive and dominance effects adequately explained the inheritance of mean fruit number per cluster both years. For mean percentage of fruit set, a model including simple additive-dominance effects produced an adequately fitting model in the 1996 season but the best-fitting model included an epistatic component in the 1997 season. Heritabilities estimated for fruit set traits in 1996 and 1997, respectively, were: 0.31 and 0.21 for percentage of fruit set; 0.28 and 0.14 for mean fruit number per cluster; and 0.53 and 0.15 for flower number per cluster. The low heritabilities for percentage of fruit set and mean fruit number per cluster under high temperatures imply that single plant selection in the F2 for heat tolerance from crosses involving CL5915 is not effective and that selection should be based on replicated family testing in the F3 and later generations.
Llenos de sol, sanos y sabrosos, los tomates son un fruto apreciado por todos. El cultivo, tanto si se realiza en un huerto familiar o a gran escala, es siempre fácil. Sin embargo, es necesario poseer un buen conocimiento sobre las diferentes variedades y no descuidar ciertos factores esenciales para cosecharlos. En las páginas de este libro encontrará todo lo referente a las características del suelo, la época de siembra, las técnicas de riego, las plagas y las enfermedades, etc. Además, se ha dedicado un capítulo a las técnicas de cultivo biológico con el fin de que pueda obtener los mejores rendimientos en su huerta. En definitiva, se trata de un libro en el que el lector hallará los conocimientos indispensables para cultivar sus propios tomates en las mejores condiciones.
Evaluacion de la potencialidad productiva y las principales limitaciones para la produccion de cereales en algunas regiones secas de Cuba utilizando Modelos de Simulacion de Cultivos.
nstituto Tecno-lógico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey. División de Ciencias Agro-pecuarias y Marítimas. Departamento de Agronomía.
Statistics | FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Sound and timely statistics are key to inform decisions, policies and investments that tackle issues related to food and agriculture, from hunger and malnutr...
Performance Evaluation of Surface Water Transport and Dispersion Models
The objective of this paper is to identify, collate, and define the procedures required to evaluate the performance of an analytical or numerical surface water model. The essential elements are: Identification of the problem; relationship of the model to ...
Number: 8 Publisher: American Society of Civil Engineers
T. Naylor – R. Shannon - Shubik. Que intenta la simulación. Simulación de caja registrador. Propiedades de los modelos. Clasificación de los modelos. Ventajas y desventajas de la simulación. ¿Cuando es necesario simular y cuando no es necesario simular?. Criterios que se debe tener en cuenta para que un modelo de simulación sea bueno. Pasos a seguir para la construcción de los experimentos de modelos de simulación en un computador. Generación de números pseudoaleatorios.
Curso: Horticultura y Floricultura 2023, Tema: 28/3. Cultivo de Tomate
Liliana (Instituto de Investigaciones Hortícolas
Mejora genética y manejo del cultivo del tomate para la producción en el Caribe | ISBN 978-959-7111-07-8 - Libro
Autor: Colectivo de autores , , ISBN: 978-959-7111-07-8
Performance and sensitivity of the DSSAT crop growth model in simulating maize yield under conservation agriculture
With the practice of conservation agriculture (CA) soil water and nutrient dynamics are modified by the presence of a mulch of crop residues and by reduced or no-tillage. These alterations may have impacts on crop yields. The crop growth model DSSAT (Decision Support Systems for Agrotechnology Transfer) has recently been modified and used to simulate these impacts on crop growth and yield. In this study, we applied DSSAT to a long-term experiment with maize (Zea mays L.) grown under contrasting tillage and residue management practices in Monze, Southern Province of Zambia. The aim was (1) to assess the capability of DSSAT in simulating crop responses to mulching and no-tillage, and (2) to understand the sensitivity of DSSAT model output to input parameters, with special attention to the determinants of the model response to the practice of CA. The model was first parameterized and calibrated for the tillage treatment (CP) of the experiment, and then run for the CA treatment by removing tillage and applying a mulch of crop residues in the model. In order to reproduce observed maize yields under the CP versus CA treatment, optimal root development in the model was restricted to the upper 22cm soil layer in the CP treatment, while roots could optimally develop to 100 cm depth under CA. The normalized RMSE values between observed and simulated maize phenology and total above ground biomass and grain yield indicated that the CA treatment was equally well simulated as the CP treatment, for which the model was calibrated. A global sensitivity analysis using co-inertia analysis was performed to describe the DSSAT model response to 32 model input parameters and crop management factors. Phenological cultivar parameters were the most influential model parameters. This analysis also demonstrated that in DSSAT mulching primarily affects the surface soil organic carbon content and secondly the total soil moisture content, since it is negatively correlated with simulated soil water evaporation and run-off. The correlations between the input parameters or crop management factors and the output variables were stable over a wide range of seasonal rainfall conditions. A local sensitivity analysis of simulated maize yield to three key parameters for the simulation of the CA practice revealed that DSSAT responds to mulching particularly when rooting depth is restricted, i.e., when water is a critical limiting crop growth factor. The results of this study demonstrate that DSSAT can be used to simulate crop responses to CA, in particular through simulated mulching effects on the soil water balance, but other, often site-specific, factors that are not modeled by DSSAT, such as plough pan formation under CP or improved soil structure under CA, may need to be considered in the model parameterization to reproduce the observed crop yield effects of CA versus CP.
Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis
Temperature stress differentially modulates transcription in meiotic anthers of heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive tomato plants
BACKGROUND: Fluctuations in temperature occur naturally during plant growth and reproduction. However, in the hot summers this variation may become stressful and damaging for the molecular mechanisms involved in proper cell growth, impairing thus plant development and particularly fruit-set in many crop plants. Tolerance to such a stress can be achieved by constitutive gene expression or by rapid changes in gene expression, which ultimately leads to protection against thermal damage. We have used cDNA-AFLP and microarray analyses to compare the early response of the tomato meiotic anther transcriptome to moderate heat stress conditions (32°C) in a heat-tolerant and a heat-sensitive tomato genotype. In the light of the expected global temperature increases, elucidating such protective mechanisms and identifying candidate tolerance genes can be used to improve breeding strategies for crop tolerance to heat stress. RESULTS: The cDNA-AFLP analysis shows that 30 h of moderate heat stress (MHS) alter the expression of approximately 1% of the studied transcript-derived fragments in a heat-sensitive genotype. The major effect is gene down-regulation after the first 2 h of stress. The microarray analysis subsequently applied to elucidate early responses of a heat-tolerant and a heat-sensitive tomato genotype, also shows about 1% of the genes having significant changes in expression after the 2 h of stress. The tolerant genotype not only reacts with moderate transcriptomic changes but also exhibits constitutively higher expression levels of genes involved in protection and thermotolerance. CONCLUSION: In contrast to the heat-sensitive genotype, the heat-tolerant genotype exhibits moderate transcriptional changes under moderate heat stress. Moreover, the heat-tolerant genotype also shows a different constitutive gene expression profile compared to the heat-sensitive genotype, indicating genetic differences in adaptation to increased temperatures. In the heat-tolerant genotype, the majority of changes in gene expression is represented by up-regulation, while in the heat-sensitive genotype there is a general trend to down-regulate gene expression upon MHS. The putative functions associated with the genes identified by cDNA-AFLP or microarray indicate the involvement of heat shock, metabolism, antioxidant and development pathways. Based on the observed differences in response to MHS and on literature sources, we identified a number of candidate transcripts involved in heat-tolerance.
Dip. di Scienze Agronomiche e Gestione del Territorio Agroforestale - Università degli Studi di Firenze
Instrumentos para el monitoreo del impacto ambiental sobre la producción agrícola. Modelos para cultivos.
Web de divulgación con material formativo sobre estadística, algoritmos de machine learning, ciencia de datos y programación en R y Python.
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Radiometric Characterization, Solar and Thermal Radiation in a Greenhouse as Affected by Shading Configuration in an Arid Climate
Shading the greenhouses is necessary in summer to reduce the solar radiation load. This however generates a considerable amount of thermal radiation heat load that needs to be removed via cooling systems. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different shading configurations on the solar and thermal radiation in a greenhouse. Nets at four different locations were employed to shade the roof and side-walls of a polycarbonate, mechanically ventilated greenhouse. The spectral radiative properties of all these plastic materials were measured in short and long wave spectrum bands. The net solar and thermal radiations and air temperature were measured outside and inside two identical shaded and unshaded greenhouses. The results showed that external roof-shading is desirable, as it reduced the generated thermal radiation in the greenhouse by 21% and 15% during the day and night time, respectively and reduced the greenhouse air temperature during the day. The internal shading (roof and side walls) is undesirable, since it drastically increased the generated thermal radiation in the greenhouse by 147% and strongly increased the greenhouse air temperature during the day. Shading the side-walls is not recommended because it significantly reduces the transmitted solar radiation in the morning and afternoon (when the outside irradiance is low) and is useless at around noon when the outside irradiance is extremely high.
Number: 12 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
EFECTO DE DOS BIOPRODUCTOS EN EL CRECIMIENTO DE PLÁNTULAS DE FRUTABOMBA (Carica papaya L.) EN CONDICIONES DE VIVERO
Sostenibilidad en Subproductos de la Industria
El Quitosano: un aliado en el manejo de enfermedades en cultivos
La utilización de biopolímeros como el quitosano en la agricultura es una alternativa eficiente y amigable en el manejo de enfermedades de cultivos, principalmente, desde un enfoque agroecológico y sostenibilidad donde hace uso de subproductos de la industria. Generalmente, la acción biocida está basada en inhibición de la germinación de los conidios de hongos, disrupción de la membrana celular de bacterias fitopatógenas, lo cual afecta la eclosión de huevos en nematodos fitoparásitos. Otros tipos de interacciones positivas que median en el control de fitopatógenos están en el crecimiento vegetal, inductor de resistencia en el hospedante, incremento de microorganismos degradadores de quitina en el suelo. En la siguiente revisión se aborda el concepto de quitosano, principales usos en el control de enfermedades, efecto sobre los principales grupos de microorganismos fitopatógenos, inducción de resistencia mediada por quitosano y nuevas aplicaciones en la agricultura. Actualmente, se demuestra que el uso de sustancias alternativas como es el quitosano muestra un buen control de agentes patógenos de plantas y cada vez es mayor su aceptación y utilización dentro del manejo integrado de enfermedades de cultivos. Por lo cual, el objetivo de esta revisión es examinar los principales aspectos relacionados al quitosano y como este es utilizado para controlar ya sea directa o indirectamente los problemas fitosanitarios en los cultivos.
Quitosano de cangrejos con actividad antimicrobiana en compotas artesanales de plátanos
Number: 4 Publisher: Universidad de Granada
RENTABILIDAD DE LA PRODUCCIÓN DE MANGO EN MÉXICO PARA LA EXPORTACIÓN A EE. UU. ANTE LA COMPETITIVIDAD DEL MANGO SUDAMERICANO
Evaluación de la sostenibilidad socioeconómica y ecológica de los sistemas de producción orgánica y convencional del café en la cuenca del Cumbaza
Comportamiento de indicadores energéticos y económicos en una lechería convencional cubana
COSTOS DE PRODUCCIÓN Y RENTABILIDAD DEL CULTIVO DE ARROZ DE LOS PRODUCTORES DEL VALLE JEQUETEPEQUE PERIODO 2019-2020
Linares Abanto, Vicente & Quiroz Valle, Juan.pdf
Indicadores técnico-económicos de la producción del cultivo de tomate bajo agricultura protegida en la Comarca Lagunera, México
Number: 3 Publisher: Universidad de Sonora
La importancia de la evaluación de impacto para la promoción de la competencia y la unidad de mercado
La evaluación de la intervención del sector público en la economía es clave para un uso eficiente de los recursos públicos y para la transparencia en la gestión. La CNMC hace uso de esta herramienta tanto para mejorar la regulación de los mercados y difundir la cultura de la competencia (evaluación ex ante), como para analizar el grado de cumplimiento de sus recomendaciones y su potencial impacto en el interés general (evaluación ex post).
Evaluación del impacto económico de programas sociales contra la pobreza: una revisión de estudios aleatorizados en la obra de Esther Duflo
Evaluación del impacto económico de programas sociales contra la pobreza
Number: 2 Publisher: Universidad de Antioquia
Revista Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública
INFORME PRIMER SEMESTRE/JUNIO 2016 DEL MEGAPROYECTO
Respuesta productiva de la Passiflora incarnata L. Con aplicaciones combinadas de productos biológicos
La investigación se realizó entre los meses agosto-noviembre del 2019 en la finca de plantas medicinales UBPC La Rosita, ubicada en Sabana Ingenio, La República, Santiago de Cuba, debido a que el uso de plantas medicinales con propiedades sedantes ha tomado gran demanda en el mundo y en nuestro país, destacándose la Passiflora incarnata L. , por lo que el objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar la influencia de la combinación de los bioproductos PectiMorf®, QuitoMax® y EcoMic® como alternativas agrícolas en el crecimiento y productividad de la planta en estudio. Se utilizaron 6 tratamientos en un diseño al azar con tres repeticiones, seleccionando las plantas al azar para su evaluación y se analizaron los índices de crecimiento: Tasa de asimilación neta (TAN), Relación del área foliar (RAF) Humedad residual (HR) y Sustancias solubles (Ss). De acuerdo con los resultados, se demostró que el empleo de los productos biológicos en estudio con aplicación conjunta es una alternativa agroecológica viable para incrementar la producción de la Passiflora incarnata L. en la zona de estudio. Palabras clave: Planta medicinal, bioproductos, índice de crecimiento, sustancias solubles. ABSTRACT The research was carried out between the months of August-November 2019 at the UBPC La Rosita medicinal plant farm, located in Sabana Ingenio, La República, Santiago de Cuba, due to the fact that the use of medicinal plants with sedative properties has taken great demand in the world and in our country, highlighting Passiflora incarnata L. , so the objective of this research is to evaluate the influence of the combination of PectiMorf®, QuitoMax® and EcoMic® bioproducts as agricultural alternatives in the growth and productivity of the plant in study, 6 treatments were used in a random design with three repetitions, selecting the plants at random for their evaluation and the growth indices were analyzed: Net assimilation rate (TAN), Leaf area ratio(RAF), Residual Moisture (HR) and Soluble Substances (Ss). According to the results, it was shown that the use of the biological products under study with joint application is a viable agroecological alternative to increase the production of Passiflora incarnata L. in the study area. Keywords: Medicinal plant, bioproducts, growth rate, soluble substances.
Derechos de autor 2022 Revista Transdiciplinaria de Estudios Sociales y Tecnológicos
Revista Transdiciplinaria de Estudios Sociales y Tecnológicos
La Biotecnología y sus repercusiones sociales y políticas
Las políticas de promoción de la ciencia y la tecnología: el caso de la Biotecnología
Extensión Agraria. Selección de lecturas
Evaluation of the growth, yield and nutritional quality of pepper fruit with the application of Quitomax®
Inversiones para obtener bioproductos en Cuba
Inversiones para obtener bioproductos en Cuba | Citmatel
Bioproductos cubanos ofrecen resultados en cultivos villaclareños
Manejo, integración y beneficios del biofertilizante micorrízico EcoMic® en la producción agrícola.
Los hongos micorrízicos son tan antiguos como las propias plantas y han evolucionado de forma conjunta, originando y perfeccionando la simbiosis micorrízica. De lo que se trata es de garantizar que este "ingenio" de la naturaleza se pueda utilizar de forma consciente en los agrosistemas, como un elemento constitutivo de estos y continuar brindándole a las plantas y al suelo los beneficios derivados del funcionamiento micorrízico eficiente.
Metodología para potenciar la formación integral desde la asignatura química orgánica a partir del uso de bioproductos en la agricultura
IMPACTOS PRODUCTIVOS DE BIOESTIMULANTES CUBANOS EN LA AGRICULTURA
Evaluación de indicadores productivos y bromatológicos del maíz variedad tusilla ( Zea mays l. var tusilla ), en distancias de siembra y tipos de fertilización , CIPCA.
La investigación se desarrolló para evaluar la influencia de distancias de siembra y tipos de fertilización en Zea mays L. var Tusilla, mediante indicadores productivos y bromatológicos en las condiciónes del CIPCA. Se utilizó un Diseño de Bloques Completos al Azar con arreglo Bifactorial, dos distancias de siembra (20 y 30 cm entre plantas) y tres tipos de fertilización (sin fertilizante, con fertilización química y con compost) con tres repeticiones, cada unidad experimental midió 24 m2 y se contaron con cinco plantas a las cuales se les evaluó sus mazorcas, y una planta por parcela para el análisis bromatológico. Las variables para el comportamiento productivo reportaron que el peso de la mazorca con brácteas resultó con una media de 112,50 g; el peso sin brácteas fue 109,29 g, y el peso de la semilla útil (103,81 g) que son los tres factores que más influyen en los parámetros de rendimiento. La determinación del estado de las mazorcas es una de las variables asociada a la producción, se obtuvo un 77,4% de mazorcas de calidad de las cuales el 65,07% se mantuvieron cerrada, el resto presentaron diferentes grados de afectación como abiertas, medio abiertas o dañadas por loras. Los análisis bromatológicos comprueban que los componentes nutricionales proteína, fibra, grasa, ceniza y humedad de las muestras previamente secadas varían según el tratamiento y el órgano analizado, dando como resultado para la ceniza en el tratamiento 20 cm y fertilizante químico en la hoja, la mejor respuesta en fibra la obtuvo el tallo en el tratamiento con distancia 30 cm y fertilizante orgánico. En cuanto a la grasas el tallo vuelve a tener el más alto porcentaje que lo registró el tratamiento con fertilizante químico y distancia de 30 cm. La proteína y humedad de las muestras señalan que el fertilizante orgánico con distancia 30 cm dan los mejores porcentajes para hojas en proteína y mazorca en humedad.
Producción de cerdos con tecnología alternativas Investigaciones
Validez de contenido por juicio de expertos: propuesta de una herramienta virtual
Validez de contenido por juicio de expertos
Validez de contenido por juicio de expertos: propuesta de una herramienta virtual | Galicia Alarcón | Apertura
Cultivo de Moringa oleífera, utilizada en países asiáticos y africanos como alimento humano, alimento animal y purificador de aguas
Ley 148 ¨ De Soberanía Alimentaria y Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional ¨
‘‘Ley de Soberanía Alimentaria y Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional’’.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Instituto de Ciencia Animal
Mulberry, moringa and tithonia in animal feed, and other uses. Results in Latin America and the Caribbean
Documentos aprobados en el VIII Congreso del PCC: Conceptualización del Modelo Económico y Social Cubano de Desarrollo Socialista aprobado en el VII Congreso del PCC Habana
La econometría espacial como herramienta de análisis de la extensión agraria en la empresa pecuaria “El Cangre”
The present work was carried out with the objective of developing a procedure based on spatial econometric techniques that facilitates the interpretation of socio-economic indicators and their relationship with the geographic location of the entities. The sequence of steps of the procedure was designed and the quality standards of the data to be processed were established. The information from the Bufalina Livestock Company “El Cangre” was used in the period 2015-2017. The variables selected to verify the procedure represented productive, economic and social aspects contained in the financial statements and statistical reports of the entity. Macroeconomic variables of the territories linked to the analysis that were obtained from the 2017 Cuban Statistical Yearbook were also used. In addition, accounting information related to production costs and their relationship with labor fluctuation was used. Statistical processing was carried out in SPSS v.22 software; GeoDa® and MapInfo 7.0. It was possible to design a procedure that links economic and geographic variables, contributing to the entity’s purpose of perfecting the process of economic-financial planning and administrative decision-making, showing a more comprehensive analysis of the results of the period. In addition, the research is subject to a procedure that contributes to developing an agricultural extension strategy, applying innovative tools from a popular education approach, which facilitates knowledge and allows the identification of new social, environmental or cultural variables that influence the results of the company.
Derechos de autor 2020 DUNIER RODRÍGUEZ QUESADA, FERMÍN RAÚL COBO CUÑA
METODOLOGIA PARA LA EXTENSION AGROPECUARIA Y FORESTAL - PDF Free Download
Introducción METODOLOGIA PARA LA EXTENSION AGROPECUARIA Y FORESTAL Preparado por: Olmán Quirós PhD y Osvaldo Bolaños MSc El presente documento, denominado "Documento B", trata sobre el tema de "la Metodología
Influencia de la interacción entre el cultivo del garbanzo (Cicer arietinum L.) y la inoculación con cepas seleccionadas de Mesorhizobium
Suelos forestales propiedades, consevación y mejoramiento
Diseño e implementación de una estrategia de internacionalización en entidades de ciencia
El Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), desde el año 2003, ha regido su trabajo de internacionalización a través de la implementación y ejecución de una estrategia que permita alcanzar niveles superiores de desarrollo institucional. Para diseñar e implementar una Estrategia de Internacionalización eficiente en el centro, se hace necesario determinar sus Bases Metodológicas. Para ello, se realizó una consulta de expertos y se utilizó el método Delphi, que permitió validar los resultados.
Soil microbiology, ecology and biochemistry
Paul - 2007 - Soil microbiology, ecology and biochemistry.pdf
Long and Midterm Effect of Conservation Agriculture on Soil Properties in Dry Areas of Morocco
In Morocco, conservation agriculture, particularly no tillage systems, has become an alternative strategy to mitigate land degradation caused by conventional tillage in semiarid to arid regions. This paper is based on behaviour to tillage treatments of two Vertisols in Morocco. After 11 years of testing, soil organic matter content results showed a significant difference (í µí± < 0.05) only at soil surface (0–10 cm) in favour of no tillage and a variation of 30% at this depth. The results obtained after 32 years of testing showed a significant soil profile difference (í µí± < 0.05), up to 40 cm under no tillage compared to conventional tillage, and a variation of 54% at 5–10 cm. For total nitrogen, there was no significant effect between no tillage and conventional tillage at the soil surface after 11 years unlike the result obtained after 32 years. There are no significant differences in bulk density between tillage treatments at soil surface for both sites. The measurement of soil structural stability showed a significant effect (í µí± < 0.05) for all three tests and for both sites. This means that no tillage helped Vertisols to resist different climatic constraints, preserving environmental soil quality.
Mulching effects on selected soil physical properties
The suitability of soil for sustaining plant growth and biological activity is a function of physical and chemical properties, many of which depend on the quantity and quality of soil organic matter. The equilibrium level of soil organic matter depends on the balance between input through plant residues and other biosolids and output through decomposition, erosion and leaching. However crop residues have numerous competing uses such as fodder, fuel and construction material. Similarly, costs are incurred in its application and these increase with mulch level. Therefore, it is necessary to establish optimum mulch application rates. Empirical data on soil organic matter in relation to input residue of residue are needed to understand management impact on soil quality. Long-term field plots were setup in 1989 to study the effects of mulching on soil physical properties of a Crosby silt loam (Aeric Ochraqualf or stagnic luvisol) soil in central Ohio. Treatments included mulch application at 0, 2, 4, 8 and 16Mgha−1year−1 without crop cultivation. Soil samples from 0 to 10cm depth were obtained in December 2000, 11 years after establishing the plots. The results demonstrated that mulch rates significantly increased available water capacity by 18–35%, total porosity by 35–46% and soil moisture retention at low suctions from 29 to 70%. At high suctions, no differences in soil moisture content were observed between mulch levels. Soil bulk density was not affected by mulch rate. High correlations were obtained between mulch rate and soil mean weight diameter (R2=0.87) and percent stable aggregates (R2=0.84). The study was able to determine optimum mulch rates of 4Mg/ha for increased porosity and 8Mg/ha for enhanced available water capacity, moisture retention and aggregate stability.
What We Talk about When We Talk about Soil Health
Core Ideas Despite nationwide emphasis on soil health in the USA, current measurements lack consistency. A meta-analysis showed 8 of 42 soil health indicators reported >20% of time. Only 13 indicators showed short-term (1–3 yr timescale) responses to cover cropping. Wide variation in soil sampling protocols suggests standardization is needed. Translating soil health research across systems requires a common framework. Despite a nationwide emphasis on improving soil health in the United States, current measurement protocols have little consistency. To survey assessment practices, we conducted a meta-analysis of cover crop (n = 86) and no-tillage (n = 106) studies and compiled reported indicators, cropping systems, and soil sampling protocols from each. We then analyzed which indicators significantly responded to cover crop usage after 1 yr and 2 to 3 yr. Our results showed that out of 42 indicators, only 8 were reported in >20% of studies. Thirteen indicators showed >10% relative response after 1 to 3 yr; the remainder lacked either sufficient observations or consistent results. Looking forward, we propose that emphasis should be placed on (i) pursuing dynamic indicators (e.g., aggregate stability), (ii) standardizing sampling protocols, and (iii) developing a common framework for information sharing. These efforts will generate new insight into soil health across systems, ultimately ensuring that soil health science is useful to producers and regulators.
Copyright © 2018 by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, Inc.
Number: 1 _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2134/ael2018.06.0033
Soil aggregate stability is a crucial soil property affecting soil sustainability and crop production. A broad outline of the processes and agents of aggregate formation and aggregate stabilization are presented and discussed in this review. Aggregate stability is difficult to quantify and interpret. The aim of aggregate stability tests is to give a reliable description and ranking of the behavior of soils under the effect of water, wind and management. Numerous methods have been used to determine aggregate stability with varying success. The different methodologies complicate the comparison among aggregate stability data. It is also difficult to obtain a consistent correlation between aggregate stability and other important soil properties such as soil erodibility or crusting potential. This paper reviews the different methods of measurement of soil aggregate stability used in the literature, paying attention to the conditions of sample collection in the field and sample preparation and treatments in the laboratory. A unified methodological framework including the most interesting aspects of existing methods is suggested. The possibility of using aggregate stability data as an estimation of soil erodibility is also discussed.
Number: 2-3 Publisher: Taylor & Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1300/J064v14n02_08
Fundamentos de la estructura de suelos tropicales
Aggregate stability and assessment of soil crustability and erodibility: I. Theory and methodology
Crusting and erosion of cultivated soils result from aggregate breakdown and the detachment of soil fragments by rain, and the susceptibility of soil to these processes is often inferred from measurements of aggregate stability. Here, theories of aggregate breakdown are reviewed and four main mechanisms (i.e. slaking, breakdown by differential swelling, mechanical breakdown by raindrop impact and physico-chemical dispersion) are defined. Their relative importance depends on the nature of the rain, as well as on the soil's physical and chemical properties. The relations between aggregate breakdown, crusting and water erosion are analysed, and existing methods for the assessment of aggregate stability are reviewed. A unified framework for the measurement of aggregate stability is proposed to assess a soil's susceptibility to crusting and erosion. It combines three treatments having various wetting conditions and energies (fast wetting, slow wetting, and stirring after pre-wetting) and measures the resulting fragment size distribution after each treatment. It is designed to compare different soils, or different climatic conditions for a given soil, not to compare time-dependent changes in that soil. Stabilité structurale et évaluation de la sensibilité des sols à la battance et à l'érosion: I: Théorie et méthologie Résumé La battance et l'érosion des sols cultivés résultent essentiellement de la désagrégation des mottes de terre et du détachement de fragments sous l'action des pluies. La mesure de la stabilité structurale est donc souvent utilisée pour évaluer la sensibilité des sols àla battance et àl'érosion hydrique. On peut distinguer quatre principaux mécanismes de désagrégation (l'éclatement, la désagrégation par gonflement différentiel, la désagrégation mécanique par l'impact des gouttes de pluie, la dispersion physico-chimique) dont l'importance relative dépend des caractéristiques des pluies et des sols. Après un rappel sur ces mécanismes, cet article analyse leurs relations avec la battance et l'érosion puis décrit les caractéristiques des principales méthodes existant. On propose, à partir de cette analyse, un cadre méthodologique cohérent permettant d'évaluer la stabilité structurale des sols en relation avec la battance et l'érosion. La méthode combine trois traitements correspondant à différentes conditions d'humectation et différents niveaux d'énergie (humectation rapide par immersion, humectation lente par capillarité et agitation mécanique après préhumectation). La méthode est adaptée pour comparer le comportement intrinsèque de différents sols ou d'un sol donné dans différentes conditions climatiques, ainsi que pour tester l'influence de traitements ou amendements sur la stabilité structurale, mais pas pour tester les variations de stabilité dans le temps pour un sol donné.
Aggregate stability and assessment of soil crustability and erodibility
Number: 1 _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ejss.4_12311
Organic resource management: Impacts on soil aggregate stability and other soil physico-chemical properties
Effects of different types and amounts of organic matters (OM) on the soil aggregate stability indices as well as some soil properties were investigated. This study was conducted in the form of a split-plot experimental design with OM sources (sheep manure, cow manure, rice husk, finely chopped reeds, wheat straw, licorice (root) dregs) as main plot factors, and OM application rates (5, 15, and 25tonha−1) as sub-plot factors. Mean weight diameter (MWD), geometric mean diameter (GMD), and water stable aggregate (WSA) were measured using both wet and dry sieving methods. The soil aggregate percents (SAP)>0.84mm and soil fragment percents (SFP)<0.42mm, water stable aggregate (WSA)>0.5, WSA>0.25mm, soil bulk density (BD), and soil water infiltration were also measured in this study. Results showed that application of OM sources had positive effects on the soil MWD and GMD. The GMD and SAP>0.84mm increased following application of sheep and cow manure. The SAP>0.84mm, MWD, and GMD showed increasing trend from the beginning of the sowing stage to the end of the growing season. However, the SFP<0.42mm decreased for the same period. Applying all rates of OM increased the soil aggregate stability compared to the control treatment. The maximum values of MWD, GMD, WSA>0.5, and WSA>0.25 were obtained from 25tonha−1 OM application. In those plots that received cow manure, wheat straw, sheep manure, and rice husk, the WSA>0.5mm were higher than that of the control treatment. Application of OM increased OC, P, K, Mn, and Fe in the soil, while pH decreased with OM application. Applying different sources of OM decreased soil bulk density (BD) and increased infiltration rate.
General Soil Science Principles. Chapter 2.
Fertilización potásica de la caña de azúcar sobre la base del diagnóstico de la fertilidad potásica del suelo
Instituto de Investigaciones de la Caña de Azúcar, MINAZ
Caracterización agroquímica de los suelos Ferralíticos donde se cultiva la caña de azúcar en Cuba
Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación FAO. Guía para la descripción de suelos.
Requerimiento externo de fósforo de la caña de azúcar.
Consideraciones generales comparativas entre los suelos Pardos Tropicales de sabana y Pardos Subtropicale
El potasio en los principales tipos de suelos de las plantaciones cañeras de Cuba y efectividad de la fertilización potásica de la caña de azúcar
Departamento de Agroquímica y Suelos del INICA, MINAZ
Manual de técnicas analíticas para los laboratorios de agroquímica del INICA
Building soils for better crops: sustainable soil management for healthy soil
College Park : Sustainable Agriculture Research & Education
Ch 2. What Is Organic Matter and Why Is It So Important
Follow the appropriateness of the season, consider well the nature and conditions of the soil, then and only then least labor will bring best success. Rely on one’s own idea and not on the orders of nature, then every effort will be futile. —Jia Sixie, 6th century, China As we will discuss at the end […]
La ONE es la institución encargada de coordinar y promover el Sistema Estadístico Nacional bajo una normativa común, a fin de producir y difundir las informaciones estadísticas oficiales con calidad
Systems Approaches for Sustainable Agricultural Development
Fluctuations in temperature occur naturally during plant growth and reproduction. However, in the hot summers this variation may become stressful and damaging for the molecular mechanisms involved in proper cell growth, impairing thus plant development and particularly fruit-set in many crop plants. Tolerance to such a stress can be achieved by constitutive gene expression or by rapid changes in gene expression, which ultimately leads to protection against thermal damage. We have used cDNA-AFLP and microarray analyses to compare the early response of the tomato meiotic anther transcriptome to moderate heat stress conditions (32°C) in a heat-tolerant and a heat-sensitive tomato genotype. In the light of the expected global temperature increases, elucidating such protective mechanisms and identifying candidate tolerance genes can be used to improve breeding strategies for crop tolerance to heat stress.
Ecosystem Services Provision from Urban Farms in a Secondary City of Myanmar, Pyin Oo Lwin
Urban farms provide a large diversity of ecosystem services, which collectively have a positive effect on different constituents of human wellbeing. However, urban farms are facing increasing pressure due to accelerated urbanization and socioeconomic transformation, especially in rapidly developing countries such as Myanmar. There is an increasing call to harness the multiple benefits that urban farms offer in order to foster urban green economic transitions and increase the wellbeing of urban residents. This study examines how different types of urban farms provide ecosystem services, focusing on Pyin Oo Lwin, one of the secondary cities of Myanmar. We conduct household surveys with urban farmers representing the three main types of urban farms encountered in the city, namely seasonal crop farms (N = 101), coffee farms (N = 20), and nurseries (N = 20). The results suggest that all types of urban farms in our sample provide multiple provisioning, cultural, regulating, and supporting ecosystem services, which collectively contribute directly to different constituents of human wellbeing such as (a) food security, (b) livelihoods and economic growth, and (c) public health and social cohesion. Food crops and commercial crops (e.g., coffee) are the major provisioning ecosystem services provided by our studied urban farms, with some farms also producing medicinal plants. These ecosystem services contribute primarily to farmer livelihoods and economic growth, and secondarily to household food security (through self-consumption) and health (through nutritious diets and medicinal products). Food sharing is a common practice between respondents for building social cohesion, and is practiced to some extent by most seasonal crop farmers. Almost all surveyed urban farms in our sample provide diverse cultural services to their owners, ensuring the delivery of intangible benefits that have a further positive effect on human wellbeing. It is argued that efforts should be made to ensure the continuous supply of these ecosystem services in order to contribute to urban green economic transitions in Pyin Oo Lwin and other similar secondary cities.
Relationship between Consumer Behavior and Success of Urban Agriculture
Consumers prefer locally grown food products. One source that provides local food is urban agriculture, the farming in and around cities. A number of urban farmers are selling their products directly to consumers. In addition, consumers have the option to grow their own food on certain urban farms. Given this, we investigate how likely consumers are to purchase or grow their own food at urban farms and what determines this likelihood. Given that millennials are a key stakeholder of sustainable consumption and those with the greatest increase in numbers of food gardeners, we conducted an online survey with over 300 Generation Y respondents. We investigate whether young consumers perceive the health impacts and environmental benefits provided by urban agriculture, and what attitudes they hold towards this source of produce. Empirical results show that both psychological and personal factors affect consumer intentions to participate in urban agriculture. Among others, subjective knowledge regarding urban agriculture and a generally favorable attitude towards urban farms increases the likelihood to buy and grow produce at urban farms. Female and older consumers are more likely to grow their own produce. These findings can be used by stakeholders in urban agriculture to design target-oriented marketing activities.
A systematic review of urban agriculture and food security impacts in low-income countries
With increasing global urbanization and environmental threats, ensuring food security for poor city residents is a critical challenge. An ongoing debate is whether urban agriculture (UA) may serve as a pathway to food security for poor urban households. To assess this potential within low-income countries, we used standard systematic review procedures to synthesize findings from 35 peer-reviewed journal articles from 1980 to 2013 that presented data on UA and food security indicators. Though data quality was often lacking, several key findings emerged. Many of the reviewed studies found subsistence to be the primary motivation for practicing UA, followed by financial benefit, with UA substantially contributing to farming households’ food availability in some settings. Results regarding UA’s impact on dietary diversity reveal that in some farming systems UA may provide households with greater access to specific foods. Evidence also indicates that UA can be a key source of household income, though actual returns were low. Furthermore, results show that UA can facilitate women’s contribution to household food availability amid other household responsibilities, and can provide distinct benefits such as economic and social advancement. Although UA participation does not appear to fully eliminate pressure urban households face in obtaining food, a lack of supportive policies may constrain its potential. Municipal planning and agricultural policies that more effectively incorporate UA—and that integrate gender—may diminish barriers to productive UA practice. More rigorous research on UA’s contribution to food security in settings where supportive policies have been enacted would more clearly elucidate these linkages.
The new urban agricultural geography of Shanghai
Metodología de la investigación Quinta edición
http://repositorio. uasb. edu.bo: 8080/ bitstream/ 54000/ 1210/1/Sampieri-Metdolog%c3%ada%20de%20la%20 investigaci%c3%b3n%205ta%20ed.pdf..
Urban Agriculture: Models-in-Circulation from a Critical Transnational Perspective
Urban Agriculture (UA) is practiced around the globe (Biel, 2016), supported and advocated by a diversity of actors ranging from local neighbourhood groups to supra-national bodies (e.g. FAO, 2014; Mougeot, 2006; UN Habitat, 2014). As such, UA must be understood as one of planning’s current “models-in-circulation” (Roy and Ong, 2011), characterised by the traveling of ideas and policies in a globalised world (Healey, 2013). UA operates at a diversity of scales and engages a variety of actors. Yet, as a model-in-circulation, only some of the ways in which UA is practiced are promoted globally and influence the way UA is perceived, thus disregarding UA’s highly specific manifestations in different social/economic/political contexts around the world. We use a critical transnational perspective for a qualitative analysis of collective (rather than individual) UA practices happening in small-scale, left-over public spaces in three very different locations in Latin America and Europe (Bogotá and Medellin in Colombia, and Vienna in Austria) to gain insights into how policies and initiatives inspired by typical models-in-circulation affect the situation on ground. The analysis shows that the reliance on such models can act like a filter impeding the acknowledgment that actors, objectives and barriers for UA practices are more complex, nuanced and multifaceted than those that a simple model can contain. As a result the benefits UA can yield are only partially attained. The conceptual device of translocal is subsequently formulated as one conveying the traveling of ideas locally, which can enrich and root models-in-circulation.
Consumer concern about food safety in Hanoi,Vietnam
A growing demand for safe and high quality food in Vietnam has been driven by not only the rise in living standard but also consumer worry about food safety. This paper analyses consumer concern about food safety and its determinants, taking into account spatial disparities. Using the mixed method which combines data from our consumer survey and group discussions in Hanoi, we found that consumers experienced a high level of anxiety about food safety. In their eyes, pesticide residues, food preservatives, and hormone in livestock were top three risky hazards. As a result, vegetables, fruits, and meat were considered to be most unsafe. The concern about food safety was shaped by the fear of food hazards, risk perception of protein food, risk perception of vegetables and fruits, food risk information acquisition, and region. Region was the most important determinant of food safety concern, suggesting that spatial disparities exist. With a limited capacity to self-supply food and weaker social and kinship networks, urban consumers perceived a lower level of control over food safety. Their level of worry about food safety, therefore, was higher than their rural counterparts. Hence, urban farming is important, as it will help reduce urban consumers’ distress about food safety. To eliminate consumer fear in both rural and urban regions, better risk communication aiming at educating consumers about food hazards is required. Trust in food can be restored by better control of hazards and the safety of common food products.
Consumer understanding of sustainability concept in agricultural products
The term “sustainability” is based on three main pillars: environment, society and economy. To achieve sustainable development, agriculture is one of the main fields to be considered and it is key to address economic, environmental and ethical problems. Besides, consumers are increasingly demanding foods produced under sustainable practices and aiming to get involved in the process of enhancing food sustainability. Under such premises, a study was carried out with more than 3600 consumers in 6 countries (Brazil, China, India, Mexico, Spain and USA). Participants were asked questions organized in two main topics: general sustainability and willingness to pay on different food categories. In general, results showed that consumers thought that a sustainable product is “environmentally friendly”, “healthier”, has been grown using “few chemicals” and “have better quality”. More than 30% of consumers in the US and Spain were not willing to pay more for sustainable products. This percentage decreased to 20% in China, Mexico and Brazil and reached the lowest value in India (~14%). The main conclusion is that consumers are not fully aware of the importance of sustainability; in general, consumers tend to associate sustainable production with just organic farming and higher quality.
NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences
City adjustments as the main factor of success of urban and peri-urban farms–empirical evidence from the Ruhr metropolis
Economic viability of urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) is the key requirement for additional social, environmental, and landscape functions within urban and peri-urban areas. However the rapid progress of urbanization drives the loss of farmlands to industrial, residential and other urban uses, and the decline of farms and population working in agriculture. Hence, the literature highlights the need to popularize new ideas and strategies of preserving and developing farms in urbanized areas.The main aim of this research is both to identify and assess determinants of success of farms located in urban and peri-urban areas. The key question that has arisen is: how do different adjustment strategies, locations and farm resources affect the success of farms? For this purpose a web survey was conducted among 199 professional urban and peri-urban farms in the Ruhr Metropolis (Germany). It is an old-industrialized polycentric urban agglomeration where agriculture has a comparably high level of significance in current land use. Analyses were conducted taking a resource-based view and using the classification tree method. The data indicate that farms which use various adjustment strategies are more successful. Elements of successful strategies, are include tourism services (mainly horse-riding) and direct marketing. Results further indicate that the effectiveness of those strategies (farm success) is mainly dependent upon a farms locations. Distance from the customer seem to be of utmost importance, because by minimizing transport costs, customers choose entities that have the most convenient location for them. By assessing farm success from a long-term perspective, it was noted that positive prospects of development apply mainly to full-time farmers who use appropriate adjustment strategies. In contrast, farms, which do not use any elements of strategies relating to customers from urban areas, seem to achieve success chiefly from having a relatively large surface area of farmland.
RESEÑA SOBRE EL ESTADO ACTUAL DE LA AGROECOLOGÍA EN CUBA
El objetivo de éste trabajo es resumir los avances, así como algunas limitantes de la agroeco- logía en Cuba en sus ya cerca de 30 años de iniciada. Se presentan resultados de programas exitosos como el de Agricultura urbana, suburbana y familiar; el Agroecológico de campesino a campesino, fincas forestales integrales, Controles biológicos, Innovación agropecuaria local, In- tegración ganadería/agricultura, Silvopastoreo, entre otros Se analiza el papel de pequeños pro- ductores, cooperativas, ONGs, universidades, centros de investigación, en elevar la capacitación y conciencia nacional agroecológica, para producir económica y eficientemente alimentos sanos. Aún existen debilidades como la poca integración entre aspectos biofísicos y socioeconómicos en el tránsito agroecológico, pero a la vez muchas fortalezas como el otorgamiento de nuevas tierras en usufructo y la prioridad estatal al desarrollo local.
https://revistas.um.es/agroecologia/article/ view/330301/229261.
Sources and drivers of contamination along an urban tropical river (Ciliwung, Indonesia): Insights from microbial DNA, isotopes and water chemistry
Health risk assessment by consumption of vegetables irrigated with reclaimed waste water: A case study in Thika (Kenya)
Current study was conducted to assess remediation efficiency of heavy metals in Thika waste water treatment plant, human health risk posed by consumption of vegetables irrigated with its reclaimed waste water, and vegetables supplied at Makongeni market. Concentration of Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni and Pb was investigated in the sludge, waste water and vegetables, spinach (Spinacea oleracea), kales (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum). Thika waste water treatment plant was efficient in heavy metal remediation. Effluent heavy metal concentration was within recommended concentration for irrigation. Dietary intake of heavy metals and target hazard quotient were used to evaluate health risk posed to consumers. Heavy metals concentrations of vegetables sampled and analyzed were within world health organization permissible limit. Thika waste water treatment plant was found to be efficient; however, regular dredging is essential to reduce accumulated heavy metals in the sludge. Moreover, the study outcome revealed that besides reclaimed waste water that may be perceived to pose great health risk to consumers, the whole food production and distribution chain should be monitored to guarantee food safety.
Health risk assessment by consumption of vegetables irrigated with reclaimed waste water
Strategies to improve the productivity, product diversity and profitability of urban agriculture
The Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that more than 800 million people engage in urban agriculture producing more than 15% of the world's food. Recently, there has been a resurgence of interest in urban agriculture in many wealthy, developed cities, with new technology and agro-architecture being employed to grow food in cities at commercial scale. This has been accompanied by an increase in media coverage. Big claims are being made, including that urban agriculture can decrease greenhouse emissions, ‘climate proof’ farms, help solve food security for growing urban populations and provide chemical free food with no risk of pests and diseases. Many of these claims need to be rigorously tested to ensure that sound investments can be made in enterprises that are financially viable and capable of delivering on claims of social and environmental benefits. Around the world, traditional broadacre and horticulture farming have been underpinned by years of biological, chemical, physical, economic and social research. Urban agriculture needs similar support as the industry grows and develops around the world. There are opportunities to improve crop yields and quality by pairing advancements in environmental controls, phenomics and automation with breeding efforts to adapt traits for architecture, development and quality (taste and nutrition) allowing a more diverse set of crops to be grown in controlled-environment farms. Urban farms are uniquely placed to take advantage of urban waste energy, water and nutrients but innovations are needed to use these resources safely and economically. This review discusses the technological research and innovations necessary for urban agriculture to meet the nutritional requirements of growing urban populations.
Fertile cities: Nutrient management practices in urban agriculture
Cities are increasingly targeted as centers for sustainable development and innovation of food systems. Urban agriculture (UA) is advocated by some as a multi-faceted approach to help achieve urban sustainability goals as it provides possible social, economic and environmental benefits. The role of UA in restoring resource cycles receives increasing attention, especially with regard to assimilating urban waste. However, there is little information on how nutrients are managed in UA in industrialized countries. To examine nutrient management in UA, data was collected from a total of 25 ground-based UA initiatives in the Netherlands on i) preferences for types of fertilizers, and ii) quantity and quality of fertilizers used including nutrient composition and organic matter content. The main inputs at urban farms were compost and manure, high in organic matter content. The total nutrient inputs were compared to nutrient demand, based on crop nutrient uptake, in order to determine nutrient balances. Results show that mean nutrient inputs exceeded mean crop demand by roughly 450% for total nitrogen, 600% for phosphorus and 250% for potassium. Mean inputs for plant-available nitrogen were comparable to crop uptake values. The surpluses, particularly for phosphorus, are higher than fertilizer application limits used for conventional farming in The Netherlands. While nutrient input calculations were subject to several uncertainties, e.g., due to lack of accuracy of the data supplied by the farmers, results show a salient indication of over-fertilization and thus a suboptimal nutrient use. If UA continues to expand across cities these observed nutrient surpluses may pose a risk for local surface waters and groundwater as well as soil quality. The need to improve nutrient management in UA is evident. Soil tests, harvest logging and book keeping of nutrient inputs would improve data quality and may help balance nutrient inputs with nutrient outputs.
The contribution of Urban Food Policies toward food security in developing and developed countries: A network analysis approach
Cities around the world face new challenges of food security, and are developing urban food policies. Their objective is to integrate hunger problems with the aims of a food system based on environmental, economic and social sustainability. In this study a comparative analysis of the urban food policies’ actions is conducted, as envisaged in cities around the world. The methodology is based on the community detection method through network analysis, in which the number of actions cities have in common defines their adjacency in the network. The Milan Urban Food Policy Pact, which is a unique city platform worldwide, was used to select the cities and to analyse the actions in them, as classified into six main topics: ensuring and enabling an environment for effective action; sustainable diets and nutrition; social and economic equity; food production; food supply and distribution; and food waste. Three clusters are thus identified: i) agriculture for food security; ii) governance and food economy; and iii) sustainable and healthy consumption. This research provides a description of the main focuses of current policies, and their main political differences. The study may therefore also help improve future development.
The contribution of Urban Food Policies toward food security in developing and developed countries
A review of the role of urban agriculture in the sustainable city discourse
The debate on the role of urban agriculture in the sustainable city discourse remains unresolved in the conventional literature. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to review relevant literature to clarify the role of urban agriculture in sustainable cities. The search for literature was guided by themes such as: a) urban agricultural practices, b) indicators for the measurement of sustainable cities, c) economic, social and environmental benefits of urban agriculture, and d) negative effects of urban agriculture on the city. The results from a synthesis of the literature indicate that urban agriculture supports the economic, social and environmental sustainability of cities. However, if the discussion gives credence to only the economic dimension of sustainability, then urban agriculture loses the debate. This is because the economic benefits of prime city land that is used used for non-agricultural purposes (such as commercial or industrial) is profound. However, the social and environmental functions of responsible urban agriculture, particularly in reducing the rift between urbanisation and nature, may be difficult to quantify. These social and environmental functions underscore the importance of urban agriculture in the city landscape. The paper concludes by arguing that focussing on only economic sustainability in the urban agriculture-sustainable city discourse is a travesty of the idea of sustainable development. The paper presents practical steps that can be taken to preserve agriculture in cities towards their sustainability.
Participatory systems approaches for urban and peri-urban agriculture planning: The role of system dynamics and spatial group model building
Urban agriculture has become an important research theme in recent years. Over the past decade, a number of different, diverse value chains have been established in the urban areas of developed and developing countries alike, with increasing convergence in their motivations related to food security and livelihoods development, particularly for poor and disadvantaged segments of society. However, for urban agriculture to be sustainable as a livelihoods and resilience strategy will require decision-support tools that allow planners and participants alike to jointly develop strategies and assess potential leverage points within urban food value chains. In this paper, we argue that system dynamics (SD) models combined with participatory approaches have important roles in bridging this gap, though these will need to be adapted to the spatial influences that exist in urban settings. We first review elements of urban agriculture and some of the policy challenges faced in this growing phenomenon. We follow this by motivating the role of SD models in the context of urban agriculture and note their potential utility in overlaying quantitative models of urban food value chains alongside their land-use characteristics, highlighting the dynamic feedbacks between intensive processes within changing urban food systems and extensive processes associated with land-use and planning. From this background, we introduce the concept of spatial group model building (SGMB), which adapts standard group model building concepts to account for both the spatial context of urban agriculture and enables a spatially sensitive, participatory approach to qualitative and quantitative model building. We provide a qualitative proof-of-concept of SGMB principles and techniques in the context of describing the setting and dynamic issues facing organic urban agriculture value chains in Christchurch, New Zealand. Our approach fills an important space between participatory GIS practices and the development of complex spatial system dynamics models, infusing systems thinking principles to participatory processes, while showing a way to enhance the future development of quantitative spatial system dynamics models more generally.
Participatory systems approaches for urban and peri-urban agriculture planning
Chapter 9.1 - VERDIR (Enhancement of the Environment Through Sustainable Rehabilitation and Responsible Innovation)
The urban agriculture is fully developed for several years and we estimated that more than 75% of the world population will live in urban zones before 2050. The food supply and the food safety are threatened and the urban agriculture could help to solve this problem. VERDIR is a global and integrated project carried by the University of Liège to contribute to the social, cultural, environmental, and economic transition in the South part of Belgium (Wallonia). Wallonia cultivates the tradition of steel and iron for centuries and inventories estimate the number of brownfields in approximately 5000, representing a total surface about 10,000 hectares. Eighty percent of these former industrial sites are situated in peri-urban and urban zones. Moreover, the active steel and iron industries reject important quantities of hot waters, hot gases, and carbon dioxide in the environment. These industrial thermal discharges represent more than 20% of the energy consumed in Wallonia. The possibilities of rehabilitating former industrial sites or the valorization of industrial thermal discharges are numerous. But, recently the urban farming and the development of plant factories have become more and more an important renovation model of brownfields offering new jobs and new industrial sectors. The VERDIR project is a new rehabilitation concept of industrial sites, which mixes the practices of urban agriculture and the production of biomass to high added value molecule. VERDIR project is the beginning of a new economic model based on circular economy, short circuits, collective intelligence, coworking, and social innovation.
Tutorial de Statgraphics - Estamática.Manual de Statgraphics
Toda la información sobre Tutorial de Statgraphics: Manual de Statgraphics para análisis estadísticos avanzados.
Abdel-Ghany et al. - 2015 - Radiometric Characterization, Solar and Thermal Ra.pdf
Sabías que... La estadística en tu vida diaria
Mathematics / Probability & Statistics / General
Guía Completa de Statgraphics: Desde MS-DOS a Statgraphics Plus
El objetivo de este libro es acercar uno de los programas de Estadística más completos y extendidos a todos sus posibles usuarios, desde profesionales del mundo académico e investigadores a profesionales liberales y estudiantes. En este libro se tratan de forma completa la versión 4.0 para MS-DOS y las versiones 4.0 y 5.0 de Statgraphics Plus, siendo totalmente válido para versiones anteriores para Windows (2.0, 2.1, 3.0, 3.1), ya que las nuevas versiones incorporan los nuevos análisis sin modificar, ni eliminar los ya existentes. Se ha incluido la versión 4.0 para MS-DOS por su excelencia, ya que la forma en la que está estructurado el programa hace que su uso sea muy intuitivo y que el programa sea de gran calidad docente. INDICE: Introducción al Statgraphics. Gestión de datos en el Statgraphics.Métodos descriptivos y representaciones gráficas. Métodos de inferencia estadística. Modelos de distribución. Análisis exploratorio de datos. Análisis de la varianza. Análisis de datos categóricos. Análisis no paramétrico. Análisis multivariante. Series temporales. Control de calidad. Diseño de experimentos. Problemas. Innovaciones en la versión 5.0 de Statgraphics Plus. Modelos de distribución de probabilidad. Bibliografía.
Status of computer simulators for plant growth
The contribution of leaves from different levels within a tomato crop to canopy net photosynthesis: An experimental examination of two canopy models.
Predicting harvesting date of processing tomatoes by a simulation model.
Estudio y modelación de algunas variables que influyen en el rendimiento agrícola de la caña de azúcar. Evento ATAC.
Design and Test of a Simulation Model of Tomato Growth and Yield in a Greenhouse
A deterministic model of the growth of greenhouse tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill), written in Pascal computer language, was developed based on a leaf assimilation model, a respiration theory, and a theory that the photosynthesis rate is controlled by both environmental conditions and leaf carbohydrate level. The model was applied to estimate the effect of carbon dioxide enrichment on tomato fruit yield, and tested with data obtained from two experiments conducted in College Station, Texas, U. S. A. in 1983 through 1984. Tomatoes were grown at 340, 700, and 1000 ppm (on a volume basis) of carbon dioxide (C02) in three 2 x 2 x 10 m translucent chambers inside a double-layered, polyethylene greenhouse. The measured values of the C02 assimilation rate and the dry mass accumulation rate of tomatoes were consistently higher than the calculated ones, but the prediction of the fruit growth and yield were rather accurate. The potential use of the model is in predicting the effects of environmental factors, or in estimating the effect of a new climate control method under a variety of environmental conditions.
Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science
Kano y Gavel - 1988 - Design and Test of a Simulation Model of Tomato Gr.pdf
Modelos de simulación de crecimiento y desarrollo de los cultivos. AgroBarrow Digital
La simulación del desarrollo, crecimiento y rendimiento en maíz 37.
Análisis de Sistemas de Producción Animal - Tomo 2: las Herramientas Básicas. (Estudio FAO Producción y Sanidad Animal 140/2)
Instrumentos para el Monitoreo del Impacto Ambiental sobre la Producción Agrícola Modelos para Cultivos
Agroforestale - Università degli Studi di Firenze
La Matemática Aplicada en las investigaciones del Instituto de Ciencia Animal, cincuenta años de experiencia
Agricultural System Modelling and Simulation.
CULTIVO DE TOMATE (Lycopersicon esculentum)
Agroinformación - El cultivo del tomate. 1ª parte.
Los simuladores (del agro) | Sobre La Tierra
Integrating Mechanical Weeding and Planting for Reduced Labour Input in Paddy Rice under System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) has been attributed to improvement in rice production with various attributes being accrued from application of the SRI Principles. The most notable are savings on water use and increase in yield. Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) has also paved way for mechanical weed control in paddy fields. One of the major constraints to adoption of SRI is the perceived increased labour input due to the careful transplanting and frequent weed control. This paper evaluates the effect of mechanization on labour input in SRI in comparison to the less mechanized farmer practice. In attempt to reduce drudgery in transplanting under SRI, the drum seeder was used to establish the rice crop by direct seeding. This was then followed by using SRI practices i.e. AWD and mechanical weeding. Direct seeding using a drum seeder was compared to transplanting in both SRI and the common farmer practice. Hand weeding was also evaluated and compared to mechanical weeding. Labour input cost was also compared to the income accrued from the yields. From the study, it was noted that direct seeding using the drum seeder reduced labour input by 97% compared to transplanting. This was possible in that in direct seeding, and there was no nursery preparation and management as in transplanting. The use of a mechanical weeder reduced labour input by 28.3% in relation to hand weeding. Labour input cost for SRI was cheaper (Kshs. 124,080 per hectare) compared to the common farmer practice (Kshs. 139,117.50 per hectare). There was more yield from the SRI practice (2.75 Ton/ha) compared to the common farmer practice (1.88 Ton/ha).
Kathia et al. - 2019 - Integrating Mechanical Weeding and Planting for Re.pdf
Integrated weed management in direct seeded rice in Trans Indo-Gangetic plains of India- A review
In the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) of India, rice (Oryza sativa L.) is taken by conventional tilled puddled transplanted (CT-PTR) method. CT-PTR requires a lot of water (2000-2500 mm) which comes mainly from groundwater. Due to declining water table and changing climate, the sustainability of CT-PTR rice is under immense pressure. The alternative to CT-PTR could be direct seeded rice (DSR) which requires less water, labor, initial cost and energy than CT-PTR. But direct seeded rice is heavily infested with weeds which cause severe loss to the grain yield. Thus, the success of aerobic rice depends on effective and timely weed control. As a single weed control method may not be successful on a long term basis, weed problem in direct seeded rice needs to be solved by integrated approach. Integrating cultural, mechanical and chemical methods along with highly competitive cultivars with effective allelopathic properties, effective weed management on long term sustainable basis can be achieved.
Evaluación del desempeño de campo de la mosca de poder para Paddy Crop - Actual Agricultura Research Journal
Effects of different mechanical direct seeding methods on grain yield and lodging resistance of early indica rice in South China
Direct seeding of rice has become a main planting method due to the low labor input and high economic benefit in South China. Dry direct seeding (DDS) has been widely used for single-season rice planting establishment. However, few studies have examined the performance of early-season indica rice under mechanical dry direct seeding. A two-year field experiment was conducted with two indica rice cultivars (i.e., Zhongjiazao 17 and Zhuliangyou 819) to study lodging characteristics and grain yield formation under DDS, flooded direct seeding (FDS) and wet direct seeding (WDS) patterns. The results showed that the annual grain yield in DDS was higher by 14.42–26.34% for cultivar ZLY819 and 6.64–24.58% for cultivar ZJZ17 than in WDS and FDS, respectively, and these increases were mainly attributed to the improvement of the panicles. The DDS pattern significantly increased the seedling emergence rate of early indica rice cultivars, and increased total dry weight and crop growth rate. Meanwhile, shorter basal internodes, better stem diameter and stem wall thickness and lower lodging index were found in DDS in contrast to FDS and WDS. In particular, DDS improved the stem lodging resistance. Our results suggested that the appropriate direct seeding method was beneficial for improving the grain yield and lodging resistance of early indica rice.
Arz de semillas directas: perspectivas, problemas/constras y temas de investigación en la India
Journal of Experimental Agriculture International
Suitability of Rice Transplanters and Weeders in Different Soil Types
Aim: To evaluate the performance of existing models of rice transplanters in different soil types, to evaluate the performance of existing models of power weeder in different soil types, and to reduce the cost of cultivation and enhance the rice production and profitability. Study design: Strip plot design with different soil types as main-plot treatments(3),existing models of rice transplanter(5) as sub-plot treatment and existing models of power weeder(3) as sub-sub-plot treatments. Place and duration: Experiments were conducted in six locations of delta zones of Tamil Nadu representing three soil types' viz., sandy clay loam, sandy loam, and clay loam during samba season(2019 & 2020) with the medium duration rice variety 'TKM 13. Methodology: Transplanter machine related parameters of actual field efficiency, theoretical capacity and field efficiency and weeder machine related parameters of field capacity and field Original Research Article Kannan et al.; JEAI, 43(4): 103-113, 2021; Article no.JEAI.69524 104 efficiency and weed control efficiency was observed in different soil types. Suitability of transplanter and weeder combination on rice growth and yield parameters and yield, reduction of cost of cultivation and increase in net return and net income were observed and calculated. Results: Among growth and yield parameters, the 6 row yanmar transplanter along with conoweeding combination were recorded higher tillers and productive tillers (16.28 &20.65/hill), number of filled grains (113&145/panicle) seed yield (5922 &5733kg/ha) respectively in sandy clay loam and sandy loam soil. Similarly, higher net return(Rs.70195/ha& Rs.55343/ha)) and BCR(2.62& BCR(2.28) in sandy clay loam and sandy loam soil respectively. Furthermore, they achieved additional grain yield of 1769 kg/ha and 1873 kg/ha with the additional net profit of Rs.37027/ha& Rs.34813/ha in sandy clay loam and sandy loam soil respectively. Yanmar 8 row transplanter along with single row power weeder combination were recorded higher productive tillers (15.25/hill), filled grains(122/panicle) and seed yield (5506 kg/ha) with higher net return (Rs.58175/ha) and BCR(2.32) in clay loam soil. Furthermore, they achieved with an additional grain yield of 1121 kg/ha with additional net profit of Rs.24618/ha and net income change of Rs.24618/ha in clay loam soil compared to farmers practice. Conclusion: Cultivation of rice by using 6 row yanmar transplanter and weeding by cono weeder along with agronomic practices is important to achieve higher yield performance and net return and BCR in sandy clay loam soil and sandy loam soil. Cultivation of rice by using 8 row Yanmar transplanter for transplanting and single row power weeder for weeding operation along with recommended agronomic practices is important to achieve higher yield performance and net return and BCR in clay loam soil.
Herramientas metodológicas para una extensión agraria generalista, sistémica y participativa
Présentation de l'éditeur : La Dirección de Ciencia y Técnica del Ministerio de la Agricultura de Cuba, en colaboración con el Centro Internacional de Investigaciones Agronómicas para el Desarrollo, CIRAD de Francia, en el periodo comprendido entre mayo de 2001 a julio del 2003 ejecutó el proyecto franco cubano de Apoyo a la Implementación del Sistema de Extensión Agraria en Cuba, PASEA, con el objetivo de coadyuvar al aumento de la producción agropecuaria a través de la introducción de nuevos enfoques y métodos para mejorar los mecanismos de la articulación ciehcia- extensión-producción, desarrollado en tres provincias del país, La Habana, Camagüey y Holguín, las que representan condiciones edafo- climaticas particulares y una historia agro social bien diferenciada. Los resultados del proyecto permitieron construir una nueva metodología del proceso de Extensión Agraria con enfoque sistémico, generalista y participativo en la cual los productores desempeñan un especial protagonismo, la que no pretende sustituir otras formas de realizar el proceso de Extensión Agraria ni ofrecer un modelo rígido que no deje espacio a las adaptaciones, creatividad y mejorías, sino al contrario, complementar los esfuerzos que se realizan en la implementación del Sistema de Extensión Agraria en el país. El presente documento tiene por tanto como objetivo esencial ofrecer una síntesis de las experiencias obtenidas como resultado del proyecto y constituir una propuesta metodológica que contribuya tanto al intercambio de experiencias en la práctica de la actividad de extensión-agraria, como para la formación de estudiantes y extensionistas.
Tecnología del cultivo del arroz en pequeña escala
Existencias: Tecnología del cultivo del arroz en pequeña escala
Instituto de Suelos Ministerio de la Agricultura
Nueva versión de clasificación genética de los suelos de Cuba
La clasificación genética de los suelos de Cuba surgió como una necesidad para el desarrollo del país, como se ha puesto de manifiesto en reiteradas ocasiones. En este trabajo se revisaron todos los materiales que sirvieron de base a las versiones de clasificación de suelos que se elaboraron anteriormente y los resultados alcanzados en los últimos 20 años en la caracterización y clasificación de suelos de diferentes regiones en Cuba. The genetic classification of the soils of Cuba emerged as a necessity for the development of the country, as has been repeatedly demonstrated. In this work, all the materials that served as the basis for the soil classification versions that were prepared previously and the results achieved in the last 20 years in the characterization and classification of soils from different regions in Cuba were reviewed.
Accepted: 2019-03-21T19:43:51Z ISSN: 959-246-022-1 Journal Abbreviation: New version of genetic classification of the soils of Cuba
TRANSFERENCIA DE TECNOLOGÍA E INNOVACIÓN EN LA PRODUCCIÓN DE CAÑA DE AZÚCAR EN CUBA
Con el fin de alcanzar una mayor producción de caña y mayores cantidades de azúcar por unidad de superficie, en Cuba se ha emprendido diversas acciones. En tal empeño, ha tenido un gran peso la investigación científica y la generación de tecnologías. El sistema de plantación en surcos de base ancha es una de ellas. Sin embargo, a pesar de las bondades de esta tecnología reconocidas por los investigadores, no se logra los niveles de introducción orientados ni lo resultados productivos esperados. De lo anterior, puede inferirse la necesidad de hacer un análisis de algunos aspectos que pueden influir en este comportamiento. A partir de la revisión documental, se analizó la trasferencia de tecnologías, los factores que influyen en sus resultados y su vinculación con la producción de caña de azúcar en Cuba. Lo propio ocurrió con los procesos y sistemas de innovación y cómo estos se manifiestan en la producción de caña de azúcar en Cuba y por último, el papel de los servicios de extensión en los procesos de innovación. Tras el estudio de los diferentes documentos consultados se evidencia que para que la introducción de una tecnología sea adoptada y se transforme en innovación esta tiene que estar acompañada de procesos sistémicos de proyección participativa. A partir de este análisis, se plantean algunas preguntas a tener en cuenta para la introducción de la tecnología de plantación en surcos de base ancha en caña de azúcar en Cuba.
Derechos de autor 2021 Revista de Gestión del Conocimiento y el Desarrollo Local
Revista de Gestión del Conocimiento y el Desarrollo Local
La clasificación de suelos de Cuba: énfasis en la versión de 2015
Cuba is among the few countries that have developed its own soil classification system, the latest version, 21 years ago, so it is necessary to review and update it. This update should be on the basis of the new results in soil classification in the world. So that, in our paper we are taking in account the historical principle (that is the name of the soils, and the genetic geographic basis) and with the information available, try to improve the soil classification with the establishment of diagnostics profile. In our soil classification system for Alitic, Ferritic, Ferralític Ferralic and Histosol is prepare dagnostic soil profile until soil subtypes. In the case of Fersiallitic, Siallític Brown, Siallitic Humic, Vertisols, Fluvisols, Halomorphic and Few Developed Soils Groups, diagnosis profile is stablished until genus level. This classification results a Soil Taxonomy until soil subtypes or soil genus, unlike the previous classifications. We are applying also the anthropic influence in the change of soil properties, with new agrogenic and erogenic soil subtypes. In the Group of Anthrosol there are new soil types and there is a new soil group named Tecnosol with two soil types. The name of Hydromorphic soil group is changed by Gleysol and there is a new soil subtype named slitic. This version has 15 groupings, 39 genetic types and 197 subtypes of soils.
Derechos de autor 2019 Cultivos Tropicales
Aplicación y validación de metodologías de zonificación y modelos de simulación para la gestión de grandes superficies de cultivo de tomate para industria en las vegas bajas del Guadiana
Aplicación del modelo DSSAT en cultivos de frijol en El Guayabo y Campus de la EAP Zamorano, Honduras
This study simulated the productivity of the Amadeus 77 bean in El Guayabo community and El Zamorano by the application of DSSAT model (Decision Support System for agro technology transfer) as a tool for future application in the prediction of the productive impact deriving from climate change for agro technology decision-making. The model entries consist of climate, soil, and crop management data. Experimental tests were developed for the evaluation of Amadeus 77 through the crop cycle in both places where the study took place. In both locations there was a treatment with fertilizer and other treatment without fertilizer, each treatment consisted of four repetitions and three beds for each repetition. Climate data was recollected by climate stations, the physical and chemical characteristics of soil were analyzed in Zamorano´s soil laboratory, and the crop management data were taken every eight days from day 23 until the crop was harvested. Conditions of the study allowed appropriate prediction results from the model for the phonological dates, but not for yield decision making for it does not simulate values similar to the ones obtained in the production on field because the study does not allow it. It is necessary to have more than four experimental study points in five or six sowing seasons during a minimum period of two years to obtain valid yield results.
Acimed: revista cubana de los profesionales de la información y la comunicación en salud, ISSN 1024-9435, Vol. 17, Nº. 4, 2008
Cuba: producción, transformación y comercialización de productos agropecuarios
Number: 25 Publisher: Centro de Investigaciones Agroalimentarias (CIAAL)
Hongos micorrízicos arbusculares y rizobacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal: alternativas para la producción de posturas de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) y cebolla (Allium cepa L.)
Hongos micorrízicos arbusculares y rizobacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal
Accepted: 2019-03-13T13:41:03Z Publisher: Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas
Características de los suelos Fersialíticos Rojos Lixiviados de la llanura meridional alta de Pinar del Río
Soil fertility is considered a determining factor in the availability of nutrients for plants, mainly in tropical regions where transformation and translocation processes of substances are more energetic in soil formation compared to temperate regions. This problem is related to the climatic factor, mainly rainfall and temperature, which are more accentuated in these areas. Considering the above, a detailed edaphological study of "El Pitirre" Productive Base Unit, in Pinar del Río province, was carried out through the application of the Dokuchaevian comparative geographic method, with the main objective of evaluating the edaphological properties. For this, different factors of soil formation are diagnosed, which with their morphological, physical and chemical properties, the soil formation process is established; which is the main basis for soil classification in Cuba. On these results, a new genetic type of soils was diagnosed, the Red Leached Fersialitic, with several subtypes according to relief differences and anthropic causes. In addition, it was shown that the soils are of the ABtC profile type, deep, red, clayey, formed from ancient Quaternary sediments rich in basalt, in undulating to hilly relief, with acid reaction pH and have a low to very low content of assimilable potassium and phosphorus.
Derechos de autor 2022 Licencia CC Reconocimiento-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0)
La integración de los procesos sustantivos universitarios desde el proceso extensionista: una mirada a la teoría: Array | Maestro y Sociedad
The aim of this article is to systematize in the treatment of the university substantive processes with emphasis on the third function, the university extension, in the world and in Cuba, taking into account the importance of these in the current university for the improvement of its mission, mainly in the university extension as a synthesizing and integrating process of university work and its transmission to society. Through the historical-logical method, an analysis of diverse bibliographical sources on the integration of university processes and extension work is carried out, taking into account the relationships established between them, as well as the participation of university protagonists, starting from the training of future professionals and their interaction in the sociocultural environment and the community.
La integración de los procesos sustantivos universitarios desde el proceso extensionista
Aplicación de la herramienta de modelación DSSAT para estimar la dosis óptima de fertilizante nitrogenado para la variedad de arroz J-104
El arroz (Oryza sativa L.), es uno de los cereales de mayor producción a nivel mundial. Cuba es uno de los países más altos consumidores de América Latina; c...
Aplicaciones de la modelación y simulación a la producción y alimentación de animales de granjas
Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica, desde los años 70 hasta la fecha sobre las aplicaciones de la modelación y simulación de la producción y alimentación de animales de granjas. Se estudiaron las etapas en el desarrollo de la modelación, las propiedades de los modelos, los tipos y su clasificación, así como sus aplicaciones. Se indica la necesidad de que cada país o región diseñe sus propios modelos para que se ajuste a sus condiciones y sirva como herramienta útil en la toma de decisiones, además de tener en cuenta los criterios estadísticos que garanticen la confiabilidad de los modelos propuestos.
articulación soberanía alimentaria y estrategias de desarrollo local
soberanía alimentaria y educación nutricional
Articulación del plan de soberanía alimentaria con las estrategias de desarrollo
With the approval of the National Plan for Food Sovereignty and Nutrition Education in 2020, as well as the Policy to Promote Territorial Development, together with other new regulations, the Municipal Development Strategies and the Provincial Development Strategy, which had been intensively worked on until 2019, an updating process was required. It was necessary to reformulate them under the new conditions, particularly the strategic line of food sovereignty, identifying as a problem the lack of a working system that would articulate both policies from the government, prioritizing the development strategies as the main management tool at each level. Hence, the objective of this contribution is to show the work system under the leadership of the maximum government direction in the province of Pinar del Río. In order to fulfill this objective, participatory action research and group work were used as techniques, corresponding to the qualitative research approach. As a result, a work system was elaborated, structured in premises, principles, objectives, functions, actors, schedule and a training system for both the provincial and municipal levels, which implementation has already shown positive impacts, both economically, socially and environmentally.
Derechos de autor 2022 Maricela María González Pérez
Caracterización de fincas productoras de café convencional y orgánico en el valle del Alto Mayo, región San Martín, Perú
Number: 2 Publisher: Universidad Mayor de San Andrés
Revista de Investigación e Innovación Agropecuaria y de Recursos Naturales
Agriculture plays a key role in overall economic and social wellbeing of the specially developing countries. Now it is the right option to increase the quality and quantity of food production through the technological and managerial interventions like crop growth and yield prediction models. Various kinds of models such as Statistical, Mechanistic, Deterministic, Stochastic, Dynamic, Static, Simulations are in use for assessing and predicting crop growth and yield. Crop growth model is also a very effective tool for predicting possible impacts of climatic change on crop growth and yield. Crop growth models are useful for solving various practical problems in agriculture. Adequate human resource capacity has to be improved to develop and validate simulation models across the globe. This paper discusses various crop growth modeling approaches. Role of climate change in crop modeling and applications of crop growth models in agricultural activities are also discussed. A few successfully used crop growth models are discussed in detail.
Adopción de tecnologías en Cooperativas de Producción Agropecuaria. Una visión teórica
Las necesidades existentes en el sector cooperativo asociadas a la insuficiencia de equipamiento tecnológico para la mejora del proceso productivo motivaron la realización de este artículo de revisión cuyo objetivo es valorar la adopción de tecnologías en cooperativas de producción agropecuaria. Para llevar a cabo la investigación se estudiaron, de manera sistémica, artículos científicos referidos a cuestiones propias de la adopción tecnológica de conjunto con la metodología empleada y el proceso extensionista. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que la efectividad de la adopción tecnológica tiene una estrecha relación con el nivel de experiencia, capacitación y consentimiento del personal de la cooperativa objeto de estudio, también con la aplicación eficiente de la metodología de trabajo, así como con la correcta articulación del proceso de extensión agraria en el ambiente laboral.
Derechos de autor 2020 Revista de Gestión del Conocimiento y el Desarrollo Local
Evaluación de la calidad de subproductos de la soja
Number: 2 Publisher: Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA)
RIA. Revista de investigaciones agropecuarias
Propuesta de indicador objetivo para evaluar los precios formados por el método de gastos en el sector agropecuario
El objetivo de este trabajo es exponer lo necesario que resulta reflexionar y adoptar medidas que nos permitan adaptarnos mejor a las nuevas condiciones en que nos encontramos, como objetos de un proceso de globalización que no podemos obviar y proponer medidas concretas en materia de precios que nos permitan insertarnos mejor en la economía internacional. Código JEL: R48 Fijación de precios por el gobierno; Políticas reguladoras y Q14 Finanzas agrarias
Derechos de autor 2018 Silvio David Gutierrez Pérez
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and quality attributes in heat tolerant exotic lines of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Genetic variability was investigated in twenty genotypes of tomato for yield and quality traits during Kharif, 2014 at Experimental Farm of Vegetable Research Station, ARI, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The results of the study revealed that high PCV and GCV estimates were recorded for plant height, number of primary branches, number of clusters per plant, fruit set per cent, number of fruits per plant, number of fruit per cluster, fruit length, average fruit weight, fruit yield per plant, stomatal diffusive resistance, relative water content and chlorophyll content. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean indicates operation of additive gene action which was observed in characters plant height, root to shoot ratio, number of primary branches per plant, number of flowers per cluster, number of clusters per plant, fruit set (%), number of fruits per cluster, number of fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit width, average fruit weight, fruit yield per plant, number of locules per fruit, ascorbic acid, lycopene content, stomatal diffusive resistance, relative water content and chlorophyll content. Hence, directional selection for the above characters could be effective for desired genetic improvement.
Evaluación del comportamiento productivo en cerdos en crecimiento alimentados con una dieta no convencional
Number: 2 Publisher: Estación Experimental de Pastos y Forrajes Indio Hatuey
Tendencias actuales de la internacionalización de la educación superior. Retos para Cuba.
The internationalization of higher education is a process in constant evolution, for which the analysis of its main current trends constitutes a priority both conceptually and in practice for higher education institutions in the inescapable objective of being inserted efficiently in those trends. For the network of centers comprising the Ministry of Higher Education in Cuba, it is essential to achieve an increasing participation in these trends based on the principles and realities that characterize Cuban higher education, facing with proven strength the enormous general obstacles and those specific to Cuba like the blockade of the US government.
Propuesta para evaluar el proceso de adopción de las innovaciones tecnológicas
Number: 6 Publisher: Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias
Estabilidad química y actividad biológica del QuitoMax® durante su almacenamiento
El QuitoMax® es un producto biológicamente activo, biocompatible y biodegrabable a base de quitosano. Tiene la capacidad de estimular el crecimiento y rendimiento vegetal e inducir mecanismos defensivos contra patógenos. Independientemente de su campo de acción, este producto debe ser capaz de mantener sus características químicas durante el almacenamiento. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron evaluar las características químicas del QuitoMax® durante el almacenamiento y la actividad biológica en posturas de tomate. Se determinó la conductividad, el pH y la masa de quitosano soluble como características químicas. A las semillas previamente tratadas con QuitoMax® se les evaluó la germinación y las variables morfoagronómicas de las posturas de tomate a los 25 días de sembradas. Como resultados no se evidenciaron cambios significativos en la conductividad, el pH y la masa de quitosano soluble en el periodo evaluado. De igual forma, no se apreciaron diferencias entre el producto conservado y uno recién producido al evaluar la germinación y la altura de la planta. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que el producto mantiene las características químicas y la actividad biológica a los 270 días de conservación. Palabras-clave: quitina; conductividad; polímero; quitosano
Efecto de la edad de cosecha en la digestibilidad y fraccionamiento energético de dos arbustivas forrajeras en Colombia
Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la edad y la época de cosecha en la composición química, con énfasis en el fraccionamiento energético y la digestibilidad de T...
Diagnóstico de la fertilidad fosfórica y niveles críticos para la caña de azúcar en los principales suelos dedicados a su cultivo en Cuba.
Perspectivas o enfoques en la promoción de la innovación agropecuaria local. Importancia de la comunicación en este proceso
El presente artículo pretende reflexionar sobre perspectivas o enfoques en que se promueve la innovación agropecuaria local a nivel nacional e internacional y sobre la importancia de la comunicación para la promoción de este proceso en pos del desarrollo local. Se aboga por la implementación de una perspectiva sistémica en el proceso de gestión de la innovación y por la participación de los actores sociales involucrados en estos procesos, así como por superar aquellos enfoques que tienen por base la extensión, transferencia, difusión o diseminación de los conocimientos en pos de aquellas que apuestan por socializar, compartir, poner en común sobre la base del diálogo de saberes, donde la comunicación resulta fundamental. Se comparten un grupo de experiencias que constituyen buenas prácticas promovidas por el Proyecto de Innovación Agropecuaria Local (PIAL) en Cuba. Se demuestra, a partir de las experiencias presentadas, la importancia de la comunicación para la gestión de este proceso en pos del desarrollo local y de los actores sociales participantes. Se emplearon como técnicas las entrevistas semiestructuradas, las historias de vida, la observación participante y la revisión de documentos. Palabras clave: Comunicación, innovación agropecuaria, proyecto, desarrollo local. ABSTRACT The current article aims to reflect the perspectives or approaches the local agricultural innovation is promoted national and internationally and the importance of the communication for the promotion of this process contributing to the local development. It is referred to the implementation of a systemic perspective in the process of innovation's management and for the participation of social actors involved in these processes, as well as to overcome those approaches based on the extension, transfer, diffusion or dissemination of the knowledge contributing to those approaches that socialize, share, and equal at the same level based on the dialogue of knowledge, where communication is essential. A group of experiences is shared that represents good practices promoted by the Project of Local Agricultural Innovation (PIAL, Spanish acronym) in Cuba. It is demonstrated, taking into account the presented experiences, the importance of the communication for the management of this process contributing to the local development and to the social actors that take part in this article. It was important to use different techniques such as the semi structured interviews, life stories, the participant observation and the revision of documents. Keywords: Communication, agricultural innovation, project, local development.
Derechos de autor 2019 Revista Científica Agroecosistemas
MODELO DE CAPACITACIÓN PARA LA GANADERÍA SOSTENIBLE EN ÁREAS NATURALES PROTEGIDAS DE CHIAPAS
El Cuerpo Académico de Agroforesteria Pecuaria (CAAP) inicio en el año 2002 y ha brindado servicios de capacitación a productores ganaderos de las zonas de influencia de las Áreas Naturales Protegidas de Chiapas mediante técnicas diseñadas amigables
Investigación agronómica y extensión agraria en Cuba: unidad dialéctica imprescindible para lograr seguridad alimentaria
Considering the complexity of the Cuban agriculture regarding the coexistence of different ways of production, it is necessary to activate a system of agrarian extension that is the catalyst for the communication between the production and research, and which constitutes the bridge between producers and the different institutions of research and services or technical assistance of the MINAG. To achieve this goal, it not only furnish to enhance efforts, but that at the same time, it would help to sort the relations with producers and that the tasks are in line with the real needs of these. It must be that people that they intervene in the process of designing the system, as well as the make it work at different scales, to be convinced that the agrarian extension needs of research information to explain the technical, economic and socially sustainable solutions adapted to the actual conditions of production, and previously validated in the field. The purpose of the present paper is the share some ideas with regard to the importance for the agricultural production of the country and of course for the food security of the population, relations between agronomic research and agricultural extension, which are not always considered, being an eloquent proof of this lack of correspondence between scientific production and agricultural production.
Cid et al. - 2013 - Investigación agronómica y extensión agraria en Cu.pdf
ABSTRACT. Cuba coexist in many and varied forms of extension with the mission of contributing to the development of competitive and sustainable forms of production, which is an objective of working in the field of economic and social development. Based on this concept, the overall objective of this research was to analyze some of the extension forms that exist in Cuba. The critical analysis of the theoretical foundations correctly identified the lack of an agricultural extension model according to the needs of Cuban agriculture, for which suggests a reciprocal training process, which helps to acquire the knowledge to understand why and how the use and management of extension forms practiced in the country. Research centers in the country, extension perform different actions that respond to various programs and projects, but responsiveness still fails to solve the problems that arise in the manufacturing sector according to their requirements. RESUMEN. En Cuba coexisten numerosas y variadas formas de extensión que tienen la misión de contribuir al desarrollo competitivo y sostenible de las formas de producción, lo que constituye un objetivo de trabajo en el campo del desarrollo económico y social. Partiendo de este concepto, el objetivo general de esta investigación fue analizar algunas de las formas de extensión que existen en Cuba. El análisis crítico a los fundamentos teóricos permitió identificar correctamente la carencia de un modelo de extensión agraria acorde a las necesidades de la agricultura cubana, para lo cual se sugiere un proceso de capacitación recíproca, que ayude a apropiarse del conocimiento para entender el por qué y el cómo del uso y manejo de las formas de extensión que se practican en el país. Los centros de investigación que existen en el país, realizan diferentes acciones de extensión que responden a diversos programas y proyectos pero, la capacidad de respuesta aún no llega a solucionar los problemas que se presentan en el sector productivo en función de sus requerimientos.
Rosales - 2014 - EXTENSIONISMO EN CUBA ESTUDIOS DE CASO.pdf
Análisis de la variabilidad morfoagronómica en la colección de tomate (Solanum L. sección Lycopersicon subsección Lycopersicon) conservada Ex Situ en Cuba
Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development.
How Well Is Urban Agriculture Growing in the Southern United States?
In this study, we evaluate urban agriculture trends in 55 cities in the Southern United States. Our research is important for three reasons. First, as the geographic scope of urban agriculture research is limited mostly to Northeast and West Coast cities, we focus on the South, the fastest-growing U.S. Census region. Second, despite rapid growth, this region has also experienced the highest rate of poverty and food insecurity. Third, we surveyed urban planners who regulate and monitor urban agriculture sites, develop urban agriculture policies and programs, and advise local decision-makers. The study documents Southern urban agriculture changes between 2000 and 2010. It also considers types of projects, implementation barriers, and strategies used to promote urban agriculture. A survey questionnaire was mailed to planning offi­cials in 153 Southern cities; 55 cities responded. Among respondents, 87% reported the existence of urban agriculture in their jurisdiction. Most Southern cities reporting urban agriculture experi­enced urban agriculture growth (69%), 21% reported decline, and 10% did not report a change. The most common projects included neighbor­hood gardens, school gardens, and community supported and entrepreneurial agriculture. Irrespec­tive of urban agriculture growth or decline, the responding cities relied on the same types of regul­atory and policy approaches. Only cities reporting growth in urban agriculture implemented programs to promote urban agricul­ture, including land acqui­sition, trusts, and inter­jurisdictional coordination. Land conversion and lack of economic sustaina­bility were cited as main barriers to urban agricul­ture. The findings suggest the need to further explore the impact of external factors on the effec­tiveness of urban agriculture regulations, policies and programs, and solutions to urban agriculture barriers.
Retos de la internacionalización universitaria para América Latina en el marco de la cooperación Sur-Sur
The approach to the topic of college internationalization requires of a comprehensive vision that allows for the convergence of the substantial functions of the higher education institutions, such as research, teaching, and extension. The theoretical premise that arises is the referent of analysis based on the knowledge and experience of national, regional and international processes. Its reﬂection are evidence of the need for an integration plan to articulate the heterogeneity of the higher education institutions and countries, as to build and foster a closer and more effective South-South cooperation relationship that allows for an advance in the regional internationalization processes that would permit a greater independence and identity. Keywords: Higher education – Latin America, College cooperation – Latin America, Educational international cooperation – Latin America. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5377/entorno.v0i68.8448URI: http://hdl.handle.net/11298/1128
PERCEPCIÓN DE LOS AGRICULTORES DE LAS FORMAS DE EXTENSIÓN EN EL SECTOR COOPERATIVO Y CAMPESINO EN EL MUNICIPIO SAN JOSÉ DE LAS LAJAS”
Rosales - PERCEPCIÓN DE LOS AGRICULTORES DE LAS FORMAS DE EX.pdf
Modelos de simulación de cultivos: Características y usos
Elbita: variedad de tomate resistente a Begomovirus para condiciones tropicales
Socio-Economic Viability of Urban Agriculture—A Comparative Analysis of Success Factors in Germany
Socio-economic viability of urban agriculture (UA) is, especially regarding non-commercially oriented initiatives, at most a generically treated issue in scientific literature. Given a lack of data on yields, labor input, or saved expenditures, only a few studies have described it either from a cost-avoidance or a specific benefit generation perspective. Our hypothesis is that hybrid roles of consumers and producers in urban agriculture challenge the appraisal of socio-economic viability. This paper presents an empirical study from three prevalent urban agriculture models: self-harvesting gardens, intercultural gardens, and community gardens, combining qualitative and quantitative survey data. A multi-value qualitative comparative analysis was applied to grasp the perception of socio-economic viability and its success factors. This allowed us to identify necessary and sufficient conditions for economic and social success. Results give an indication of the existence of different value systems and cost–benefit considerations in different urban agriculture models. A service-focused business relationship between farmers and consumers ensuring self-reliance is important for success for self-harvesting gardens, while self-reliance and sharing components are relevant for intercultural gardens. Community gardening builds upon self-governance ambitions and a rather individually determined success and failure factor pattern beyond explicit production output orientation. It is shown here for the first time with a quantitative approach that participants of urban agriculture models seem to go beyond traditional trade-off considerations and rather adopt a post-productive perception, focusing more on benefits than costs.
La Agricultura Urbana Y Caracterización De Sus Sistemas Productivos Y Sociales, Como Vía Para La Seguridad Alimentaria En Nuestras Ciudades
Con el crecimiento de las ciudades en los últimos decenios, sobre todo en los países en desarrollo, se buscan nuevos modelos en la agricultura, que permitan resolver los problemas para aumentar la calidad de vida y seguridad alimentaria. Con el auge de la agricultura urbana, se ha podido demostrar que puede constituir una de las principales vías para solventar estos problemas; es por ello que en el presente trabajo se pretende abordar algunos temas sobre cómo fue que surgió y se desarrolló esta agricultura en el mundo y en Cuba, así como profundizar en los métodos participativos que nos sirvan como herramientas para trabajar, caracterizar y capacitar a las comunidades campesinas, en temáticas relacionadas con el manejo tecnológico de sus sistemas productivos y en cómo potenciar una mejor utilización de la biodiversidad agrícola.
Number: 2 Publisher: Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas
Modelación de la dinámica de acumulación de biomasa en Pennisetum purpureum vc. king grass en el occidente de Cuba
Diferentes modelos de regresión se ajustaron para predecir el crecimiento de Pennisetum purpureum vc. king grass en el período lluvioso y poco lluvioso del occidente de Cuba mediante el rendimiento acumulado de materia seca. Se utilizó información de experimentos generados por el Departamento de Pastos del Instituto de Ciencia Animal. Se tomaron datos de la acumulación de biomasa del pasto de 13 edades de rebrote en el período lluvioso y 10 en el poco lluvioso, con diferencia entre edades de 14 d. Se evaluaron cinco modelos de regresión (tres lineales y dos no lineales) y cinco criterios estadísticos. Se utilizó una muestra obtenida a partir del Bootstrap para seleccionar el de mejor ajuste en la variable estudiada. Se estimó el máximo ritmo de crecimiento, edad a la que se alcanzó el punto de inflexión y momento apropiado para el aprovechamiento del área forrajera. El modelo de mejor de ajuste fue el Gompertz. El mayor valor de acumulación de biomasa para el período lluvioso fue de 23. 82 t de MS ha -1 y en el poco lluvioso, de 7.31 t de MS ha -1 . El período de mayor velocidad de crecimiento del forraje se produjo entre 14 y 57 d. En términos del rendimiento, el aprovechamiento de esta variedad en las condiciones estudiadas debe realizarse de 88 a 90 d en el período lluvioso, y de 78 a 88 d en el poco lluvioso. Se recomienda evaluar la curva de acumulación de biomasa de Pennisetum purpureum vc. king grass hasta 140 d de edad y validar los resultados obtenidos en diferentes condiciones ambientales y de suelo.
Rodríguez et al. - Modelación de la dinámica de acumulación de biomas.pdf
AVANCES DE LA AGRICULTURA URBANA, SUBURBANA Y FAMILIAR
Fundado a fines de 1987, manteniendo un 200 accionar el Movimiento de Agricultura Urbana, y Suburbana (AUSU) es uno de los siete programas más importantes del Ministerio de la Agricul- tura (Minag) y contribuye al autoabastecimiento alimentario local, mediante tecnologías agro- ecológicas, con profundo carácter de sostenibilidad y seguridad alimentaria local, aún en condi- ciones de contingencia, con producciones emergentes en periodos de tiempo cortos. Está inte- grado por el Grupo nacional y Grupos provinciales y municipales formados por investigadores, especialistas y funcionarios. El Grupo Nacional, conduce la estrategia y dirección metodológica de 31 subprogramas (28 urbanos y 30 suburbanos), seguimiento y control de los planes produc- tivos y otras tareas.Visita cuatro veces al año unidades productivas de base en los 168 municipios cubanos, capacitándolas, evaluándolas, retroalimentándose y ha efectuado hasta la fecha más de 75 recorridos de este tipo. Brinda capacitación mediante su Escuela Superior de la AU y ASU. Por esta vía, se produce alrededor del 50 % de los vegetales y condimentos frescos del país, se cuenta con 2 855 unidades productivas en 1 366 hectáreas de organopónicos y 6 875 huertos intensivos en 6 787 hectáreas, además 278 hectáreas de organoponía semiprotegida. La crianza de ganado menor, aporta anualmente niveles superiores a 39 mil toneladas de carne, 787 mil litros de leche de cabra y 216 millones de huevos. Se producen anualmente 8,5 millones de toneladas métricas de abonos orgánicos (1,4 millones de humus de lombriz), para mantener la fertilidad de los sue- los. Se han eliminado más de 5 000 focos de contaminación, convertidos en áreas productivas en más de 200 ciudades y poblados cubanos. En la última década se han producido más de 15 millo- nes de toneladas de alimentos sin uso de químicos, control agroecológico de plagas, producción local de semillas, técnicas de permacultura, utilización de tracción animal, evitando importación de insumos por más de 50 millones de USD. Se fomentan 15 Jardines Provinciales de Frutales, y se intensifica el uso de energía alternativa y el biogás con fines domésticos. Se han generado más de 300 mil empleos, entre ellos 66 055 mujeres (trabajo de género) y 78 312 jóvenes. El movimiento cuenta con la participación popular de productores de patios y micro huertos caseros (382 815 unidades), más de 90 000 fincas familiares, 44 500 técnicos medios y 10 112 universitarios lo que involucra a un millón de personas. Se desarrollan más de 4 000 círculos de interés en escuelas pri- marias en todos los municipios, fomentando vocación por las temáticas agropecuarias y el amor a la naturaleza desde edades tempranas.
El programa Statgraphics es un software que está diseñado para facilitar el análisis estadístico de datos
Garaballu - El programa Statgraphics es un software que está d.pdf
Los modelos de simulación constituyen una herramienta fundamental para entender la complejidad que caracteriza los sistemas ecológicos y ambientales. Esto se debe a que son la única herramienta disponible para traducir una colección de hipótesis acerca de procesos ecológicos en una representación de cómo el ecosistema funciona en su totalidad. Estos permiten realizar análisis de impactos tecnológicos, económicos y ambientales, la evaluación de estrategias productivas y los pronósticos del rendimiento de los cultivos. Su empleo se enfoca generalmente a comprender mejor los problemas y anticipar la realidad que se investiga. Un buen modelo es capaz de revelar interacciones entre los diferentes componentes que no eran evidentes al estudiar cada uno de los procesos separadamente y permitirá ensayar experimentos que no se podrían realizar en el sistema real. En este trabajo se abordan las características y utilización de los modelos de simulación, algunas de las principales clasificaciones y ejemplos de trabajos realizados en Cuba con estos modelos, así como las peculiaridades del modelo DSSAT (sistema de apoyo para las decisiones de transferencia agrotecnológica). Por tanto, esta revisión pretende dar a conocer las características e importancia de los modelos de simulación de cultivos, como herramienta principal en los procesos de toma de decisiones, para poder lograr posteriores aplicaciones como primera aproximación de la capacidad productiva en distintas condiciones edafoclimáticas de Cuba, así como también lograr la investigación de ciertos procesos en plantas, que necesitarán una me- jor interpretación en su interacción frente a otros factores productivos, de insumos y ambientales.
MODELOS DE SIMULACIÓN DEL CULTIVO DE MAÍZ: FUNDAMENTOS Y APLICACIONES EN ESPAÑA
Un modelo de simulación del crecimiento de un cultivo es cualquier colección de algoritmos que describe matemáticamente la respuesta de un sistema de cultivo a su entorno. La idea inicial de los modelos de crecimiento de los cultivos parte de la necesidad de integrar los conocimientos de suelo, clima, cultivos y prácticas agrícolas en una herramienta que facilite la toma decisiones. Existe un gran número de modelos matemáticos de simulación del maíz, pero el más empleado es CERES-Maize. Se trata de un modelo desarrollado en 1986 que ha sido mejorado en versiones sucesivas para hacer su empleo más fiable en entornos y condiciones de manejo más diversos. Durante el ciclo, CERES-Maize calcula cada día, el avance de la fenología, la tasa de crecimiento y el reparto de la biomasa entre los órganos en fase de crecimiento. Cuando el agua y el nitrógeno no limitan el crecimiento (crecimiento potencial), los procesos simulados se ven afectados por los valores que toman las principales variables ambientales (radiación solar, temperatura máxima y mínima diaria, y concentración de CO2 atmosférico), de factores específicos del cultivar, y de las prácticas de cultivo. Cuando el agua y el nitrógeno pueden limitar el crecimiento potencial del cultivo, CERES-Maize efectúa balances de agua y de nitrógeno diarios para estimar el impacto del déficit en el crecimiento del cultivo. Finalmente, se presentan algunos problemas que tiene CERES-Maize y, por tanto, aspectos susceptibles de mejora. También se mencionan algunos trabajos realizados en España apoyándose en diferentes modelos de simulación del cultivo del maíz
MODELOS DE SIMULACIÓN DEL CULTIVO DE MAÍZ
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and phenological data integration to estimate county yield of corn in Córdoba, Argentina
Integration of satellite data with agroclimatic information can result in better procedures to evaluate the state and evolution of grain crops. In this work, phenologic calendar of corn ( Zea mays L.) crop based on growing-degree days procedures was integrated with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) estimations from global coverage of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (NOAA-AVHRR) system. The main objectives were: i) to evaluate the relationship between NDVI and corn yield in different stages of crop cycle; ii) to analyze the influence of sowing date, and iii) to develop a predictive model of county (departmental) corn yield using satellite and ground data. The NDVI values accumulated in different corn phenologic stages showed a positive association with yield, and this relationship was modified in function of sowing date. The NDVI value during the reproductive stage, for any sowing date, always expressed a high association with corn yield, reaching significant correlation values (P < 0.05) in all cases, and even higher (P < 0.01) for some evaluated dates. The higher sensitivity showed by the reproductive stage confirms that it is a critical period. Starting from this information, a prediction model was obtained that explains around 80% of corn yield variability of Marcos Juárez Department in Córdoba Province, Argentina.
Copyright 2007 - Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA (Chile).
Accepted: 2013-10-08T15:33:30Z Publisher: Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA
Simulación del balance anual en sistemas de pastoreo bovino
Derechos de autor 2014 Revista Ingeniería Industrial
Sánchez-Colomer - StatPoint Technologies, Inc.pdf
Simulation and systems management in crop protection
A simple and universal crop growth simulator: SUCROS87.
A simple and universal crop growth simulator
Papel de la modelación matemática en la formación de los ingenieros
Number: 2 Publisher: Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica. Instituto Superior Politécnico "José Antonio Echeverría"
Modelo para la estimación de tres parámetros ruminales biológicos
Number: 6 Publisher: Asociación Interciencia
MODELACIÓN DE CULTIVOS AGRÍCOLAS. ALGUNOS EJEMPLOS
A review of some concepts related to agricultural crop modelling and the main types of models that may be used from the viewpoint of its agricultural use is presented in this paper. Some examples are given of the application of these models in agriculture for estimating crop yield, particularly in Cuba. The great potential these informatics-linked technologies have as modern tools for estimating agricultural yields is highlighted in the conclusions.
Gálvez y Sigarroa - MODELACIÓN DE CULTIVOS AGRÍCOLAS. ALGUNOS EJEMPLOS.pdf
El Uso de modelos de simulación como herramienta para la toma de decisiones en la promoción de nuevas alternativas forrajeras: el caso de Costa Rica y Perú
El Uso de modelos de simulación como herramienta para la toma de decisiones en la promoción de nuevas alternativas forrajeras
A dynamic tomato growth and yield model (TOMGRO).
Number: 2 Publisher: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers
CRECIMIENTO Y DESARROLLO DEL CULTIVO DEL HABA (Vicia faba L.). PARAMETRIZACIÓN DEL SUBMODELO DE FENOLOGÍA DE CROPGRO-FABABEAN
Confalone - CRECIMIENTO Y DESARROLLO DEL CULTIVO DEL HABA (Vic.pdf
Academia Goes Facebook? The Potential of Social Network Sites in the Scholarly Realm
Manual de cultivo del tomate al aire libre
Mecanización de la producción de arroz en parcelas y fincas pequeñas
El trabajo tiene como objetivo brindar una información técnica sobre los resultados de la validación de nuevos implementos manuales o de tracción animal para siembra, trasplante y cultivo del arroz en pequeñas parcelas y fincas menores de 200 ha. Estos implementos pueden ser fabricados en las herrerías y talleres de los municipios y en ocasiones por los parceleros con recursos propios. El IIMA ha elaborado la documentación técnica y demás información para la construcción y empleo de los nuevos implementos y máquinas, la cual está a disposición de todos los productores. El nuevo equipamiento consta de sembradoras, escardadores, trasplantadoras, alisadores y rastrillos manuales, fangueadoras, venteadoras de semilla, trilladoras y secaderos. Son simples, de bajo costo, humanizan el trabajo y tienen un impacto positivo sobre el medio ambiente.
Derechos de autor 2017 Revista Ingeniería Agrícola
Control de malezas por medios mecánicos en el cultivo del arroz en el sector no especializado. Primera parte
Number: 1 Publisher: 1986, Universidad Agraria de La Habana
Contribución al perfeccionamiento de los servicios técnicos de apoyo a la agricultura a escala municipal
Manejo de arvenses en caña de azúcar, impacto ambiental, efectividad económica y de control
Los sistemas de manejo de las arvenses han tenido y tienen una importancia capital para la agricultura. Aunque se pueden realizar de diversas maneras, lo importante es obtener un buen control con aquellas medidas que resulten ser económicas y practicables. Se realizó un estudio con el objetivo de evaluar el impacto ambiental y económico de diferentes sistemas de manejos de arvenses, el cual fue conducido en áreas de producción comercial de la Unidad Básica de Producción Cañera “Vitalio Acuña” perteneciente a la Unidad Empresarial de Base “Dos Ríos” de la provincia Santiago de Cuba. Se estudiaron cuatro sistemas de manejo de arvenses: Químico (Aplicación total de Herbicida), Mecánico (Desyerbe con labores de cultivo mecánicas), Químico/Mecánico (Aplicación de herbicida localizado en bandas), y Cultural (Cobertura inalterada de residuos de cosecha). Se utilizó un diseño experimental en franjas con tres réplicas. La cobertura de arvenses se determinó a los 30, 60 y 90 días después de aplicados los tratamientos. Se calcularon los gastos económicos incurridos y fue determinada la carga contaminante hacia la atmósfera. A los 90 días, los menores porcentaje de cobertura de arvenses se obtuvieron en los sistemas de manejo Cultural y Químico/Mecánico que fueron significativamente inferiores a los sistemas de manejo Químico y Mecánico. El sistema de manejo de arvenses que tuvo el mejor comportamiento integral desde los puntos de vista de control, impacto ambiental y económico, fue el Cultural, seguido del sistema de manejo Químico/Mecánico. Palabras clave: Cobertura de residuos; impacto ambiental; malezas; sistema de manejo
Number: 2 Publisher: 1977, Editorial Feijóo
International Journal of Chemical Sciences
Performance evaluation of mini tractor operated rotary weeder
Every year India faces the total loss of 33% of its economy from weeds which accounts an average of 1980 Cr of rupees is wasted due to weeds. The Losses are due to some of the following reasons; total loss of 26% from Crop Diseases, total loss of 20% from Insects and Worms, total loss of 6% from Rats has been surveyed (Sridhar, 2013). Removal of weeds consumes 25% labour i.e. 900-1200 man-hour during the cultivation season (Kumar et al., 2002). Average weeding cost by traditional method is nearby Rs. 945/ha out of the total cost of cultivation Rs. 3000/ha for agricultural crop (Tajuddin et al., 1991). The overall dimension of rotary weeder was 1200×600×760 mm and fabricated with square pipe of 40 × 40 × 5 mm. The weeder was tested with 'L 'type blade and three different rotor RPM of 40, 60 and 80 RPM. For three different of 40,60 and 80 rotor rpm at operating speed of 1.5 km/h weeding efficiency were 98.28 %, 96.70 % and 96.28 % respectively and plant damage were 1.12%, 3.36% and 4.48 % respectively. Fuel consumption was obtain 2.10 l/h at operating speed of 1.5 km/h and effective field capacity and field efficiency were obtain 0.14 ha/h and 82 % respectively. Fabrication cost of rotary weeder was ₹ 39,700 and operational cost ₹ 328.25 /h and benefit cost ration and payback period were 3.54 and 2.84 year.
Una mirada geográfica a la escala como instrumento de construcción de la realidad
Tabula Rasa es una revista científica del área de las ciencias sociales con una periodicidad trimestral, dedicada principalmente a las disciplinas de la Antropología, Historia, Sociología, Trabajo Social, Geografía Humana y Estudios Culturales.
Comportamiento del crecimiento de dos cultivares de arroz en diferentes fechas de siembra y su influencia en el rendimiento
The study was conducted in the Scientific Technological Base Unit ( UCTB ) "in Los Palacios", in a Petroferric Ferruginous Hydromorphic Nodular Gley soil in order to determine the growth development of two rice cultivars in two sowing dates and its influence in performance, the cultivars used were INCA LP -5 and J -104 . The technology used was direct sowing and the plant breeding work was performed according to the Technical Instructions of the plantation, the experiment design was a randomized block with four replications. The dry mass (g/m2 ) was determined and the foliar area ( m2 ) in a space of 0.50 m2 and the samples were performed on the stages of active tillering, maximum tillering, flowering and grain filling , where the air part of the plant was removed, keeping them on stove for 72 hours at 70 ° C until constant weight. The foliar surface was calentaled through the product by the width and length of the active leaves by 0.7, this data was determined the media and were charted for their analysis. Agricultural yield was determined, this data was processed by means of a doble – classification variance analysis and the averages compared using the Turkey test were of 5% probability of error. As a result, it was proved that the biggest profits can be associated to an earlier growth and greater magnitude, based on the dry mass of the aerial part of plants per unit area and higher Leaf Area Index (LAI) values.
Reseña de "Espacio y territorio. Instrumentos metodológicos de investigación social" de Hubert Mazurek
Number: 43 Publisher: Universidad Autónoma Chapingo
Reconocimiento semiautomático de depresiones kársticas mediante análisis clúster de las distribuciones morfométricas y su aplicación al karst del Estado de Yucatán, México
La península del Yucatán, una de las regiones en las que fisiográficamente se divide la República Mexicana; se encuentra principalmente constituida por rocas carbonatadas de origen sedimentario, por lo que, debido a sus condiciones geológico-estructurales, climáticas e hidrogeológicas, acoge importantes procesos de disolución, lo que da lugar a un paisaje en el que predominan las formaciones endo- y exokársticas. Entre estas segundas, las depresiones en forma de cenotes, dolinas, uvalas y poljes han sido objeto de numerosos estudios, al tratarse de zonas de importancia tanto hidrogeológica como histórica como sociocultural, muy sensibles a la alteración medioambiental. Actualmente hay unas 3000 depresiones catalogadas en el Estado de Yucatán (EY), sin embargo, la cobertura vegetal dificulta su localización y clasificación, mermando la completitud del inventario. En este trabajo se presenta el procedimiento utilizado para construir y ampliar el catálogo de depresiones en el EY, agrupado por tipologías, mediante un sistema de clasificación semiautomática de tipo k-medias, utilizan- do los parámetros morfométricos más relevantes de las depresiones, identificados mediante una agrupación jerárquica. Los inventarios utilizados de cenotes (Secretaría de Desarrollo Urbano y Medio Ambiente del Gobierno de Yucatán), de cuerpos de agua (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía, INEGI), y curvas de nivel hipsométricas a escala 1:50000 (del INEGI) han sido complementados con las depresiones obtenidas en este trabajo. Se ha usado el modelo digital de elevaciones con 15 m de resolución (CEM 3.0, INEGI), mediante dos algoritmos (llenado y jerárquico) en ArcGis. Para cada inventario se han calculado los parámetros morfométricos: área, perímetro, circularidad, forma, ancho, largo, elongación y alargamiento, siendo los dos primeros (transformados logarítmicamente) y los tercero y cuarto, los que han resultado ser más relevantes. La agrupación k-medias ha permitido discriminar un primer grupo de 6587 pequeñas depresiones, cenotes y dolinas secas, muy condicionadas a la estructura de impacto Chicxulub; un segundo grupo de 4428 uvalas, 406 poljes, y 89 grandes depresiones, más allá del borde exterior de Chicxulub y un tercer grupo de 5176 dolinas tipo cockpit concentradas sobre la sierra de Ticul y diseminadas en zonas de lomeríos. Finalmente, se han establecido las distribuciones de sus parámetros morfométricos más relevantes, que son característicos de cada una de estas agrupaciones.
Number: 2 Publisher: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
The karstic environment of the state of Yucatán, Méxicohas its origin on the coral reefs and marine sediments that, after being exposed to surface conditions, formed limestone. Solubility and precipitation processes of this rock have promoted the absence of surface water currents, a slightly undulated relief with plains, depressions and mounds, fractured outcrops and presence of sinkholes. The different levels of porosity and hardness of the rock have allowed the formation of small hollows, soil pockets hollows, as well as complex systems of dry and wet caves. The management of this kind of areas must consider its origin, morphology and biology to guarantee the sustainable use of the natural resources. Special attention needs to be paid on the management of the extraction of limestone rocks, the touristic and productive activities related to the use of water from the aquifer, as well as the volume and quality of the water discharges to soil and sinkholes. El karst del estado de Yucatán, México,tiene su origen en los arrecifes coralinos y sedimentos marinos que, al exponerse a la superficie, formaron la roca caliza. Los procesos de solubilización-precipitación de esta roca han promovido la ausencia de corrientes de agua superficiales, un relieve ligeramente ondulado con planicies, depresiones y montículos, afloramientos y presencia de cenotes. Los diferentes grados de porosidad y dureza de la roca han permitido la formación desde pequeñas oquedades y acumulaciones de suelo, hasta complejos sistemas de cuevas secas y húmedas. El manejo de este tipo de áreas debe partir del conocimiento de su origen, morfología y biología para garantizar el uso sustentable de los recursos naturales. Se requiere especial atención en el manejo de la extracción de roca caliza, las actividades turísticas y productivas relacionadas con el uso de agua del acuífero, así como el volumen y calidad de las descargas de aguas residuales al suelo, cenotes y el mar.
Number: 1 Publisher: Universidad de Guanajuato Section: Acta Universitaria
métodos cuantitativos cartografía de factores
Sistema integrador de métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos para evaluar la erosión de los suelos en las regiones cársicas de uso ganadero de Cuba
La aplicación de los mismos métodos, medios y escalas de representación, así como la utilización de nomenclaturas y de diversas técnicas de medición en el estudio de los distintos tipos de suelo, ocasiona problemas de comparación y frecuentes estimaciones disímiles en la evaluación del estado de erosión de los suelos en Cuba. La integración de diferentes métodos, como el gráfico-comparativo, el geofísico y morfoedafológico, así como la cartografía temática de los factores ambientales de un Sistema de Información Geográfica, complementado con los modelos de erosión, permite evaluar objetivamente y a mayor escala geográfica, la erosión potencial y actual de los suelos en las regiones ganaderas de Cuba, así como determinar su influencia en la modificación de las propiedades del suelo.
Number: 3 Publisher: Instituto de Ciencia Animal
El Atlas Nacional de Cuba “LX Aniversario”. Hacia un atlas vivo
Derechos de autor Licencia CC Reconocimiento-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Protocolo de alerta de fenómenos meteorológicos peligrosos que afectan la agricultura en las provincias de La Habana, Artemisa y Mayabeque.
The investigation analyzes the main Dangerous Meteorological Phenomena that may affect the provinces of Havana, Artemis and Mayabeque. The extremes of the precipitation, wind and extreme temperatures variables were identified. An action protocol was obtained to generate alerts, in addition to establishing a procedure for its enforcement. The protocol is designed for Severe Local Storms, strong winds, coastal floods, tropical cyclones, heavy rains, fog and extreme temperatures; Each of these phenomena thresholds were established according to the level of danger that goes from green to red and the main routes for the dissemination of alerts were identified.
Derechos de autor 2021 Revista Cubana de Meteorología
Progress of the karstic-erosive processes of soils in San Jose a cute; de las Lajas
Number: 4 Publisher: Editorial Universitaria de la Republica de Cuba
Resiliencia y protección agroambiental de los suelos Ferralíticos Rojos en regiones Kársticas del occidente de Cuba
Introducción. A partir de investigaciones iniciadas durante el año 1986, que constituyen la línea base de la información, se demuestra por primera vez, la capacidad de resiliencia de los suelos Ferralíticos Rojos en la llanura kárstica meridional Habana-Matanzas, como resultado de un proceso multifactorial, condicionado no solo por las propiedades intrínsecas de la cobertura edáfica y condiciones de uso, sino dependiente de las condiciones geólogo-geomorfológicas.Métodos. Se tomó como referencia el perfil C1 (sin erosión aparente), localizado en un área en biostasia como línea base, para evaluar en los diferentes escenarios la magnitud de pérdida de los suelos Ferralíticos Rojos a través de las depresiones kársticas mediante el modelo de predicción de Kay et al. (1994).Resultados. Se concluyó que bajo prácticas agrícolas normales los suelos Ferralíticos Rojos afectados por erosión se recuperarían en un período de 50 años, mientras que de acuerdo con el grado de impurezas de las calizas les tomaría entre 100 años y 600 años. Se recomendó a las autoridades la necesidad de aplicar definitivamente los resultados obtenidos por más de 3 décadas en la determinación de las modalidades específicas que asume la degradación de los suelos Ferralíticos Rojos, para que su degradación deje de ser mito y se convierta en un asunto de prioridad para el plan de soberanía alimentaria y educación nutricional de Cuba post-COVID-19, ya que representan el máximo potencial para satisfacer lo que el país actualmente demanda para las producciones agropecuarias.
Copyright (c) 2022 José Manuel Febles González et al.
Cuba es de los pocos países que ha desarrollado un sistema propio de clasificación de suelos, cuya última versión se preparó hace 21 años, por lo que es necesario una revisión y actualización de la misma. La actualización se realizó siguiendo las tendencias mundiales; como mantener el aspecto histórico (nombre y bases genético geográficas) y con la información edafológica disponible, modernizarla con la preparación de perfiles de diagnóstico. En esta versión, el caso de los suelos Alíticos, Ferríticos, Ferralíticos, Ferrálicos e Histosoles se establece el perfil diagnóstico para cada subtipo de suelos. Para el caso de suelos Fersialíticos, Pardo Sialíticos, Húmico Sialíticos, Vertisoles, Fluvisoles, Halomórficos y Poco Evolucionados, se establece el perfil diagnóstico hasta nivel de género. Se aplica además la actividad del hombre en el cambio de las propiedades de los suelos por el cultivo continuado, con la inclusión de subtipos de suelos agrogénicos y erogénicos. Profundiza en la clasificación antigua de Antrosoles, con la separación de tres tipos Antrosoles; se incluye el Agrupamiento de Tecnosoles con dos tipos genéticos con sus respectivos diagnósticos. Se cambia el nombre del Agrupamiento de Suelos Hidromórficos por el de Gleysoles. En la clasificación se abre un nuevo subtipo para algunos suelos que es el de eslítico. Esta versión presenta 15 Agrupamientos, 39 Tipos genéticos y 197 Subtipos de suelos.
Number: 1 Publisher: Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas
Screening of tomato landraces for drought tolerance based on growth and chlorophyll fluorescence analyses
Abstract To investigate the effects of water withholding on 17 tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) landraces collected from different climatic zones of Iran and two commercial hybrids, the polyphasic OJIP fluorescence transient, relative water content (RWC), electrolyte leakage (EL) and vegetative growth parameters were analyzed. Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) for all the studied parameters and drought factor index (DFI) based on performance index on the absorption basis (PI abs ) were used for screening the plants based on their tolerance to drought condition. Result showed that compared to the control plants, vegetative growth parameters, RWC, PI abs , relative maximal variable fluorescence (F M /F 0 ), maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (F V /F M ), quantum yield of electron transport (ΦE 0 ) and electron transport flux per reaction center (RC) (ET 0 /RC) were decreased, whereas, EL, quantum yield of energy dissipation (ΦD 0 ), specific energy fluxes per RC for energy absorption (ABS/RC) and dissipated energy flux (DI 0 /RC), which are closely related to the incidence of photoinhibition were increased in plants exposed to water withholding. DMRT and DFI screening results clearly categorized the landraces into three groups (tolerant, moderately sensitive and sensitive). Tolerant landraces showed less change for most of the measured parameters compared to sensitive and moderately sensitive landraces. We found that adapted landraces to dry climates had a higher tolerance to drought stress. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that F M /F 0 , F V /F M , ΦE 0 , ΦD 0 , PI abs , ABS/RC, ET 0 /RC and DI 0 /RC parameters are the most sensitive parameters for detection of impact of drought stress on tomato plants. In conclusion, the eight parameters have the potential to identify the drought injury in tomato seedlings.
Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology
Converting primary forests to cultivated lands: Long-term effects on the vertical distribution of soil carbon and biological activity in the foothills of Eastern Himalaya
The conversion of primary forests to cultivation brings a significant change in soil carbon (C) forms. In the foothills of the Eastern Himalayan Region of India (Manipur), such conversions are prevalent. However, little is known about the response of C forms, particularly in deep soil, to land use conversion in the region. We evaluated changes in soil C forms (total organic, inorganic, and pools) and microbiological properties (up to 1.0 m depth) mediated by C when the 45-year-old forest had been cultivated for 18–25 years. The cultivated land uses were tree-based agroforestry (LAF: legumes, NAF: non-legumes), horticultural fruits (WHF: woody, NHF: non-wood, mainly vegetables), and paddy agriculture system (AUS: upland, ALS: lowlands). Forest conversion significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the total carbon (TC) in the surface soil (0.0–0.15 m) from 4.88 % to 3.04–3.93 % in the tree-based land uses (LAF, NAF, and WHF). TC further declined to 2.05–2.81 % under seasonal crops (NHF, AUS, and ALS). Seasonal crop cultivation also caused a higher decline in microbial biomass carbon, soil enzymes, and carbon pools (active and passive) than the tree-based land use with the soil depth. The vertical distribution of C in the soil profile was inconsistent: organic C (including C pools) decreased, while inorganic C increased. The profile TC stock to a depth of 1.0 m in the forest was 358.8 Mg ha−1, of which 81 % were organic C, and 19 % were inorganic C. In comparison with forest soil, total soil C stocks (organic and inorganic) decreased more (−44.1 to −55.1 %) in seasonal crops than in tree-based (−15.4 to −36.3 %) land uses. The degradation index (DI) also confirmed that seasonal crop cultivation caused a larger decline in surface soil quality (DI: −423 % to −623 %) than tree-based land use (DI: −243 % to −317 %). The topsoil (up to 0.45 m) of seasonal crops was more degraded than that of the subsoil (>0.45 m–1.0 m). Forests converted to seasonal cultivation (upland rice and vegetables) caused higher degradation of soil C forms and overall soil health in the Himalayan foothills of northeastern India. We suggest the promotion of Agroforestry based on legumes (Parkia spp.) and woody fruits (mango/citrus/guava) in the uplands to minimize soil C degradation while ensuring nutritional security in the hill agro-ecosystems of the Indian Himalayas.
Converting primary forests to cultivated lands
Nuevos resultados sobre el cambio de las propiedades de los suelos Ferralíticos Rojos Lixiviados de la “LLanura Roja de La Habana”
Tillage activates iron to prevent soil organic carbon loss following forest conversion to cornfields in tropical acidic red soils
Previous studies have shown that deforestation and planting of corn resulted in the loss of soil organic carbon (SOC). However, this is not inevitable in regions with acidic red soil. We selected six cornfields that have been planted for 34 years and adjacent forest plots in southwest China. Using a structural equation model, we identified the SOC contents and 42 soil environmental factors in 11 soil layers that are conducive to SOC storage, and evaluated their relative weights hierarchically (0–40, 40–100, and 100–140 cm). Our results surprisingly indicated that after forest had been converted into cornfield, the SOC density did not change in any layer. In acidic red soil, reactive iron (Feo), soil water content, nitrogen, and pH were the main soil environmental factors that affected the storage of SOC. In the 0–40 cm soil layer, compared to forests, the contribution of Feo in cornfields increased significantly (by 11.65%), due to farming promoting the activation of iron, while the contribution of nitrogen decreased significantly (by 9.65%). In the 100–140 cm soil layer, the contribution of soil environmental factors was similar to that in the forest system, but the pH in cornfields increasing significantly (by 21.5%) may result from the leaching of hydrogen ions. Although the cultivation of cornfields caused a loss of nitrogen in the 0–40 cm soil layer, the increase in Feo promoted combination of iron and soil organic carbon, avoiding the soil layer from SOC loss.
Land-use conversion changes deep soil organic carbon stock in the Chinese Loess Plateau
Land-use change is a key factor driving changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration worldwide. However, the changes in deep (>100 cm depth) SOC stock following land-use conversion have not been fully elucidated. In this study, to determine the changes in deep SOC stock (to a depth of 400 cm) resulting from conversion of cropland to woodland, shrubland and grassland on the Chinese Loess Plateau, 469 observations from peer-reviewed publications and original measured data were synthesised. The results were as follows: (a) SOC stock increased significantly at 0–100 and 100–200 cm layers regardless of land-use conversion types. (b) Carbon loss occurred in the 200–400 cm layers due to land-use conversion. (c) Changes in SOC stock varied with restoration age, except for conversion of cropland to grassland. Specifically, SOC stock increased with restoration age in the upper 200 cm layers, whereas that in the 200–400 cm layers first increased and then decreased in the middle to later stages under conversion to woodland and shrubland. (d) Initial SOC stock and rainfall zones had significant effects on the changes of deep SOC stock. (e) Furthermore, an accumulation of 1 Mg ha−1 in the upper 100 cm was associated with an approximately 0.45 Mg ha−1 increase in the 100–400 cm soil layers. These results indicate that land-use conversion, particularly conversion of cropland to woodland, changes deep (>100 cm) SOC stock, and restoration age should be taken into consideration when assessing deep carbon sequestration.
Number: 1 _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ldr.3644
Soil Carbon Sequestration through Agronomic Management Practices
Improper soil and crop management practices have resulted in loss of soil carbon. Worldwide, about 1417 Pg of soil carbon is stored in first meter soil depth, while 456-Pg soil carbon is stored in above–below ground vegetation and dead organic matter. Healthy soils can be helpful in combating the climate change because soils having high organic matter can have higher CO2 sequestration potential. Main agronomic practices responsible for soil carbon loss include improper tillage operations, crop rotations, residue management, fertilization, and similarly no or less use of organic fertilizers that have resulted in the loss of soil organic matter in the form of CO2. The share of agriculture sector in the entire emissions of global GHGs in the form of CO2, N2O, and CH4 is about 25–30%. Studies have shown that by adapting proper tillage operations, the use of such kind of crop rotations that can improve soil organic matter and similarly the application of organic fertilizers, i.e., FYM, compost, and other organic amendments such as humic acid, vermicompost, etc., can be useful in soil carbon sequestration.
Publication Title: CO2 Sequestration DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.87107
Chapter One - Soil organic carbon dynamics: Impact of land use changes and management practices: A review
Global climate change has resulted in changes to the earth's geological, ecological, and biological ecosystems, which pose a severe threat to the existence of human civilization and sustenance of agricultural productivity vis-à-vis food security. In the last several decades, climate change has been linked to erratic rainfall distribution patterns and large variations in diurnal temperatures, because of a rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration. This, in turn, is thought to make world agricultural production systems more prone to failure. Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important component for the functioning of agro-ecosystems, and its presence is central to the concept of sustainable maintenance of soil health. Soil is the largest terrestrial carbon sink and contains 2- and 3-times more carbon than the carbon in the atmosphere and vegetation, respectively. Therefore, a meager change in soil carbon sequestration will have a drastic impact on the global carbon cycle and climate change. The SOC has different pools and fractions including total organic carbon (TOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), permanganate oxidizable carbon (KMnO4-C), and mineral associated organic carbon (MOC). Each has a varying degree of decomposition rate and stability. Researchers have identified many ways to offset the effect of climate change through modification of carbon sequestration in the soil. Identification of location-specific, suitable land use and management practices is one of the options to mitigate the impact of the climate change. It can be done by re-balancing different carbon pools and emission fluxes. Labile organic carbon pools including MBC, POC, and KMnO4-C are the most sensitive indicators for assessing soil quality after the adoption of alternate land use and management practices. Information on soil aggregation and SOC stabilization helps for long-term sequestration of carbon in the soil. Here we review the progress of work on SOC dynamics in the major ecosystems of the world. The information should enrich understanding of carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation strategies.
Chapter One - Soil organic carbon dynamics
Soil organic carbon sequestration in temperate agroforestry systems – A meta-analysis
Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration by improved agricultural practices is an acclaimed strategy to combat climate change. Nevertheless, the aim of increasing of SOC encounters limitations, e.g. with regards to permanence of carbon storage or leakage effects in food production. Agroforestry systems (AFS) are a promising land use option that is able to sequester substantial amounts of SOC while addressing these challenges. With a focus on temperate climate zones worldwide, available information on SOC in AFS was reviewed to determine their SOC sequestration potential and respective controlling factors. From a total of 61 observations, SOC sequestration rates in soils of AFS were derived for alley cropping systems (n = 25), hedgerows (n = 26) and silvopastoral systems (n = 10). The results showed that AFS have a potential for substantial SOC sequestration in temperate climates. SOC stocks were higher in the topsoil (0–20 cm) than in the control in more than 70% of the observations, and higher within the subsoil (20–40 cm) for 81% of all observations, albeit large variation in the data. The mean SOC sequestration rates were slightly higher at 0–20 cm (0.21 ± 0.79 t ha-1 yr-1) compared to 20–40 cm soil depth (0.15 ± 0.26 t ha-1 yr-1). Hedgerows revealed highest SOC sequestration rates in topsoils and subsoils (0.32 ± 0.26 and 0.28 ± 0.15 t ha-1 yr-1, respectively), followed by alley cropping systems (0.26 ± 1.15 and 0.23 ± 0.25 t ha-1 yr-1) and silvopastoral systems showing a slight mean SOC loss (−0.17 ± 0.50 and −0.03 ± 0.26 t ha-1 yr-1). Moreover, SOC sequestration rates tended to be higher for AFS with broadleaf tree species compared to coniferous species. We conclude that temperate AFS sequester significant amounts of SOC in topsoils and subsoils and represent one of the most promising agricultural measures for climate change mitigation and adaption.
The organic carbon dynamics of peat soil under liberica coffee cultivation
The exploitation of peat soil considered enrich CO2 gas emissions in the atmosphere and contribute to global warming. The farmers in Jambi and Riau province have been cultivated Liberica coffee on peat soil since 1940. This study evaluated the effect of Liberica coffee cultivation to peat carbon conservation. The study was arranged as an observation method at the Liberica coffee tress aged 1) 4-6 years (young productive plants) and 2) > 10 years (mature productive plants). Each observation consisted of 16 trees. The results showed that the average CO2 emissions from the peat cultivated Liberica coffee around 23.7 Mg CO2/ha/year, while it from peat soil under natural forests were reported to be 20-40 Mg CO2/ha/year. The litters of the productive Liberica coffee trees return organic C to the peat about 0.35 to 4.7 Mg/ha/year. Compost of 13.5 Mg/ha of Liberica coffee cherries cascara and parchment, applied by farmers as a fertilizer also returned 7.38 Mg/ha/year of organic C, while the number of organic C carried by 1.5 Mg/ha/year of the Liberica coffee green beans was only 825 kg/ha/year, approximately. This study showed that the Liberika coffee cultivation on peat soil is a safe way to conserve C in peat soil.
Fate of Soil Carbon Transported by Erosional Processes
The accelerated process of soil erosion by water and wind, responsible for transport and redistribution of a large amount of carbon-enriched sediments, has a strong impact on the global carbon budget. The breakdown of aggregates by erosivity of water (raindrop, runoff) and wind weakens the stability of soil C (organic and inorganic) and aggravates its vulnerability to degradation processes, which lead to the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) including CO2, CH4, and N2O, depending on the hydrothermal regimes. Nonetheless, a part of the eroded soil C may be buried, reaggregated and protected against decomposition. In coastal steep lands, (e.g., Taiwan, New Zealand) with a short distance to burial of sediments in the ocean, erosion may be a sink of C. In large watersheds (i.e., Amazon, Mississippi, Nile, Ganges, Indus, etc.) with a long distance to the ocean, however, most of the C being transported is prone to mineralization/decomposition during the transit period and is a source of GHGs (CO2, CH4, N2O). Land use, soil management and cropping systems must be prudently chosen to prevent erosion by both hydric and aeolian processes. The so-called plague of the soil, accelerated erosion by water and wind, must be effectively curtailed.
Number: 1 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
The role of soil carbon in natural climate solutions
Mitigating climate change requires clean energy and the removal of atmospheric carbon. Building soil carbon is an appealing way to increase carbon sinks and reduce emissions owing to the associated benefits to agriculture. However, the practical implementation of soil carbon climate strategies lags behind the potential, partly because we lack clarity around the magnitude of opportunity and how to capitalize on it. Here we quantify the role of soil carbon in natural (land-based) climate solutions and review some of the project design mechanisms available to tap into the potential. We show that soil carbon represents 25% of the potential of natural climate solutions (total potential, 23.8 Gt of CO2-equivalent per year), of which 40% is protection of existing soil carbon and 60% is rebuilding depleted stocks. Soil carbon comprises 9% of the mitigation potential of forests, 72% for wetlands and 47% for agriculture and grasslands. Soil carbon is important to land-based efforts to prevent carbon emissions, remove atmospheric carbon dioxide and deliver ecosystem services in addition to climate mitigation.
2020 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited
Bandiera_abtest: a Cg_type: Nature Research Journals Number: 5 Primary_atype: Research Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Subject_term: Agriculture;Climate sciences;Ecology;Environmental sciences;Environmental social sciences Subject_term_id: agriculture;climate-sciences;ecology;environmental-sciences;environmental-social-sciences
The underappreciated potential of peatlands in global climate change mitigation strategies
Soil carbon sequestration and avoidable emissions through peatland restoration are both strategies to tackle climate change. Here we compare their potential and environmental costs regarding nitrogen and land demand. In the event that no further areas are exploited, drained peatlands will cumulatively release 80.8 Gt carbon and 2.3 Gt nitrogen. This corresponds to a contemporary annual greenhouse gas emission of 1.91 (0.31–3.38) Gt CO2-eq. that could be saved with peatland restoration. Soil carbon sequestration on all agricultural land has comparable mitigation potential. However, additional nitrogen is needed to build up a similar carbon pool in organic matter of mineral soils, equivalent to 30–80% of the global fertilizer nitrogen application annually. Restoring peatlands is 3.4 times less nitrogen costly and involves a much smaller land area demand than mineral soil carbon sequestration, calling for a stronger consideration of peatland rehabilitation as a mitigation measure.
Bandiera_abtest: a Cc_license_type: cc_by Cg_type: Nature Research Journals Number: 1 Primary_atype: Research Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Subject_term: Biogeochemistry;Carbon cycle Subject_term_id: biogeochemistry;carbon-cycle
The 4p1000 initiative: Opportunities, limitations and challenges for implementing soil organic carbon sequestration as a sustainable development strategy
Climate change adaptation, mitigation and food security may be addressed at the same time by enhancing soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration through environmentally sound land management practices. This is promoted by the “4 per 1000” Initiative, a multi-stakeholder platform aiming at increasing SOC storage through sustainable practices. The scientific and technical committee of the Initiative is working to identify indicators, research priorities and region-specific practices needed for their implementation. The Initiative received its name due to the global importance of soils for climate change, which can be illustrated by a thought experiment showing that an annual growth rate of only 0.4% of the standing global SOC stocks would have the potential to counterbalance the current increase in atmospheric CO2. However, there are numerous barriers to the rise in SOC stocks and while SOC sequestration can contribute to partly offsetting greenhouse gas emissions, its main benefits are related to increased soil quality and climate change adaptation. The Initiative provides a collaborative platform for policy makers, practitioners, scientists and stakeholders to engage in finding solutions. Criticism of the Initiative has been related to the poor definition of its numerical target, which was not understood as an aspirational goal. The objective of this paper is to present the aims of the initiative, to discuss critical issues and to present challenges for its implementation. We identify barriers, risks and trade-offs and advocate for collaboration between multiple parties in order to stimulate innovation and to initiate the transition of agricultural systems toward sustainability.
Managing for soil carbon sequestration: Let’s get realistic
Improved soil management is increasingly pursued to ensure food security for the world's rising global population, with the ancillary benefit of storing carbon in soils to lower the threat of climate change. While all increments to soil organic matter are laudable, we suggest caution in ascribing large, potential climate change mitigation to enhanced soil management. We find that the most promising techniques, including applications of biochar and enhanced silicate weathering, collectively are not likely to balance more than 5% of annual emissions of CO2 from fossil fuel combustion.
Number: 2 _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/gcb.14478
Changes in soil organic matter associated with afforestation affect erosion processes: The case of erodible volcanic soils from Patagonia
Large areas of the Patagonian Andean Region with high potential for planting fast-growing exotic conifers, based on the volcanic nature of its soils, are affected by erosion processes. This study aimed to analyse the effects of Pinus ponderosa afforestation on soil organic matter (OM) fractions in non-allophanic volcanic soils and to determine the relationship between organic matter, soil aggregates and erosion processes. The study was conducted along a forested hill slope showing different soil properties according to slope position. OM fractions and aggregate size fractions under different dispersion forces were analysed on 0–5 cm soil samples in rangelands and in 14- and 24-year old plantations on steep and gentle slopes. Simulated rainfall assays were performed to assess soil erodibility; OM and granulometry of sediments were also studied. Results showed that OM contents, mainly OM labile fractions (i.e., particulate OM, and OM associated with macro and large microaggregates), soil aggregation and the formation of very stable microaggregates were enhanced in the afforested soils. However, soil changes varied depending on the initial soil OM contents and on the age of the plantation, with more erratic and smaller changes in most fertile soils. Although potential erosion rates are lower in plantations than in rangeland soils, the high OM enrichment rates found in sediments imply a high OM loss when the soils remain uncovered. Erosion processes in afforestation involve the removal of microaggregates rich in OM and silt fractions, while in the rangelands, coarse and very coarse sand single particles are lost. Afforestation replacing degraded rangelands may be a way to control erosion in these highly erodible volcanic soils, as long as the soil remains covered. Otherwise, the loss of soil enriched in OM from the superficial soil could favour soil carbon depletion.
Changes in soil organic matter associated with afforestation affect erosion processes
Erosion effects on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics on cultivated slopes: A meta-analysis
Soil carbon (C) redistribution within cultivated landscapes is strongly controlled by soil erosion and sedimentation and it is widely appreciated that C is preferentially transported during erosion. In contrast, it remains elusive whether erosion induced transport of C and N is coupled although changes in the balance between C and N strongly affect soil C and N dynamics. We therefore reviewed the literature on carbon and nitrogen redistribution by erosion. Twenty-nine studies reported results on C and N enrichment of freshly eroded sediments after erosion events. Thirty-nine studies reported results on C and N contents and stocks along eroded slopes. Eroded sediments were enriched in C and N by 51.3% and 50.6% indicating that both elements are stored in soil fractions that are preferentially eroded. Slope gradient and soil texture strongly affected C and N enrichment. Decreasing C and N enrichment in fine-textured soils was counterbalanced by increasing erosion rates in these soils. This suggests similar SOM losses independent of textural class. The C/N ratio increased by 9.9%, pointing to preferential movement of C-rich particulate organic matter (POM) compared to N-rich mineral associated organic matter (MAOM). Breakdown of aggregates by rainfall energy possibly released POM which is then preferentially eroded. Soil C and N contents and total stocks showed similar percentage increases from upslope to depositional sites, indicating that downslope C and N stocks were largely driven by enrichment, rather by than increases in depth or bulk density. Altogether, our findings confirm that quantification of soil loss alone is not sufficient to estimate erosion-induced changes in soil fertility, because soil organic matter and plant nutrients are selectively moved during erosion. This leads to a shift in C and N dynamics in different slope positions and thus to an increase in the spatial variability of the C and N along the slope.
Erosion effects on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics on cultivated slopes
Libros Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia
Capitulo 9. Prevención de la erosión y conservación de la fertilidad del suelo
Las funciones del suelo dependen de una serie de propiedades físicas químicas y biológicas, que combinadas determinan las cualidades esenciales del suelo. Estas cualidades a su vez garantizan que el suelo pueda cumplir sus roles ecológicos y productivos, y en consecuencia beneficiar la preservación de la vida en el planeta (Brammer & Nachtergaele, 2015); por lo tanto, el uso y manejo sustentable del suelo permite convivir en conexión con sus atributos y disfrutar de forma armónica de sus vitales servicios. Contrario a lo deseable, el suelo ha sufrido una alteración antrópica desmedida sin considerar las consecuencias. Estudios a nivel global han identificado que los cambios en el uso de la tierra durante los últimos 50 años por áreas para la agricultura y la ganadería, han generado alteraciones enla abundancia, composición y actividad de las comunidades microbianas, afectando la disponibilidad de nutrientes del suelo y la productividad de las plantas, además de deteriorar el ambiente y disminuir la calidad de vida de las personas (Soka & Ritchie, 2014; Ruiz et al., 2015). De acuerdo a Bringezu & colaboradores (2014), hasta 849 millones de hectáreas de terrenos naturales hacia el año 2050 estarían en riesgo de degradarse si se continúa la tendencia de uso insostenible del suelo. La degradación implica la modificación y el deterioro de las propiedades físicas, químicas y biológicas del suelo (Rodríguez & Camargo García, 2009) y la disminución de la capacidad de este ambiente en prestar bienes y servicios a las comunidades (FAO, 1996). Actualmente, el 33% de los suelos del planeta están degradados y las principales causas obedecen al crecimiento demográfico, industrialización y el cambio climático; lo que ha llevado a un proceso de deterioro acelerado y a la pérdida de millones de toneladas de capa arable anualmente ligados al agotamiento de nutrientes, pérdida de carbono orgánico, sellado del suelo y erosión (FAO, 2015).La erosión es la mayor causa de degradación y pérdida de fertilidad del suelo, pues remueve la capa donde se concentra la materia orgánica y donde habitan los organismos asociados a la fijación y solubilización de nutrientes minerales (Li et al., 2009). En Colombia, el 40% del territorio nacional presenta algún grado de degradación de suelos por erosión equivalente a 453.770 km2 (45.377.070 ha); el 20% equivale a erosión ligera, 16,8% a moderada, y 2,9% a severa y muy severa (IDEAM, U.D.C.A., 2015b), y es por esto, que prevenir la erosión es un factor clave para evitar su degradación y su posterior desertificación.Por otro lado, la fertilidad de los suelos colombianos es característicamente baja en términos de nutrición vegetal (Jaramillo J., 2004); el 85% de los suelos son ácidos, siendo el 57,6% de los suelos de un pH menor a cinco, el 98% muestra deficiencias en fósforo asimilable para las plantas y el 68,1% cuenta con bajo contenido de materia orgánica. Esto muestra que las técnicas de manejo del suelo están generando graves problemas de degradación (IGAC, 2016). Mientras que el 13,3% y el 19,3% de los suelos colombianos son aptos para la ganadería y la agricultura, respectivamente; el 30,5% están siendo usados para ganadería y tan sólo el 4,6% de los suelos aptos para la agricultura están siendo usados para tal fin (IGAC, 2016).Aunque en la última década se ha reducido significativamente el riesgo de la erosión, estas tasas aún son muy altas en muchos terrenos agrícolas del mundo. Políticas y programas de estado son necesarios para promover el desarrollo de sistemas agrícolas más sostenibles en estos terrenos donde aún el riesgo es alto (FAO & ITPS, 2015). En este sentido, se hace prioritario fomentar el apoyo a prácticas que controlen la erosión, por ejemplo evitar la extracción excesiva de biomasa que como consecuencia conlleva a la pérdida de materia orgánica del suelo, incluir labranza de conservación, implementación de terrazas, uso de residuos orgánicos compostados, entre otras prácticas, que pueden disminuir la erosión y mejorar los rendimientos de los cultivos (Gordon & Enfors, 2008).La FAO (2015) indica que de no tomar medidas para reducir la erosión, se prevé una disminución de producción de más de 253 millones de toneladas para el 2050, que es equivalente a eliminar 1,5 millones de kilómetros cuadrados de tierras agrícolas y compromete la seguridad alimentaria de la humanidad, en adición a efectos del desequilibrio ambiental asociados a los procesos de la erosión del suelo. Por consiguiente, la prevención de la erosión y conservación de la fertilidad del suelo es un desafío global encaminado hacia la conservación de la vida en el planeta. El presente capítulo tiene como objetivo realizar una contextualización sobre este servicio ecosistémico de regulación, resaltando un estudio de caso del occidente colombiano.
Derechos de autor 2019 Libros Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia
Secuestro de carbono en suelo cafetalero con alta pendiente en la Sierra de Santa Marta
In this study was analyzed the carbon sequestration potential of a soil from a shaded coffee plantation, influenced by a slope of 34%. The total carbon sequestered along the slope was quantified by providing leaf litter, branches, mulch and soil. The population of nitrogen fixing bacteria free-living (NFBFL) and the content of organic matter (OM) were used as indicators of soil quality. Finally, the impact of the economic benefits of carbon sequestration under these conditions was determined. The results indicated that the coffee under shade provides favourable conditions for carbon sequestration due to the continuous supply of carbon from leaf litter and branches, with the consequent formation of mulch; however, the total carbon sequestration was severely impacted along the entire slope, due to possible drag of organic material and nutrients, favoured by water erosion, contributing to the formation of heterogeneous areas. Consequently, the content of MO and BFNVL populations were affected. Therefore, the carbon sequestration potential was very low compared with other studies in shaded coffee plantations, indicating that under these conditions, is not eligible to compete in the carbon market, adversely affecting the economic potential of zone. For all these reasons, the development of soil conservation strategies was highly recommended for this site.
Prospecção científica e tecnológica de quercetina: uso de espécies de Malpighia L. (acerola) como potencial para o tratamento de COVID-19
Quercetina é um flavonoide presente em muitos vegetais, como espécies de Malpighia L. (acerola), e tem mostrado muitas atividades farmacológicas, dentre elas o potencial antiviral e anti-inflamatório utilizado no tratamento de diversas viroses, por exemplo a COVID-19, ressaltando sua importância econômica e medicinal. Objetiva-se realizar uma prospecção científica e tecnológica acerca do flavonoide quercetina encontrado na acerola, a fim de destacar o número de publicações e de depósito de patentes em bancos de dados internacionais e evidenciar as propriedades farmacológicas e eficácia desses compostos no tratamento a COVID-19. Realizou-se uma prospecção científica e tecnológica em bases de dados de artigos e patentes internacionais sobre acerola, quercetina e COVID-19. O país com maior número de publicações foi a China (n=25), e as publicações tiveram início no ano de 1967, com distribuição maior para as áreas de Medicina e Odontologia (n=78). Enquanto para a prospecção tecnológica observou-se que o Japão (n=367) teve mais patentes depositadas e os depósitos começaram no ano de 2014, destacando-se A61K como a CIP mais frequente, relacionada à saúde. O Brasil não se destacou nesta pesquisa, pois a demanda tecnológica não vem sendo estimulada, o que demonstra preocupação com o país.
Prospecção científica e tecnológica de quercetina
Chapter 11 - Medicinal and therapeutic potential of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa)
The Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) is being extensively used in folk medicine owing to its rich phytochemical profile including polyphenols, especially anthocyanins, organic acids, and polysaccharides, thereby offering greater prospects in therapeutic and medicinal uses. The Roselle infusions or decoctions present significant therapeutic options against various degenerative ailments such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetics, cancer, hepatoprotection, nephroprotection, and many others. The previous work supports the scientific hypothesis that Roselle plant enriched with bioactive constituents plays an imperative role in the management of degenerative and chronic diseases that are associated with oxidative stress. However, well-designed animal and human studies are underway to precisely quantify the therapeutic potential of purified phytochemical preparations. This work aims to review and document the scientific evidence about the potential therapeutic uses of the Roselle plant.
STEVIA LA HIERBA DULCE ¿PUEDE CRECER EN TABASCO?
The stevia plant ('Stevia rebaudiana' Bertoni) is used worldwide as a natural sweetener. Its cultivation is mainly due to its high content of glycosides and its medicinal properties. The main producer worldwide is China, but in recent years its cultivation has spread to other countries, especially in Latin America. In Mexico, it is a relatively new and innovative crop. Due to the generation of jobs and the health benefits, stevia could be a cultivation proposal for the state of Tabasco. However, its sensitivity to humidity and the lack of information related to its local adaptation make its cultivation questionable. For this reason, to know its adaptation, growth, and production under the environmental conditions of the area, Morita II variety stevia plants were established in the community of La Huasteca, Centro, Tabasco during the period from December 2019 to March 2020.
Deleterious Effects of Heat Stress on the Tomato, Its Innate Responses, and Potential Preventive Strategies in the Realm of Emerging Technologies
EVALUACION AGRONOMICA EN TOMATE CULTIVADO EN AMBIENTE ENRIQUECIDO CON CO2 SEGÚN ESCENARIO DE EMISIÓN B2* Agronomic evaluation of tomato cultivated in a CO2 enriched environment according to the B2 emission scenario
RESUMEN En el año 2014 los niveles de CO2 atmosférico alcanzaron 400 ppm y se espera que esta cifra se convierta en el promedio anual en los próximos dos años, lo cual traerá una serie de consecuencias sobre los cultivos. A pesar de ello, no hay información suficiente en Venezuela sobre el efecto de este gas en el cultivo del tomate, siendo esta hortaliza la segunda de mayor importancia en el país. Para ello, se condujo un experimento con un diseño completamente al azar en la variedad Alba, con tres tratamientos [campo abierto, casa malla y en casa malla con una atmósfera enriquecida con dióxido de carbono (426 ppm CO2)]. Los resultados más importantes: 1) 60 días después del trasplante (ddt) el CO2 ambiental provocó el mayor crecimiento y biomasa aérea y de raíces. 2) 90 ddt el tratamiento de CO2 indujo el mayor crecimiento y biomasa en raíces. 3) Las variables agronómicas en las plantas de tomate se afectaron positivamente en el tratamiento de inyección de CO2, excepto para la producción de fruta. 4) Altas concentraciones de CO2 junto con las altas temperaturas provocaron desordenes fisiológicos en las plantas, lo que afecta la productividad futura del cultivo. Palabras clave: Dióxido de carbono, Solanum lycopersicum, biomasa, agronomía, plantas C3. ABSTRACT The levels of CO2 reached in April 2014 to 400 ppm and it is expected that to become the annual average in the next two years. This increase in atmospheric CO2 will bring a series of consequences on agricultural crops. However, there is not enough information in Venezuela about the effect of this gas on tomato cultivation, this being the second most important vegetable in the country. For this, under a completely randomized design, three treatments were evaluated in tomato variety Alba [(open field and in mesh house and in mesh house with an atmosphere enriched with carbon dioxide (426 ppm CO2)]. The most important results were: 1) At 60 days after transplantation (ddt), environmental CO2 caused the greatest growth and aerial and roots biomass. 2) At 90 ddt, the CO2 treatment induced the greatest growth and biomass in roots. 3) The agronomy variables of the tomato crop was positively affected in the CO2 injection treatment, except for the production of the fruit. 4) High concentration of CO2 together with high temperatures caused physiological disorders in the plants, which affects the future productivity of the crop.
A comprehensive uncertainty quantification of large-scale process-based crop modeling frameworks
Regional and global impact assessment tools are increasingly used to explore and evaluate the impact of climate change and extreme events on crop yield and environmental externalities. However, the large uncertainties associated with the inputs or the parameters in crop models within these tools, limits their predictive ability, exceeding the spatiotemporal variability of observed yields. The objective of this study is to explore and quantify different sources of uncertainties and assumptions made behind initial conditions (IC), soil input, meteorological forcing, management practices and model cultivar parameters by running regional simulations for the time period between 2009 and 2019. Simulations were performed for maize and soybean using the pSIMS platform across the U.S Midwest by incrementally accounting for five sources of uncertainty with a resolution using the APSIM and DSSAT crop growth models. First, the relative contribution of different sources of uncertainty was estimated over time and space. Then, a series of nitrate leaching hotpots were identified and a regional maize yield productivity index was estimated by decomposing the uncertainty in the same scenario using a hierarchical Bayesian random-effect model. All factors showed a strong spatial pattern in their contribution to the total uncertainty and their contribution was found to be partially dependent on location. However, across the whole region, it was found that the uncertainty around management is larger than IC, soil and meteorological forcing while showing a strong correlation with each of these factors. Given the high spatial correlation, we hypothesize that constraining soil inputs and management uncertainty could allow for the largest reduction in predictive uncertainty for crop yield. Our results showed vast areas over northern IA, IL and IN with high potential for NO3 leaching and southern IA, IL and east NE with lower maize productivity index compared to the regional average.
Towards reduced uncertainty in conceptual rainfall-runoff modelling: dynamic identifiability analysis
Conceptual modelling requires the identification of a suitable model structure and the estimation of parameter values through calibration against observed data. A lack of objective approaches to evaluate model structures and the inability of calibration procedures to distinguish between the suitability of different parameter sets are major sources of uncertainty in current modelling procedures. This paper presents an approach analysing the performance of the model in a dynamic fashion resulting in an improved use of available information. Model structures can be evaluated with respect to the failure of individual components, and periods of high information content for specific parameters can be identified. The procedure is termed dynamic identifiability analysis (DYNIA) and is applied to a model structure built from typical conceptual components. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards reduced uncertainty in conceptual rainfall-runoff modelling
Derechos de Autor . 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Number: 2 _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/hyp.1135
Rainfall-Runoff modelling using SWAT and eight artificial intelligence models in the Murredu Watershed, India
The growing concerns surrounding water supply, driven by factors such as population growth and industrialization, have highlighted the need for accurate estimation of streamflow at the river basin level. To achieve this, rainfall-runoff models are widely employed as valuable tools in watershed management. For this specific study, two modelling approaches were employed: the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model and a set of eight artificial intelligence (AI) models. The AI models consisted of seven data-driven approaches, namely k-nearest neighbour regression, support vector regression, linear regression, artificial neural networks, random forest regression, XGBoost, and Histogram-based Gradient Boost regression. Additionally, a deep learning model known as Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) was also utilized. The study focused on monthly streamflow modelling in the Murredu River basin, with a calibration period from 1999 to 2003 and a validation period from 2004 to 2005, spanning a total of 7 years from 1999 to 2005. The results indicated that all nine models were generally suitable for simulating the rainfall-runoff process, with the LSTM model demonstrating exceptional performance in both the calibration (R2 is 0.97 and NSE is 0.96) and validation (R2 is 0.97 and NSE is 0.92) periods. Its high coefficient of determination (R2) and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) values indicated its superior ability to accurately model the rainfall-runoff relationship. While the other models also produced satisfactory results, the findings suggest that selecting the most efficient model, such as the LSTM model, could significantly contribute to the effective management and planning of sustainable water resources in the Murredu watershed.
How good is good enough? Data requirements for reliable crop yield simulations and yield-gap analysis
Numerous studies have been published during the past two decades that use simulation models to assess crop yield gaps (quantified as the difference between potential and actual farm yields), impact of climate change on future crop yields, and land-use change. However, there is a wide range in quality and spatial and temporal scale and resolution of climate and soil data underpinning these studies, as well as widely differing assumptions about cropping-system context and crop model calibration. Here we present an explicit rationale and methodology for selecting data sources for simulating crop yields and estimating yield gaps at specific locations that can be applied across widely different levels of data availability and quality. The method consists of a tiered approach that identifies the most scientifically robust requirements for data availability and quality, as well as other, less rigorous options when data are not available or are of poor quality. Examples are given using this approach to estimate maize yield gaps in the state of Nebraska (USA), and at a national scale for Argentina and Kenya. These examples were selected to represent contrasting scenarios of data availability and quality for the variables used to estimate yield gaps. The goal of the proposed methods is to provide transparent, reproducible, and scientifically robust guidelines for estimating yield gaps; guidelines which are also relevant for simulating the impact of climate change and land-use change at local to global spatial scales. Likewise, the improved understanding of data requirements and alternatives for simulating crop yields and estimating yield gaps as described here can help identify the most critical “data gaps” and focus global efforts to fill them. A related paper (Van Bussel et al., 2015) examines issues of site selection to minimize data requirements and up-scaling from location-specific estimates to regional and national spatial scales.
A review of methods to evaluate crop model performance at multiple and changing spatial scales
Crop models are useful tools because they can help understand many complex processes by simulating them. They are mainly designed at a specific spatial scale, the field. But with the new spatial data being made available in modern agriculture, they are being more and more applied at multiple and changing scales. These applications range from typically at broader scales, to perform regional or national studies, or at finer scales to develop modern site-specific management approaches. These new approaches to the application of crop models raise new questions concerning the evaluation of their performance, particularly for downscaled applications. This article first reviews the reasons why practitioners decide to spatialize crop models and the main methods they have used to do this, which questions the best place of the spatialization process in the modelling framework. A strong focus is then given to the evaluation of these spatialized crop models. Evaluation metrics, including the consideration of dedicated sensitivity indices are reviewed from the published studies. Using a simple example of a spatialized crop model being used to define management zones in precision viticulture, it is shown that classical model evaluation involving aspatial indices (e.g. the RMSE) is not sufficient to characterize the model performance in this context. A focus is made at the end of the review on potentialities that a complementary evaluation could bring in a precision agriculture context.
APPLICATION OF THE PENMAN-MONTEITH MODEL TO CALCULATE THE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF HEAD LETTUCE (LACTUCA SATIVA L. VAR. CAPITATA) IN GLASSHOUSE CONDITIONS
GROWTH AND MAINTENANCE RESPIRATION OF CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS L. ESTIMATED FROM CO2 EXCHANGE
TOMPOUSSE, A MODEL OF YIELD PREDICTION FOR TOMATO CROPS: CALIBRATION STUDY FOR UNHEATED PLASTIC GREENHOUSES
TOMPOUSSE, A MODEL OF YIELD PREDICTION FOR TOMATO CROPS
TOMPOUSSE, un modèle simplifié de prévision du rendement et du calibre de la tomate
HortSyst: A dynamic model to predict growth, nitrogen uptake, and transpiration of greenhouse tomatoes
Number: 1 Publisher: Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA
Chilean journal of agricultural research
N2O emissions and NO3− leaching from two contrasting regions in Austria and influence of soil, crops and climate: a modelling approach
National emission inventories for UN FCCC reporting estimate regional soil nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes by considering the amount of N input as the only influencing factor for N2O emissions. Our aim was to deepen the understanding of N2O fluxes from agricultural soils, including region specific soil and climate properties into the estimation of emission to find targeted mitigation measures for the reduction of nitrogen losses and GHG emissions. Within this project, N2O emissions and nitrate (NO3−) leaching were modelled under spatially distinct environmental conditions in two agricultural regions in Austria taking into account region specific soil and climatic properties, management practices and crop rotations. The LandscapeDNDC ecosystem model was used to calculate N2O emissions and NO3− leaching reflecting different types of vegetation, management operations and crop rotations. In addition, N input and N fluxes were assessed and N2O emissions were calculated. This approach allowed identifying hot spots of N2O emissions. Results show that certain combinations of soil type, weather conditions, crop and management can lead to high emissions. Mean values ranged from 0.15 to 1.29 kg N2O–N ha−1 year−1 (Marchfeld) and 0.26 to 0.52 kg N2O–N ha−1 year−1 (Grieskirchen). Nitrate leaching, which strongly dominated N-losses, often reacted opposite to N2O emissions. Larger quantities of NO3− were lost during years of higher precipitation, especially if winter barley was cultivated on sandy soils. Taking into account the detected hot spots of N2O emissions and NO3− leaching most efficient measures can be addressed to mitigate environmental impacts while maximising crop production.
N2O emissions and NO3− leaching from two contrasting regions in Austria and influence of soil, crops and climate
Anuario Estadístico de Cuba 2021 | Oficina Nacional de Estadística e Información
A multi-organ metabolic model of tomato predicts plant responses to nutritional and genetic perturbations
Resumen Predecir y entender las respuestas de las plantas a las perturbaciones requiere integrar las interacciones entre fuentes nutricionales, genes, metabolismo celular y fisiología en el mismo modelo. Esto se puede lograr utilizando modelado metabólico calibrado por datos experimentales. En este estudio, desarrollamos un modelo metabólico multiorgánico de una planta de tomate durante el crecimiento vegetativo, llamado VYTOP (Virtual Young TOmato Plant) que combina modelos metabólicos a escala de genoma de hoja, tallo y raíz e integra datos experimentales adquiridos a partir de metabolómica y fenotipado de alto rendimiento de las plantas de tomate. Se compone de 6689 reacciones y 6326 metabolitos. Validamos las predicciones de VYTOP en cinco casos de uso independiente. El modelo predijo correctamente que la glutamina es el principal nutriente orgánico de la savia de xilome. El modelo estimó cuantitativamente cómo la contribución fotosintética del tallo impacta los intercambios entre los diferentes órganos. El modelo también fue capaz de predecir cómo la limitación de nitrógeno afecta el crecimiento vegetal vegetativo, y predecir el comportamiento metabólico de las líneas de tomate transgénico con expresiones alteradas de enzimas metabólicas de núcleo. La integración de diferentes componentes como un modelo metabólico, restricciones fisiológicas y datos experimentales genera una poderosa herramienta predictiva para estudiar el comportamiento de las plantas, que será útil para varias otras aplicaciones como ingeniería metabólica vegetal o nutrición vegetal. Un sumario de frase Un modelo metabólico multiorgánico de tomate da información biológica sobre el funcionamiento de una planta como la composición de xylem, el papel del tallo y la respuesta a la perturbación ambiental o genética.
© 2021, Posted by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. This pre-print is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International), CC BY-NC-ND 4.0, as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Pages: 2021.09.30.462630 Section: New Results
Advances in crop modelling for a sustainable agriculture
Calibration and Validation of CSM-MANIHOT-Cassava Model for Cassava Crop ( Manihot esculentaC.) at Different Plant Spacing in Holguín Province, Cuba
Analysis of statistical methods to evaluate the performance of simulation models in horticultural crops
MODELING YIELD PATTERN OF GREENHOUSE-GROWN SWEET PEPPERS
MODELLING FRUIT SET IN GREENHOUSE VEGETABLE CROPS
STOCHASTIC DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF FRUIT ABORTION: A CASE STUDY OF SWEET PEPPER
STOCHASTIC DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF FRUIT ABORTION
Evaluation of Irrigation Modes for Greenhouse Drip Irrigation Tomatoes Based on AquaCrop and DSSAT Models
The improvement of the simulation accuracy of crop models in different greenhouse environments would be better applied to the automation management of greenhouse cultivation. Tomatoes under drip irrigation in a greenhouse were taken as the research object, and the cumulative evaporation capacity (Ep) of the 20 cm standard evaporation dish was taken as the basis for irrigation. Three treatments were set up in the experiment: high water treatment without mulch (NM-0.9 Ep), high water treatment with mulch (M-0.9 Ep), and low water treatment with mulch (M-0.5 Ep). AquaCrop and DSSAT models were used to simulate the canopy coverage, soil water content, biomass, and yield of the tomatoes. Data from 2020 were used to correct the model, and simulation results from 2021 were analyzed in this paper. The results showed that: (1) Of the two crop models, the simulation accuracy of the greenhouse tomato canopy coverage kCC was higher, and the root mean square errors were less than 6.8% (AquaCrop model) and 8.5% (DSSAT model); (2) The AquaCrop model could accurately simulate soil water change under high water treatments, while the DSSAT model was more suitable for the conditions without mulch; (3) The relative error RE of simulated and observed values for biomass B, yield Y, and water use efﬁciency WUE in the AquaCrop model were less than 2.0%, 2.3%, and 9.0%, respectively, while those of the DSSAT model were less than 4.7%, 7.6%, and 10.4%, respectively; (4) Considering the simulation results of each index comprehensively, the AquaCrop model was superior to the DSSAT model; subsequently, the former was used to predict 16 different water and ﬁlm coating treatments (S1–S16). It was found that the greenhouse tomato yield and WUE were the highest under S7 (0.8 Ep), at 8.201 t/ha and 2.79 kg/m3, respectively.
Ebrahimipak et al. - 2022 - The Effect of Irrigation Water Management and Fertilizer Amount on AquaCrop Accuracy and Efficiency
Optimizing Irrigation Water Use Efficiency for Tomato and Maize Fields across Italy Combining Remote Sensing Data and the AquaCrop Model
Remote sensing data of canopy cover and leaf area index are used together with the AquaCrop model to optimize irrigation water use efﬁciency for tomato and maize ﬁelds across Italy, which differ in climate, soil types and irrigation technique. An optimization irrigation strategy, “SIM strategy”, is developed based on crop stress thresholds and then applied to all the analyzed ﬁelds in different crop seasons, evaluating the effect not only on irrigation volume and number of irrigations but also on crop yield and canopy cover, and on the drainage ﬂux which represents the main water loss. Irrigation volume reduction is found to be between 200 and 1000 mm, mainly depending on the different soil types within the climate, irrigation technique and crop type. This is directly related to the drainage ﬂux reduction which is of a similar entity. The SIM strategy efﬁciency has then been quantiﬁed by different indicators, such as the irrigation water use efﬁciency (IWUE) which is higher than with the observed irrigations (around 35% for tomato ﬁelds in Southern Italy, between 30 and 80% for maize in Northern Italy), and the percolation deﬁcit and irrigation efﬁciency. The AquaCrop model has been previously calibrated against canopy cover and leaf area index (LAI) data, producing errors between 0.7 and 5%, while absolute mean errors (MAE) between 0.015 and 0.04 are obtained for soil moisture (SM). The validation of the AquaCrop model has been performed against evapotranspiration (ET) ground-measured data and crop yields producing MAE values ranging from 0.3 to 0.9 mm/day, and 0.9 ton/ha for maize and 10 ton/ha for tomatoes, respectively.
Uncertainty analysis of modified VegSyst model applied to a soilless culture tomato crop
Over the last decades, the soilless culture technique has rapidly progressed in several developed countries linked to crop growth control environment and automation. Several crop growth models have been developed for decision support systems. Thus it is important to quantify the uncertainty associated to the predicted variables of these models previously to their application. An uncertainty analysis aims to know quantitatively the variability of model components for a specific situation and the derivation of an uncertainty distribution for each state variable and model output. Recently, the VegSyst model was developed to assist the nitrogen (N) supply and irrigation management for some horticultural crops. The basic input data are measurements of air temperature, relative humidity, and solar radiation which are climatic data that are commonly measured, by growers, in the greenhouse. The model was developed assuming non-limiting conditions of water and N use. The aim of this research was to modify the VegSyst model including a leaf area index (LAI) sub-model, in order to improve the prediction of dry matter production (DMP), and N uptake (Nup) for a soilless culture using plastic bags filled with “tezontle” (volcanic sand) as substrate. LAI was modeled using accumulated normalized thermal time and photosynthetically active radiation. An experiment with a tomato crop was carried out during the autumn-winter 2015 in a greenhouse located at University of Chapingo, Mexico. The collected data were used to carry out an uncertainty analysis in which the inputs were the model parameters and the outputs were the predicted DMP, LAI, and crop N content. Probability density functions were defined for each model parameter to calculate the corresponding statistics and histograms of the model outputs. Also the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) Bayesian method was used. Results showed that LAI can be predicted better by the model than DMP and Nup.
SSM-iCrop2: A simple model for diverse crop species over large areas
Crop models are essential in undertaking large scale estimation of crop production of diverse crop species, especially in assessing food availability and climate change impacts. In this study, an existing model (SSM, Simple Simulation Models) was adapted to simulate a large number of plant species including orchard species and perennial forages. Simpliﬁcation of some methods employed in the original model was necessary to deal with limited data availability for some of the plant species to be simulated. The model requires limited, readily available input information. The simulations account for plant phenology, leaf area development and senescence, dry matter accumulation, yield formation, and soil water balance in a daily time step. Parameterization of the model for new crops/cultivars is easy and straight-forward. The resultant model (SSM-iCrop2) was parameterized and tested for more than 30 crop species of Iran using numerous ﬁeld experiments. Tests showed the model was robust in the predictions of crop yield and water use. Root mean square of error as percentage of observed mean for yield was 18% for grain ﬁeld crops, 14% for non-grain crops 14% for vegetables and 28% for fruit trees.
EPIC model simulation to assess effective agro-ecological practices for climate change mitigation and adaptation in organic vegetable system
Mediterranean agriculture is markedly threatened by climate change and extreme events (drought and flooding). For the first time, the EPIC model was used in a long-term organic vegetable field experiment to evaluate the performance of agroecological practices, as adaptation and mitigation measures to cope with climate change in Southern Italy. These practices were a soil hydraulic arrangement (consisting of ridges and flat strips) combined with crop rotation (winter and summer cash crops), organic fertilization (poultry manure vs. no fertilization), and cover crops (pure or in mixture vs. no cover) managed as living mulch, green manure, or flattened by roller crimper. Seven treatments were selected for the simulation procedure. EPIC was calibrated and validated using measured crop yield and soil organic carbon stock values. The statistical metrics of EPIC showed r to be between 0.96 and 0.97, the Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency between 0.54 and 0.94, and the relative root mean square error between 2 and 18%. Then, the model was run under baseline current climate (1985–2014) and near-future climate change (2015–2044) scenarios. Climate change increased both microbial respiration and nitrate leaching compared to the baseline, while soil organic carbon stock change and nitrous oxide emissions were mainly influenced by agro-ecological practices. Cover crop management could be an effective solution to limit negative climate effects, since it allowed improving summer cash crop yield (32%) and soil organic carbon stock change (2%), and reducing nitrogen losses (–34%), as compared to the no-cover-crop system. Finally, under climate change, green manure increased microbial respiration (5%) and reduced nitrogen losses (− 19%), compared to roller crimper flattening. Our findings indicated that the tested agro-ecological practices contribute to re-designing new climate change-resilient vegetable systems, by involving the stakeholders in promoting a coinnovation and co-research knowledge platform and fine-tuning agro-ecological practices in a wider range of environments.
Evaluating the Applicability of the TOMCAST Model for the Control of Potato Early Blight in China
To explore the applicability of different fungicide application schemes to control potato early blight (mainly caused by Alternaria solani) in China, ﬁeld trials were conducted from 2020 to 2022, combining different fungicides with the tomato forecaster (TOMCAST) model and using weather variables to adjust the minimum temperature of TOMCAST to 7 ◦C. To effectively manage potato early blight, the TOMCAST model combines relative humidity (>88%) and air temperature to calculate daily severity values (DSVs). The application of fungicides (fungicide schedule) is as follows: untreated; two standard treatments, Amimiaoshou SC and Xishi SC, applied at the ﬁrst appearance of disease symptoms; and two different TOMCAST treatments, in which fungicides are applied when the physiological days add up to 300 days and DSVs add up to 15. This study quantiﬁes the intensity of early blight as the area under the disease progression curve and the ﬁnal disease severity. Additionally, a progress curve for early blight is constructed to compare the development of early blight in different years and treatments. The TOMCAST-15 model reduces the number of fungicide applications in addition to signiﬁcantly suppressing the development of early blight. Furthermore, fungicide application signiﬁcantly increases the dry matter and starch contents of potatoes, and TOMCAST-15 × Amimiaoshou SC has similar enhancement effects on dry matter, protein, reducing sugar, and starch contents compared with Amomiaohou SC and Xishi SC. As a result, TOMCAST × Amimiaoshou SC may be an effective alternative to the standard treatment and have good applicability in China.
Increasing Air Temperatures and Its Effects on Growth and Productivity of Tomato in South Florida
Florida ranks ﬁrst among US states in fresh-market tomato production with annual production exceeding one-third of the total annual production in the country. Although tomato is a signature crop in Florida, current and future ambient temperatures could impose a major production challenge, especially during the fall growing season. This problem is increasingly becoming an important concern among tomato growers in south Florida, but studies addressing these concerns have not been conducted until now. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the impacts of the present ambient temperature conditions and planting dates on tomato productivity in south Florida. The study was conducted using crop simulation model CROPGRO-Tomato of DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agricultural Transfer) version 4.7. Five treatments were evaluated, and included AT (simulated treatment using 14 years of actual daily weather conditions at the study location) while other treatments were conducted based on a percentage (−20%, −10%, +10%, +20%) of AT to simulate cooler and warmer temperature regimes. The results suggested that under the current temperature conditions during the fall growing season in south Florida, average tomato yield was up to 29% lower compared to the cooler temperature regimes. Tomato yield further decreased by 52% to 85% at air temperatures above the current condition. Yield reduction under high temperature was primarily due to lower fruit production. Contrary to yield, both tomato biomass accumulation and leaf area index increased with increase in temperature. Results also indicated that due to changes in air temperature pattern, tomato yield increased as planting date increased from July to December. Therefore, planting date modiﬁcation during the fall season from the current July–September to dates between November and December will reduce the impacts of heat stress and increase tomato productivity in south Florida.
Adapting the CROPGRO model to simulate growth and production of Brassica carinata , a bio‐fuel crop
Carinata (Brassica carinata) is an oilseed crop which, because of its non-edible oil composition and favorable fatty acid profile, is proposed as a “green” sustainable aviation fuel. It can be grown as a winter crop in the southeastern USA or as a summer annual crop in northern latitudes. No crop models exist for carinata because it is a relatively new crop. The CROPGRO model is a mechanistic crop simulation of daily crop growth and development as a function of daily weather, soil properties, crop management, and species parameters. We adapted the CROPGRO model to simulate carinata based on growth analysis data collected over two seasons at three sites: Quincy, FL, Jay, FL, and Shorter, AL. The adaptation process required literature knowledge as well as optimization against field observations. The parameterization of model sensitivities to climatic factors is presented. The adapted model gave good simulations of carinata growth dynamics compared to observed growth during different seasons and locations and in response to N fertilization. While additional testing is appropriate, the model is sufficiently ready to be used for various applications. An example application is presented for the effect of sowing date on carinata yield and maturity over long-term weather in the Southeastern USA.
Crop models and their use in assessing crop production and food security: A review
Agriculture is directly related to food security as it determines the global food supply. Research in agriculture to predict crop productivity and losses helps avoid high food demand with little supply and price spikes. Here, we review ten crop models and one intercomparison project used for simulating crop growth and productivity under various impacts from soil–crop–atmosphere interactions. The review outlines food security and production assessments using numerical models for maize, wheat, and rice production. A summary of reviewed studies shows the following: (1) model ensembles provide smaller modeling errors compared to single models, (2) single models show better results when coupled with other types of models, (3) the ten reviewed crop models had improvements over the years and can accurately predict crop growth and yield for most of the locations, management conditions, and genotypes tested, (4) APSIM and DSSAT are fast and reliable in assessing broader output variables, (5) AquaCrop is indicated to investigate water footprint, quality and use efficiency in rainfed and irrigated systems, (6) all models assess nitrogen dynamics and use efficiency efficiently, excluding AquaCrop and WOFOST, (7) JULES specifies in evaluating food security vulnerability, (8) ORYZA is the main crop model used to evaluate paddy rice production, (9) grain filling is usually assessed with APSIM, DAISY, and DSSAT, and (10) the ten crop models can be used as tools to evaluate food production, availability, and security.
Crop models and their use in assessing crop production and food security
Development of a Cereal–Legume Intercrop Model for DSSAT Version 4.8
Intercropping is extensively used to increase land productivity and agricultural beneﬁts. In developing countries, intercropping has historically been one of the most widely used cropping systems. Crop models have been used to assess risk productivity over time and space, particularly in monocropping systems. Crop models, such as the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT), have been widely used to improve crop growth, development, and yield predictions; however, this model has some limitations when assessing interspeciﬁc competition in intercropping systems (e.g., it does not have a subroutine capable of running two crops simultaneously). Therefore, in this study, we developed a new approach to allow DSSAT to run two crop species in intercropping systems. A light interception algorithm and modiﬁed source code were integrated into the DSSAT to simulate the relay-strip intercropping system. The intercrop model developed in this study is the ﬁrst intercrop model for DSSAT. This model is generic and can be employed to build other cereal–legume intercrop models for DSSAT Version 4.8. Regarding risk assessment of crop production, the model can evaluate long-term cereal–legume intercrop yields in low-input cropping systems. Therefore, before ofﬁcially launching the new model in DSSAT, more ﬁeld trials are recommended to rigorously evaluate and improve the model with data from different environments. The intercrop model developed in this study is simple, so this modeling approach can be employed to develop other cereal–noncereal intercrop models.
Application of DSSAT Models for an Agronomic Adaptation Strategy Under Climate Change in Southern Italy: Optimum Sowing and Transplanting Time for Winter Durum Wheat and Tomato
Many climate change studies have been carried out in different parts of the world to assess climate change vulnerability and adaptation capacity of agricultural crops for certain environments characterized from climatic, pedological and agronomical point of view.
Application of DSSAT Models for an Agronomic Adaptation Strategy Under Climate Change in Southern Italy
Modification of the TOMCAST Model with Aerobiological Data for Management of Potato Early Blight
The present study focuses on establishing thresholds of weather variables for predict early blight in potato crops. For this, the TOMCAST model was adjusted using weather variables and Alternaria conidia levels (mainly A. solani and A. alternata) during six growing seasons in A Limia (Northwest Spain). TOMCAST for the eﬀective management of early blight considers leaf wetness and air temperature to calculate daily severity values (DSVs). Spearman correlations between temperature (minimum and average), mean temperature during leaf wetness period and Alternaria concentration showed the highest positive signiﬁcant coeﬃcients (0.386, 0.230 and 0.372, respectively; p < 0.01). Speciﬁcally, Alternaria levels higher than 50 spores/m3 were found the days with air mean temperature above 18 ◦C, more than 7 h of leaf wetness. Leaf wetness was decisive to estimate the concentration of Alternaria, resulting in a signiﬁcant linear regression model (R2 = 0.41; p < 0.001). TOMCAST was adapted to the area, considering 10 ◦C the minimum threshold for the mean value of temperature during the wet period and 10–15 accumulated disease severity values (DSV). Using TOMCAST, it was possible to predict the ﬁrst Alternaria peak in most of potato growing seasons. Combining aerobiological and meteorological data to control fungal diseases during crops are a useful tool for sustainable agriculture.
An Integrated Yield Prediction Model for Greenhouse Tomato
The commonly used greenhouse crop yield prediction models today have their speciﬁc application scenarios, which may not ensure the accuracy of the results if the greenhouse environment changes. This greatly restricts their use in the greenhouse environment. To solve this problem, two widely used tomato growth models were compared in the study: TOMGRO and Vanthoor, and then an integrated model was obtained. Through the extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test (EFAST), the model parameters were divided into three categories: optimized, ﬁxed and ignored. In addition, Bayesian optimization was used as an optimization algorithm, through which the parameters applicable to the greenhouse can be optimized based on the greenhouse data. Compared with TOMGRO and Vanthoor, the output of the integrated model was more reasonable and universal, and the RMSE in the integrated model was 2.5974 while that in TOMGRO and Vanthoor both were over 17, reﬂecting the fact that the model output was closer to the actual value. According to the veriﬁcation results of four-year greenhouse data, the model had high performance in predicting yield.
Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Systems and Control
Comparison of Dynamic Tomato Growth Models for Optimal Control in Greenhouses
As global demand for efﬁciency in agriculture rises, there is a growing interest in high-precision farming practices. Particularly greenhouses play a critical role in ensuring a yearround supply of fresh produce. In order to maximize efﬁciency and productivity while minimizing resource use, mathematical techniques such as optimal control have been employed. However, selecting appropriate models for optimal control requires domain expertise. This study aims to compare three established tomato models for their suitability in an optimal control framework. Results show that all three models have similar yield predictions and accuracy, but only two models are currently applicable for optimal control due to implementation limitations. The two remaining models each have advantages in terms of economic yield and computation times, but the differences in optimal control strategies suggest that they require more accurate parameter identiﬁcation and calibration tailored to greenhouses.
Comment: 2023 IEEE International Conference on Agrosystem Engineering, Technology & Applications (AGRETA2023), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Evaluation of a mathematical model to predict growth and nitrogen content in tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under greenhouse conditions
Introduction: Mathematical crop modeling allows selecting different simulation environments and analyze the response of different variables over time to estimate, predict and potentiate the growth of a crop. Objective: To simulate and evaluate a dynamic mathematical model to predict tomato growth and nitrogen content in the plant under greenhouse conditions. Methodology: The simulation was performed with the VegSyst model, for which climate variables and greenhouse tomato crop variables were recorded during two cycles, for the evaluation a local sensitivity analysis and non-linear parametric identification were applied. Results: The sensitivity analysis allowed identifying the most sensitive parameters of the model and with the parametric identification the values of the parameters were found, which allowed fitting the simulations to the measurements made in the greenhouse. Limitations of the study: The VegSyst model only allows simulating nitrogen in the plant. In addition, it is necessary to calibrate the model to the climatic conditions of the site for experiments in other areas. Originality: Based on the VegSyst model, equations were proposed and calibrated to estimate height, number of fruits, nodes, dry matter of fruits and dry weight of fruits. Conclusions: The model predicts the growth of the tomato crop and the nitrogen content in the plant under greenhouse conditions.
SIMULATION OF WATER CONSUMPTION, GROWTH AND YIELD OF TOMATOES USING THE AQUACROP MODEL
Water for irrigation will undoubtedly be reduced as a result of climate change, disrupted rainfall patterns, and water scarcity, putting crop production in jeopardy. As a result, in order to maintain high agricultural production and meet food demand, new technology must be developed, and the feasibility of cultivating essential vegetable crops without irrigation must be investigated. The goal of this research is to estimate tomato water consumption, growth, and yield using the Aquacrop model. The experiment was put up on carbonate chernozem soil near Stara Pazova (40 kilometers north of Belgrade). There were two treatments: soil treated with organic fertilizer Fertigkompost (OF) and soil treated with no organic fertilizer (K). Both treatments were fed by rain. The obtained results show that the AquaCrop model accurately predicts tomato yields with variations of 7.1 percent and 11.8 percent, respectively, when compared to observed yields on OF and K treatments. For the OF and K treatments, statistical indices of correlation coefficients (r) of 0.97 and 0.95, respectively, root mean square error (RMSE) of 10.1 percent, 9.0 percent, and Willmott index of agreement (d) of 0.98, 0.97, confirm excellent assessment of tomato growth. Water consumption is likewise fairly predicted by the model, with r= 0.72 and 0.63, RMSE = 38.1 and 32.5 mm, and d= 0.83 and 0.76 for the OF and K treatments, respectively. With high confidence, the model may be used to estimate tomato production in a variety of growth circumstances.
Journal of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences
QUANTITATIVE PREDICTION OF TOMATO IRRIGATION NEEDS USING CROPWAT MODEL
Emerging climate changes and rapidly growing demand for food are creating preconditions for making water an increasingly valuable resource and irrigation management assumed greater importance and increasingly responsible essential role. This study uses CROPWAT 8.0 model by FAO to predict and simulate crop water requirements for greenhouse tomato production in Chelopechene experimental field of the Institute of soil science, agrotechnologies and plant protection in Sofia, Bulgaria. The main input data are climatic data, crop data and soil data. The simulation results analysis suggests that an actual irrigation requirement of tomato is 489.5 mm. This study has proved that decision support tools like CROPWAT 8.0 are useful for irrigation planning and management and could be used by farmers to determine irrigation requirement and frequency, as well as contribute to saving water resources.
Calibration and validation of APSIM for maize grown in different seasons in Southwest tropic of China
In order to estimate the adaptability of Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM)-Maize model under the special climate environment in tropic, 10 field experiments were conducted at different seasons in three sites (Longchuan, Mangshi and Ruili) of tropic in Yunnan Province, China. The parameters of APSIM model were calibrated and its adaptability was validated. The results showed that the days from sowing to flowering and sowing to maturity were predicted accurately for all sites with mean errors of 2.0 ± 0.4, and 3.2 ± 0.7 d respectively. The normalized root mean square errors (NRMSE) of the model for yield prediction were 2%, 3% and 5% for each of three sites, respectively, which indicated that the APSIM model had good accuracy and sensitivity in predicting phenological phases and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) grown in different seasons, and the model had good adaptability in the tropic of Southwest China. This study provided the basis and technical support for evaluating maize production potential based on the model.
Literature Review Crop Modeling and Introduction a Simple Crop Model
Modeling science has been applied by many advanced countries in many fields, such as geology, meteorology, climate change, crop productivity, environment, erosion, and landslide. The crop model simulates the processes of agriculture. The writing of this article is descriptive qualitative using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method. So far, each model has its advantages and disadvantages but generally is based on the physiology of the growth and development of crops in relationship with soil, climate, solar radiation energy, and limiting factors to plant growth. There have been many models for rice that can forecast yield and biomass or predict future climate change dynamics. Meanwhile, many models such as DSSAT, AquaCrop, Oryza, APSIM, EPIC need more data to operate their modeling, which in many cases, data is not readily available. In this review, we would like to introduce the model “SIMPLE” which includes only thirteen parameters and four of which describe cultivar characteristics. Another advantage of “SIMPLE” is that it can be adapted for many crop species and added variable modules such as nutrient dynamics, water stress, temperature stress, or pests. It is entirely open source based on R programming, but limitations still exist that have been mentioned in the review.
Journal of Applied Agricultural Science and Technology
Application of Cropwat Model for Estimation of Irrigation Scheduling of Tomato in Changing Climate of Eastern Europe: the Case Study of Godollo, Hungary
Low agricultural water productivity in irrigated agriculture and very low food security is challenging due to high population explosion and water exploitation in agriculture in both developed and developing countries in the world. CROPWAT model is decision support system developed by FAO and it is used as practical tool to carry out standard calculations for reference evapotranspiration, crop water requirements, irrigation scheduling, and also allows helps in planning and decision making in the areas were water resource availability is varying and scarce. Therefore, understanding crop water requirements (CWR) is essential for better irrigation practices, scheduling and efficient use of irrigated water since climatic variability and water scarcity is in every corner in the globe. So, the main purpose of this research was to estimate crop water requirement and irrigation scheduling of Tomato in Gödöllő under Hungarian environmental condition. The major input data has been used in CropWat-8 model was climatic data, crop data and soil data. From the result it has been observed that, the total amount of water requirement for Tomato determined to be 393.6 mm and 527 mm for 2010 and 2011 respectively were as total amount of irrigation requirement for 2010 was determined as 164.1 mm while for 2011, 363 mm irrigation water was estimated for irrigated Tomato production. The CropWat model for Tomato irrigation schedules for all growing periods in 2010 was zero, 19.2 mm, 116.1 mm and 28.9 mm in its initial, development, mid and let stages of growing period respectively and also the irrigation scheduling for Tomato in 2011 were 16.7 mm, 89 mm and 129 mm in initial and development stages respectively followed by128.3 mm in their mid and end stages. Besides in the study area, 2010 was the wettest year but 2011 was determined as the driest year this may cause adverse condition on crop yields quantity and quality especially in case of tomato in mentioned years.
Application of Cropwat Model for Estimation of Irrigation Scheduling of Tomato in Changing Climate of Eastern Europe
International Journal of Agriculture & Environmental Science
Water conservation in tomato production using deficit irrigation and SALTMED model under greenhouse conditions
The use of modeling for water conservation during irrigation is still in the research stage. There are many models can be used for this purpose, including Saltmed model. The SALTMED model is a holistic model can be used for different irrigation water and soil qualities, variety of crops, and water irrigation systems. This research aimed to interpret the tomato yield using different water quantities and qualities under greenhouse experiments. The trial included deficit irrigation with 3 treatments (80 %, 60 %, 40 % along with 100 % crop water requirements (ETc), with three water qualities (ECw 1.0, 2.3 and 3.6 dSm 1). The outcomes of the SALTMED model indicate the potential of the model to interpret soil-water content, salinity and tomato yield in regions having semi-arid climates under deficit irrigation strategies. Results of the SALTMED model revealed that data was underestimated. Furthermore, the values range of the CRM coefficient of the residual mass were 0.005–0.055, -0.01–0.02, and -0.02–0.04 for 0.9, 2.3 and 3.6 dSm 1, respectively. Most salinity showed the CRM values 0.18 to -0.02, 0.2 to -0.41, and -0.05 to -0.38 respectively, for the three irrigation water qualities. The values of observed and simulated data predicted a good relationship obtained. For soil water content and salinity, R2 values ranged between 0.80–0.99 and 0.74–0.99 respectively. Model efficiently simulates tomato yield outcomes under saline and freshwater. The correlation between the simulated and observed yield were 0.92, 0.94, and 0.79 for water quality of 1.0, 2.3 and 3.6 dSm 1, respectively. Finally, the SALTMED model showed good simulations of soil water content, soil salinity, and final tomato yield.
Studies of evolutionary algorithms for the reduced Tomgro model calibration for modelling tomato yields
The reduced Tomgro model is one of the popular biophysical models, which can reflect the actual growth process and model the yields of tomato-based on environmental parameters in a greenhouse. It is commonly integrated with the greenhouse environmental control system for optimally controlling environmental parameters to maximize the tomato growth/yields under acceptable energy consumption. In this work, we compare three mainstream evolutionary algorithms (genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and differential evolutionary (DE)) for calibrating the reduced Tomgro model, to model the tomato mature fruit dry matter (DM) weights. Different evolutionary algorithms have been applied to calibrate 14 key parameters of the reduced Tomgro model. And the performance of the calibrated Tomgro models based on different evolutionary algorithms has been evaluated based on three datasets obtained from a real tomato grower, with each dataset containing greenhouse environmental parameters (e.g., carbon dioxide concentration, temperature, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)) and tomato yield information at a particular greenhouse for one year. Multiple metrics (root mean square errors (RMSEs), relative root mean square errors (r-RSMEs), and mean average errors (MAEs)) between actual DM weights and model-simulated ones for all three datasets, are used to validate the performance of calibrated reduced Tomgro model.
Barriers and Opportunities for Sustainable Farming Practices and Crop Diversification Strategies in Mediterranean Cereal-Based Systems
Agricultural intensification negatively affects the environment through soil degradation, loss of agrobiodiversity, greenhouse gas emissions, and nutrient leaching. Thus, the introduction of crop diversification strategies and alternative management practices is crucial to re-design agricultural intensification systems. To better understand the contribution of crop diversification to more sustainable agricultural systems, an accurate evaluation of synergies and trade-offs is needed. In this context, the 5-year Horizon 2020 DIVERFARMING project aims to define sustainable, diversified cropping systems with low-input farming practices, adopting a multi-disciplinary approach. The overall objective of this study was to improve the understanding of the stakeholders’ perceptions of barriers and opportunities for implementing farming practices and crop diversification strategies in intensive rainfed and irrigated cereal-based cropping systems in Italy. Fifty stakeholders, grouped in farmers and technical agricultural advisors, field technical officers from public agricultural administrations, technical experts from NGOs with experience on farming practices, and researchers in agriculture, were engaged by public consultations to capture their practical knowledge of current farming practices for promoting suitable diversified cropping system, as alternative to agricultural intensification systems. The analysis of the stakeholders’ perceptions of barriers and opportunities to the transition of cropping systems towards diversification was done using a multi-criteria decision analysis The most important agro-environmental problem identified by the stakeholders in both the cropping systems was the loss of profitability, associated with the risk of farm abandonment, while minimum tillage, maintenance of vegetation covers, application of organic matter/manure and use of green manure, integrated pest management, and change of rotations were identified as the most adequate and effective practices to be adopted in the case study areas. Crop rotation and legumes were the most adequate diversification strategies selected for the intensive rainfed cereal-based cropping systems, while crop rotations with processing tomato and multiple cropping with short cycle maize and wheat were selected as the most appropriate alternatives for irrigated cereal-based production. Our findings highlight relevant strengths and drawbacks for the implementation of diversified cropping systems under low-input agricultural practices. An important strength is that the crop alternatives selected for the diversification are already cultivated as monocultures and are adapted to the local pedoclimatic conditions, while a major weakness is that few farmers are experts in crop diversification. These results can provide insights to support the planning of agricultural policies at different levels.
Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Photon number conservation and the large-scale 21 cm power spectrum in semi-numerical models of reionization
Semi-numerical models of the reionization of neutral hydrogen (HI) based on the excursion set (ES) approach are known to violate photon number conservation at the few per cent level. In this work, we highlight a more severe, previously unrecognized shortcoming of ES models: the large-scale 21 cm power spectrum (equivalently, HI bias bHI) is a relatively strong function of the spatial resolution used to generate ES ionization maps. We trace this problem to the fact that photon non-conservation in these models arises from a resolution-dependent mixture of spatially resolved, photon non-conserving bubbles, and partially ionized grid cells which are perfectly photon-conserving by construction. We argue that this inevitably leads to a resolutiondependence of bHI, with the correct, converged value only emerging at very coarse resolution. Quantitatively, we ﬁnd that bHI can be non-converged by as much as ∼ 2025% in conservative ES implementations with grid sizes ∆x = 5-10h−1cMpc, even when photon non-conservation is as small as ∼ 3-4%. Thus, although numerically eﬃcient, ES ionization maps coarse enough to produce a converged HI bias would wash out all topological features of the ionization ﬁeld at scales k & 0.05h/cMpc. We therefore present a new, explicitly photon conserving (PC) semi-numerical algorithm which distributes photons isotropically around sources while also accounting for anisotropic overlaps between nearby bubbles. Our PC algorithm predicts a resolution-independent value of bHI consistent with the result of low-resolution ES maps, thus serving as a useful compromise between standard ES implementations and more expensive radiative transfer simulations.
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS
MODELLING PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT /
Publisher: SYDNEY, AUST. : ACADEMIC PRESS
Descripción: MODELLING PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT /
Crecimiento del chile manzano (Capsicum pubescens R. y P.) en cuatro soluciones nutritivas bajo invernadero
Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la
Manual para enseñanza práctica de producción de hortalizas
Este manual es una guía que forma parte de un método de enseñanza de agricultura general, incluye cuatro aspectos: exposiciones ilustradas y discusiones en el aula; trabajos individuales y en grupo; trabajos individuales de campo desde la preparación del terreno hasta la cosecha y el manejo de la producción
Modelling nutrient responses in the field
Models of the yield responses of crops to applied nutrients are a recent addition to the methods available for making fertilizer recommendations. They have a place in integrating nutrient information with information on other factors which affect yield and its response to added nutrients. This review deals with nitrogen models classified into three groups: those which predict yield-response curves based on empirical factors; those which simulate the yield response from complex simulation models of many processes regulating crop growth and the soil environment; and those which aim to simulate yield and selected processes based on simplified functional relationships which apply to a target region or industry. Three case studies representing the three classes of model are drawn from research on dryland wheat in different parts of Australia. They show examples in which models provide information which is unobtainable from experimental procedures and which provide information useful to farmers in making decisions about fertilizers.
Potential Uses and Limitations of Crop Models
Crop models have many current and potential uses for answering questions in research, crop management, and policy. Models can assist in synthesis of research understanding about the interactions of genetics, physiology, and the environment, integration across disciplines, and organization of data. They can assist in preseason and in-season management decisions on cultural practices, fertilization, irrigation, and pesticide use. Crop models can assist policy makers by predicting soil erosion, leaching of agrichemicals, effects of climatic change, and large-area yield forecasts. Cautions and limitations in model uses are suggested, because appropriate use for a particular purpose depends on whether the model complexity is appropriate to the question being asked and whether the model has been tested in diverse environments. There is a need for both complex and simple models. In some cases, simple models are not appropriate because they are not programmed to address a particular phenomenon. In other cases, complex models are not appropriate because they may require inputs that are not practical to obtain in a field situation. Modelers need to be forthright in model description and promotion. For example, what does a given model respond to? What are the limitations of the model? What factors does the model not address? What are the limitations of inputs to run the models? Examples are given of model use to evaluate genetic improvement in photosynthesis and seed-filling duration, yield response to planting date and row spacing, and effects of change in seasonal temperature. We believe that use of crop growth models will play an increasingly important role in research understanding, crop management, and policy questions.
Copyright © 1996 American Society of Agronomy
Number: 5 _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2134/agronj1996.00021962008800050005x
Assessment of FAO AquaCrop Model for Simulating Maize Growth and Productivity under Deficit Irrigation in a Tropical Environment
Crop simulation models have a pivotal role to play in evaluating irrigation management strategies for improving agricultural water use. The objective of this study was to test and validate the AquaCrop model for maize under deficit irrigation management. Field observations from three experiments consisting of four treatments were used to evaluate model performance in simulating canopy cover (CC), biomass (B), yield (Y), crop evapotranspiration (ETc), and water use efficiency (WUE). Statistics for root mean square error, model efficiency (E), and index of agreement for B and CC suggest that the model prediction is good under non-stressed and moderate stress environments. Prediction of final B and Y under these conditions was acceptable, as indicated by the high coefficient of determination and deviations <10%. In severely stressed conditions, low E and deviations >11% for B and 9% for Y indicate a reduction in the model reliability. Simulated ETc and WUE deviation from observed values were within the range of 9.5% to 22.2% and 6.0% to 32.2%, respectively, suggesting that AquaCrop prediction of these variables is fair, becoming unsatisfactory as plant water stress intensifies. AquaCrop can be reliably used for evaluating the effectiveness of proposed irrigation management strategies for maize; however, the limitations should be kept in mind when interpreting the results in severely stressed conditions.
Simulating the effects of climatic fluctuations on rice irrigation water requirement using AquaCrop
Irrigation water requirement is influenced by climatic fluctuations which can be simulated using agro-meteorological models. This study investigates fluctuating irrigation water requirements for rice as affected by drought occurrences. Irrigation requirements were simulated by the AquaCrop model in paddy fields of Guilan in northern Iran. Model validation was done based on field measurements during two consecutive years of 2012 and 2013 in the study area. The reconnaissance drought index (RDI), based on cumulative values of precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, was used for drought monitoring for 1982–2014, in two time scales of 3- and 6-month. Also, irrigation water requirements (IWR) were calculated for this period. The normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) for simulating canopy cover, biomass, rice evapotranspiration and deep percolation by AquaCrop were obtained 7.0, 8.8, 18.45 and 26.6%, respectively. The contributions of crop evapotranspiration and deep percolation in IWR were 70.5% and 22.9%, respectively. There are more drought occurrences after 1994. A good correlation was obtained between simulated rice IWR and RDI of July (calculated with 3-month time scale) (R = -0.89). Maximum amounts of required irrigation water in wet, normal and dry years, were 6750, 8050 and 8760 m³ ha−1, respectively. Obtained relationship between rice IWR and RDI of July with a 3-month time scale can be used to allocate paddies irrigation water of the studied area at transplanting time based on seasonal forecasts of drought.
Response of AquaCrop Model to Different Irrigation Schedules for Irrigated Cabbage
Agricultural sector faces the challenge to produce more food with less water by increasing crop water productivity. As such, the question of improving the present level of crop water productivity in general and for irrigation in particular assumes a great significance in perspective water resource planning. This study was undertaken to improve water productivity, i.e., ‘more crop per drop.’ In this study response of cabbage to different irrigation schedules under mulch and non-mulch condition using calibrated AquaCrop model was evaluated. AquaCrop is a crop model that simulates yield response to water developed by FAO and is appropriate to consider effects where water is the limiting factor for crop production. AquaCrop was calibrated for cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), a leafy vegetable. Simulations were carried out for the period November 27, 2013, to February 19, 2014 with T1, T2, T3 (treatments irrigation scheduling at 50 % moisture depletion of available water capacity under black, silver, and no polyethylene mulch with drip irrigation) and T4, T5, T6 (irrigation scheduling at 100 % evapotranspiration under black, silver, and no polyethylene mulch with drip irrigation). The model provided excellent simulation of canopy and yield. The harvest index was observed as 80 % for cabbage. Formulated Schedule with S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5 (irrigation schedule at 110, 90, 80, 70, and 60 % ETc) and S6, S7, S8, S9, and S10 (mulch + Irrigation schedule at 110, 90, 80, 70 and 60 % ETc). S8 saved 25.19 % water with only 4.63 % reduction in the yield of cabbage head compared to control and resulted in water use efficiency as 6.05 kg m−3. Thus S8 is recommended to be used for cabbage production, to water productivity.
Evaluation of AquaCrop model simulations of cotton growth under deficit irrigation with an emphasis on root growth and water extraction patterns
One of the most vital parameters for the robust crop growth models’ performance is the crops’ root growth pattern. However, its reference measurement methods are laborious, destructive and costly. In this paper we determined the root growth pattern of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in the 50 to 100 cm top-soil layer using soil water content measurements from the cotton cultivating seasons of 2015 and 2016 in Northern Greece. The estimated root growth pattern along with canopy cover, biomass, soil water content and final seed cotton yield measurements were then used to evaluate the capability of the FAO AquaCrop model to simulate a deficit irrigated cotton, cultivated under real farming conditions. To do so, a number of existing cotton crop files from the literature were tested. The results showed that the estimated root growth patterns were almost the same in 2015 and 2016 exhibiting root growing rates equal to 1.7 and 2 cm/d, respectively. When the model was run in growing degree days mode, it simulated root growth pattern, canopy cover, biomass and soil water content with fair accuracy for all the proposed crop files (R2 ≥ 0.93, modeling efficiency ≥ 0.91), but the seed cotton yield was simulated adequately only when the AquaCrop’s library file was used. In calendar days mode the model failed to simulate root growth pattern satisfactorily, but the simulation of canopy cover, biomass and soil water content was fair (R2 ≥ 0.75, model efficiency ≥ 0.72). Lastly, the seed cotton yield in the calendar days mode was once again simulated accurately only when the model’s default crop file was used.
Evaluation of the Transferability of a Svat Model––Results from Field and Greenhouse Applications
Soil–Vegetation–Atmosphere Transfer (SVAT) models are commonly used to describe crop-seasonal dynamics including the prediction of crop yield and water balance. In the case of absent detailed information, a straightforward application of the model using given parameter sets may take place against rather different soil and/or climate conditions. The objective of this study was (i) to calibrate and validate a SVAT model utilizing data of two sites and two crops, (ii) to evaluate the model's ability to employ plant parameters determined on the basis of field data against greenhouse data, and (iii) to estimate optimal irrigation schedules for maximizing water productivity. Irrigation experiments were conducted on a field rain-out shelter (wheat and barley) and in a container greenhouse experiment (barley). In the case of barley which was only grown in 2009, inverse calibration of plant data was carried out using field data, whereas the DAISY model was validated against independent greenhouse data. For validation, the specific condition in a container greenhouse experiment was taken into account. The study shows that DAISY performed well with simulating lightly drought-stressed crop growth and water balance. For both crops and sits, optimal irrigation schedules were determined in a simulation-optimization study which led to considerable irrigation water savings. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Number: S1 _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ird.669
Biomass production estimation of processing tomato using AquaCrop under different irrigation treatments
The wiser usage of irrigation water is inevitable in the future. Irrigation has very high input cost; therefore, farmers must carry out irrigation with care. Also, the effect of irrigation on crops has a big role in decision making. Modeling provides a possibility to evaluate this effect. AquaCrop, as a crop production simulation model has great potential in this field. The accuracy of tomato biomass yield prediction of the model was tested in this research. For collecting the necessary data, a field experiment was conducted at Szarvas on processing tomato with different water supplies, such as 100% (I100), 75% (I75), 50% (I50) of potential evapotranspiration and a control with basic water supply (C). The relation of the simulation and actual biomass yields was evaluated during the season. Very good correlation was found between the modelled and the actually harvested data. The data for the control and I100 treatments showed higher correlation than the I75 and I50. The relationship for all of the data was moderately strong. Miscalculations occur mostly when the dry biomass yield reaches 7 t ha-1. The accuracy of the model was evaluated with the use of mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean squared error (RMSE) values. The least error was found in the C treatment, which means 0.34 MAE and 0.45 t ha-1 RMSE. The simulation resulted in higher errors in the I75 and I50 treatments.
Performance Evaluation of AquaCrop Model in Processing Tomato Biomass, Fruit Yield and Water Stress Indicator Modelling
A three-year long experiment was conducted on open-field tomato with different levels of water shortage stress. Three different water supply levels were set in 2017 and four levels for 2018 and 2019. Biomass and yield data were collected, along with leaf-temperature-based stress measurements on plants. These were used for calibration and validation of the AquaCrop model. The validation gave various results of biomass and yield simulation during the growing season. The largest errors in the prediction occurred in the middle of the growing seasons, but the simulation became more accurate at harvest in general. The prediction of final biomass and yields were good according to the model evaluation indicators. The relative root mean square error (nRMSE) was 12.1 and 13.6% for biomass and yield prediction, respectively. The modeling efficiency (EF) was 0.96 (biomass) and 0.99 (yield), and Willmott’s index of agreement (d) was 0.99 for both predicted parameters at harvest. The lowest nRMSE (4.17) was found in the simulation of final yields of 2018 (the calibration year). The best accuracy of the validation year was reached under mild stress treatment. No high correlation was found between the simulated and measured stress indicators. However, increasing and decreasing trends could be followed especially in the severely stressed treatments.
Number: 24 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Role of Modelling in International Crop Research: Overview and Some Case Studies
Crop modelling has the potential to contribute to global food and nutrition security. This paper brieﬂy examines the history of crop modelling by international crop research centres of the CGIAR (formerly Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research but now known simply as CGIAR), whose primary focus is on less developed countries. Basic principles of crop modelling building up to a Genotype × Environment × Management × Socioeconomic (G × E × M × S) paradigm, are explained. Modelling has contributed to better understanding of crop performance and yield gaps, better prediction of pest and insect outbreaks, and improving the efﬁciency of crop management including irrigation systems and optimization of planting dates. New developments include, for example, use of remote sensed data and mobile phone technology linked to crop management decision support models, data sharing in the new era of big data, and the use of genomic selection and crop simulation models linked to environmental data to help make crop breeding decisions. Socio-economic applications include foresight analysis of agricultural systems under global change scenarios, and the consequences of potential food system shocks are also described. These approaches are discussed in this paper which also calls for closer collaboration among disciplines in order to better serve the crop research and development communities by providing model based recommendations ranging from policy development at the level of governmental agencies to direct crop management support for resource poor farmers.
Role of Modelling in International Crop Research
Modelling impacts of precision irrigation on crop yield and in-field water management
Precision irrigation technologies are being widely promoted to resolve challenges regarding improving crop productivity under conditions of increasing water scarcity. In this paper, the development of an integrated modelling approach involving the coupling of a water application model with a biophysical crop simulation model (Aquacrop) to evaluate the in-ﬁeld impacts of precision irrigation on crop yield and soil water management is described. The approach allows for a comparison between conventional irrigation management practices against a range of alternate so-called ‘precision irrigation’ strategies (including variable rate irrigation, VRI). It also provides a valuable framework to evaluate the agronomic (yield), water resource (irrigation use and water efﬁciency), energy (consumption, costs, footprint) and environmental (nitrate leaching, drainage) impacts under contrasting irrigation management scenarios. The approach offers scope for including feedback loops to help deﬁne appropriate irrigation management zones and reﬁne application depths accordingly for scheduling irrigation. The methodology was applied to a case study in eastern England to demonstrate the utility of the framework and the impacts of precision irrigation in a humid climate on a high-value ﬁeld crop (onions). For the case study, the simulations showed how VRI is a potentially useful approach for irrigation management even in a humid environment to save water and reduce deep percolation losses (drainage). It also helped to increase crop yield due to improved control of soil water in the root zone, especially during a dry season.
Challenges and opportunities in crop simulation modelling under seasonal and projected climate change scenarios for crop production in South Africa
A broad scope of crop models with varying demands on data inputs is being used for several purposes, such as possible adaptation strategies to control climate change impacts on future crop production, management decisions, and adaptation policies. A constant challenge to crop model simulation, especially for future crop performance projections and impact studies under varied conditions, is the unavailability of reliable historical data for model calibrations. In some cases, available input data may not be in the quantity and quality needed to drive most crop models. Even when a suitable choice of a crop simulation model is selected, data limitations hamper some of the models’ effective role for projections. To date, no review has looked at factors inhibiting the effective use of crop simulation models and complementary sources for input data in South Africa. This review looked at the barriers to crop simulation, relevant sources from which input data for crop models can be sourced, and proposed a framework for collecting input data. Results showed that barriers to effective simulations exist because, in most instances, the input data, like climate, soil, farm management practices, and cultivar characteristics, were generally incomplete, poor in quality, and not easily accessible or usable. We advocate a hybrid approach for obtaining input data for model calibration and validation. Recommended methods depending on the intended outputs and end use of model results include remote sensing, field, and greenhouse experiments, secondary data, engaging with farmers to model actual on-farm conditions. Thus, employing more than one method of data collection for input data for models can reduce the challenges faced by crop modellers due to the unavailability of data. The future of modelling depends on the goodness and availability of the input data, the readiness of modellers to cooperate on modularity and standardization, and potential user groups’ ability to communicate.
Productivity, evapotranspiration, and water use efficiency of corn and tomato crops simulated by AquaCrop under contrasting water stress conditions in the Mediterranean region
The FAO AquaCrop model has been conceived as a tool for simulating, on a daily scale, the canopy cover (CC), biomass and the actual evapotranspiration and for simulating, on a seasonal scale, the final biomass, the harvested yield, the cumulate actual evapotranspiration, and the crop water use efficiency. This performance was analysed after a series of tests carried on 12 crop cycles, concerning corn and tomato grown in the Mediterranean region, and having three levels of plant water stress: absence of plant water stress (control), moderately stressed and severely stressed. The results highlight the effects of three factors affecting the AquaCrop performances: the species, the level of plant water stress during the crop cycle and the output variable to simulate. The AquaCrop adequately simulates the daily canopy cover (CC) in control treatments of tomato and corn, and in moderate stress treatment of corn. In the severe stressed treatment of corn, the simulated values of CC were close to the measured values only from sowing to 60 days after sowing, after that the simulated values do not fit the measurements. The AquaCrop model adequately simulates the daily biomass accumulation under all treatments in tomato and under non-stressed and moderate stressed treatments in corn. However, the simulated biomass outputs were generally overestimated during the late stages of the crop cycles and, consequently, the yield also exhibited a tendency to be overestimated. Nevertheless, the yield overestimation can be retained as acceptable because the normalised differences (D) between the simulations and measured values were less than 15% on average. An exception was the tomato yield simulated in the severely stressed treatment, for which D was greater than 30%. In contrast, in the case of the severely stressed treatment in corn, AquaCrop did not exhibit any aptitude for simulating the biomass or the grain yield. In fact, the model predicts the absence of any yield production, while 5 t ha−1 of grain were actually measured in the severely stressed treatment. The daily actual evapotranspiration simulated by AquaCrop was consistent with the observations only in the case of the control treatments of tomato, in all the three seasons. In contrast, for the other treatments (all treatments in corn and all stressed treatments in tomato), the quality of the evapotranspiration simulation was poor. In general, AquaCrop underestimated the seasonal values of evapotranspiration. The normalised differences between the seasonal values of the observations and simulations are acceptable in the case of the tomato evapotranspiration (D=−7%). However, in the case of corn, the differences are related to the level of plant water stress, and they become unacceptable (D=−36%) in the severely stressed treatments. The overestimation of the yield and the underestimation of the seasonal evapotranspiration cause the simulations of the water use efficiency to be overestimated. In the specific case of corn, due to the unacceptable performance of the model under severely stressed treatments, the linear regression between the observations and measurements of water use efficiency is unsatisfactory. The potential uses of the AquaCrop model as a tool for research purposes aimed to enhance the water efficiency and as a tool for managing irrigation have been deeply discussed. The paths that should be followed in the future to improve the model simulations have also been suggested
Growth Rate and Yield of Two Tomato Varieties (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) under Green Manure and NPK Fertilizer Rate Samaru Northern Guinea Savanna
Field experiments were conducted in 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 dry seasons at the Research farm of the Institute for Agricultural Research, Samaru northern guinea savanna agro ecological zone of Nigeria to study growth rate and yield of tomato under green manure and NPK fertilizer rates. Treatment consisted of two tomato varieties (Roma VF and UC82B), four rates of NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer (0, 150, 300, and 450 kg ha−1), and three rates of green manure (0, 5, and 10 t ha−1), laid in a split-plot design with three replications. The variety and fertilizer constituted the main plot while green manure was allocated in subplot. Both varieties responded linearly in growth stages of 5 and 7 weeks after transplanting (WAT) on plant height, relative growth rate, and crop growth rate (CGR). However, UC82B proves superior over Roma VF on growth indices CGR at 5–7 WAT, net assimilation rate (NAR) at 7–9 WAT, and total fruit yield with 10.6% higher. Application of NPK fertilizer significantly increased growth such as plant height, crop dry weight, crop growth rate, and yield. Application between 250 and 280 kg ha−1 NPK fertilizers was found efficient for total fruit yield.
Number: 1 _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1155/2014/932759
SIMULATION OF THE EFFECT OF DEFICIT IRRIGATION SCHEMES ON TOMATO CROP PRODUCTION USING AQUACROP MODEL
The current study investigates the possablities to improve irrigation water productivity of tomato crop, as one of the most important vegetable crops in Egypt, by applying different deficit irrigation scheme . Field experiment was carried out at the Vegatable Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture- Ain Shams University, througthout two seasons 2015/2016 and 2016/2017, on tomato crop under drip irrigation system. Five irrigation treatments, included: (i) 100% ETc [T100], (ii) Application of deficit irrigation level 80% ETc at all crop growing stages [TC80], (iii) Application of deficit irrigation level 80% ETc at initial and maturity crop stages only [TS80], (iv) Application of deficit irrigation level 60% ETc at all crop growing stages [TC60], (v) Application of deficit irrigation level 60% ETc at initial and maturity crop stages only [TS60].
Misr Journal of Agricultural Engineering
Assessing and optimizing crop management strategies, e.g. irrigation and nitrogen (N) fertilization, is critical for the sustainable production of crops. Currently, crop simulation models combined with experimental data have been proved to be effective tools. Herein, the FAO AquaCrop model was calibrated and validated based on field-measured data during two consecutive growing seasons (2020 and 2021) for predicting canopy cover (CC, %), aboveground biomass and soil water content (SWC, mm) on a daily scale, and for simulating final fruit yield, evapotranspiration (ET, mm) and water productivity (WP, kg m−3) on a seasonal scale under plastic film mulch condition. The two-year experiment included three irrigation levels (60 %, 80 % and 100 % ET0, where ET0 is the reference evapotranspiration) and five N fertilizer rates (0, 180, 270, 360 and 450 kg N ha−1). In general, the AquaCrop model adequately simulated the dynamic changes of cherry tomato CC, aboveground biomass and final fruit yield. Nonetheless, the model severely overestimated SWC especially under full irrigation in the two-year experiment, and the simulation accuracy gradually increased with the increase of N rate. For ET, it was largely underestimated. With the decrease in irrigation level and N rate, the simulation accuracy improved and the impact of water stress was stronger than that of nitrogen stress. The simulation accuracy of WP decreased as irrigation level and N rate increased. The optimal integrated regime was deficit irrigation of 80 % ET0 combined with N rate of 360 kg ha−1 (I80N360), which obtained 98.24 % of potential yield while significantly decreasing water input. The simulation of the mulched module and parameters of the AquaCrop model (crop transpiration, water productivity, etc.) should be further optimized and verified. If these improvements can be made, the AquaCrop model can be used in the decision-making of irrigation and N fertilization strategies of cherry tomato under plastic film mulch condition.
Simulation of Growth and Development of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) under Drought Stress: 2- Simulation of Water Productivity, Above Ground Biomass and Yield [in Persian, with extended abstract in English]
Introduction Predicting yield is increasingly important to optimize irrigation under limited available water to enhance sustainable production. Calibrated crop simulation models therefore increasingly are being used an alternative means for rapid assessment of water-limited crop yield over a wide range of environmental and management conditions. AquaCrop is a multi-crop model that simulates the water-limited yield of herbaceous crop types under different biophysical and management conditions. It requires a relatively small number of explicit and mostly-intuitive parameters to be defined compared to other crop models, and has been validated and applied successfully for multiple crop types across a wide range of environmental and agronomic setting. This study was conducted as a two-year field experiment with the aim of the simulation of water productivity, above ground biomass and fresh and dry yield of tomato using AquaCrop model under different irrigation regimes applied at two growth stages in Mashhad climate conditions. Materials and Methods A two-year field experiment was conducted during 2016-2017 growing seasons in the experimental field of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad located in Khorasan Razavi province, North East of Iran. In this study, a water-driven crop model AquaCrop, developed by FAO was calibrated and validated to simulate water productivity, above-ground biomass and yield of tomato crop under varying irrigation regimes. AquaCrop was calibrated and validated for tomato under full (100% water requirements) and deficit (75 and 50% water requirements) irrigation regimes at vegetative stage (100V, 75V, 50V) and reproductive stage (100R, 75R, 50R). Model performance was evaluated in terms of the normalized root mean squared error (NRSME), the Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (EF), Willmott’s index of agreement (d) and coefficient of determination (R2). The drip irrigation method was used for irrigation. The tomato water requirement was calculated using CROPWAT 8.0 software. The irrigation water was supplied based on total gross irrigation and obtained irrigation schedule of CROPWAT. The 2016 and 2017 measured data sets were used for calibration and validation of AquaCrop model, respectively. Results and Discussion Calibration results showed good agreement between simulated and observed data for water productivity in all treatments with high R2 value (0.93), good ME (0.23), low estimation errors (RMSE=0.09 kgm3) and high d value (0.85). The goodness of fit results showed that measured WP values were closer to simulated WP values for the validation season (2017) than for the calibration season (2016). During calibration, (2016), the model simulated the biomass with good accuracy. The simulated above ground biomass values were close to the observed values during calibration (2016) for all treatments with R2 ranging from 0.92 to 0.99, NRMSE in range of 7.4 to 23%, d varying from 0.94 to 1, and ME ranging from 0.71 to 0.98. Validation results indicated good performance of model in simulating above ground biomass for most of the treatments (0.92
Simulation of Growth and Development of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) under Drought Stress
The Effect of Irrigation Water Management and Fertilizer Amount on AquaCrop Accuracy and Efficiency for Tomato Yield and Water Use Efficiency Simulation
Irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizer management have an effective effect on tomato yield and water use efficiency. So, it is important to know the best amount of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer for tomato cultivation. Since doing farm researches need time and funds, it is necessary to use crop growth models like AquaCrop. Regarding that, data collected from Ismaeel Abad research station was used. The study was conducted there, irrigation was considered as four levels (E1: 50, E2: 75, E3: 100, and E4: 125 mm evaporation from pan class A) and fertility uses was considered as three levels (F1: 70, F2:100, and F3: 40 percent as fertility needed). At first, AquaCrop was calibrated without considering any fertility stresses using first year data. Then, F3 treatment in the first and second year was used to calibrate AquaCrop for fertility stress (40 percent as fertility needed). Results showed high correlation between observation and simulation values for yield (R2=0.915) and water use efficiency (R2=0.893). MBE, RMSE and NRMSE values showed a good precision for the model. The mentioned values were -0.02 (ton.ha-1), 0.42 (ton.ha-1) and 0.07 for yield, respectively, and -0.01 (ton.ha-1), 0.02 (ton.ha-1) and 0.03 for water use efficiency, respectively. Due to AquaCrop efficiency for simulating tomato yield (EF=0.41) and water use efficiency (EF=0.19), it is recommended to use AquaCop for simulating tomato yield and water use efficiency.
Number: 3 Publisher: انجمن علمی مهندسی آبیاری و آب ایران
A simulation model linking crop growth and soil biogeochemistry for sustainable agriculture
Predicting impacts of climate change or alternative management on both food production and environment safety in agroecosystems is drawing great attention in the scientiﬁc community. Most of the existing agroecosystem models emphasize either crop growth or soil processes. This paper reports the latest development of an agroecosystem model (Crop-DNDC) by integrating detailed crop growth algorithms with an existing soil biogeochemical model, DNDC (Li et al., J. Geophys. Res. (1992) 9759). In the Crop-DNDC model, crop growth is simulated not only by tracking crop physiological processes (phenology, leaf area index, photosynthesis, respiration, assimilate allocation, rooting processes and nitrogen uptake), but also by calculating water stress and nitrogen stress, which were closely related to soil biogeochemical processes and hydraulic dynamics. Crop-DNDC also quantiﬁes crop residue incorporated in the soil at the end of each growing season. Thus the model has tightly coupled crop growth algorithms with soil biogeochemical components, and simulates carbon, nitrogen and water cycles in agroecosystems with a relatively complete scope. The model was validated against ﬁeld measurements, including soil moisture, leaf area index, crop biomass and nitrogen content, and the modeled results were in agreement with observations on soil carbon dynamics and trace gas emissions as well. Sensitivity tests demonstrated that the modeled results in crop yield, soil carbon dynamics and trace gas emissions were sensitive to climate conditions, atmospheric CO2 concentration and various farming practices. There are potentials of applying the model for simultaneously predicting effects of changes in climate or management on crop yield, soil carbon sequestration and trace gas emissions. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
An evaluation of the statistical methods for testing the performance of crop models with observed data
Calibration and evaluation are two important steps prior to the application of a crop simulation model. The objective of this paper was to review common statistical methods that are being used for crop model calibration and evaluation. A group of deviation statistics were reviewed, including root mean squired error (RMSE), normalize-RMSE (nRMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), mean error (E), paired-t, index of agreement (d), modified index of agreement (d1), revised index of agreement (d1′), modeling efficiency (EF) and revised modeling efficiency (EF1). A case study of the statistical evaluation was conducted for the DSSAT Cropping System Model (CSM) using 10 experimental datasets for maize, peanut, soybean, wheat and potato from Brazil, China, Ghana, and the USA. The results indicated that R2 was not a good statistic for model evaluation because it is insensitive to regression coefficients (α and β) of the linear model y=α+βx+ε. However, linear regression can be used for model evaluation (test H0: α=0, β=1) if auto-correlation, normality and heteroskedasticaity of the error term (ε) are tested or the proper data transfers are made. The results also illustrated that statistical evaluation of total dataset across treatments might be insufficient. Hence the evaluation of each treatment is necessary to make the right conclusion, especially when evaluating soil water content under different planting date treatments and soil mineral N under different N treatments. Co-variability analysis among dimensionless statistics (d, d1, d1′, EF and EF1) recommended that d and EF are inflated by the sum of squares-based deviations, i.e., the larger deviations contribute more weight on the statistic than the smaller deviation due to the squared term. However, EF had a larger range and a clear physical meaning at EF=0, making it superior to d. Values of d=0.75 were obtained from regression with all positive values of EF (EF⩾0), indicating that values of d⩾0.75 and EF⩾0 should be the minimum values for plant growth evaluation. Values of d⩾0.60 and EF⩾−1.0 should be the minimum values for soil outputs evaluation combined with t-test due to the fact that the soil parameters in the DSSAT SOIL module are difficult to calibrate compared with plant growth parameters because of no sufficient observed soil dataset. Due to the statistical nature, no single statistic is more robust over others but some statistics are highly correlated. Therefore, several statistics may be used from each of the following correlated groups (RMSE, MAE), (E, t-test), (d, d1, d1′) and (EF, EF1) in one assessment of model evaluation so that a representative statistical conclusion can be obtained with respect to model performance.
Statistical methods for evaluating a crop nitrogen simulation model, N_ABLE
Semantic Scholar extracted view of "Statistical methods for evaluating a crop nitrogen simulation model, N_ABLE" by J. Yang et al.
College Station : Texas A&M University Press
CERES-Maize : a simulation model of maize growth and development
x, 194 p. : 24 cm. +; System requirements for disks (standard and nitrogen versions): IBM PC compatible computer; 256K; MS-DOS version 2.0 or higher; Disk for each version includes sample input and output files; Bibliography: p. [191]-194
Crop modeling, the computerized simulation of dynamic crop systems, was born about 30 years ago, when systems analysis and modern computers presented a new technique to crop scientists. Since then, crop modeling has gone through a number of developmental stages, similar to those of living organisms. From its infancy, crop modeling seemed to promise a well-behaved, elegant surrogate for ambiguous and cumbersome field experimentation. Indeed, some of the earliest models proved to be among the most notable achievements to date. During the juvenile stage that followed, there was an impressive increase in complexity and computer sophistication, accompanied by some of the growing pains of childhood. Greater expectations led to more and more detailed descriptions of the functioning of the biotic and abiotic components of cropping systems. The results were often trivial, and the big payoff tended to recede into the future, but the need for predicting future crop performance for management and hypothesis testing, together with progress in crop science and computer technology, spurred crop modeling. The next phase, adolescence, a period marked by intense activity, confusion, and excessive confidence-sometimes challenged by doubt-appears to be extending into the present. Not only is the original promise turning out to be elusive, but widely accepted guidelines for scientific modeling, such as greater reductionism, universality, and validation, are being questioned. Maturity may be emerging as expectations become pragmatically adjusted to reality. Crop modeling, like advanced ecological modeling, is proving to be more a heuristic tool than a surrogate for reality. In academic, research, and applied roles, such models can be of great value when used as aids to reasoning about the functioning and response of crop systems under many relevant, nontrivial scenarios.
Number: 5 _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2134/agronj1996.00021962008800050004x
Modeling rice development and field water balance using AquaCrop model under drying-wetting cycle condition in eastern China
Various crop growth models have been developed to simulate the crop development and were used to assess the effects of climate, cultivation and irrigation methods. To evaluate the feasibility of water driven model-AquaCrop in simulating crop development, production and field water balance in paddy soil under drying – wetting cycle condition, the model was calibrated and validated based on data during 2012–2013 rice season in Eastern China. Results showed that the accuracy of this model in simulating canopy cover (CC), evapotranspiration (ET), biomass, yield were generally acceptable, with the root mean square of error (RMSE) less than 10% for CC, 1.0 mm for ET, 0.61t ha−1 for biomass and with relative deviation of 3.6% for yield. Meanwhile, AquaCrop tended to overestimate CC, biomass and yield slightly during the midseason. Yet, its performance in simulating soil moisture content was not as good as expected. It tended to underestimate soil moisture with a RMSE of 14.81%, but overestimated the water deficit coefficient (Ks). The method for Ks calculation incorporated in AquaCrop should be revised for rice under drying-wetting cycle condition.
Application, adoption and opportunities for improving decision support systems in irrigated agriculture: A review
Decision support systems (DSS) have long been used in research, service provision and extension. Despite the diversity of technological applications in which past agricultural DSS canvass, there has been relatively little information on either the functional aspects of DSS designed for economic decisions in irrigated cropping, or the human and social factors influencing the adoption of knowledge from such DSS. The objectives of the study were to (1) review the functionality and target end-users of economic DSS for irrigated cropping systems, (2) document the extent to which these DSS account for and visualise uncertainty in DSS outputs, (3) examine tactical or strategic decisions able to be explored in DSS (with irrigation infrastructure being a key strategic decision), and (4) explore the human and social factors influencing adoption of DSS heuristics. This study showed that development of previous DSS has often occurred as a result of a technology push instead of end-user pull, which has meant that previous DSS have been generated in a top-down fashion rather than being demand-driven by end-user needs. We found that few DSS enable analysis of both tactical and strategic decisions, and that few DSS account for uncertainty in their outputs. We uncover a surprising lack of documented end-user feedback on economic DSS for irrigated cropping, such as end-user satisfaction with DSS functionality or future intentions to use the technology, as well as a lack of DSS application outside regions in which they were originally developed. Declining adoption of DSS does not necessarily imply declining adoption of DSS heuristics; in fact, declining DSS uptake may indicate that knowledge and heuristics extended by the DSS has been successful, obviating the need for use of the DSS per se. Future DSS could be improved through the use of demand-driven participatory approaches more aligned with user needs, with more training to build human capacity including understanding uncertainty and ability to contrast tactical and strategic decisions using multiple economic, environmental and social metrics.
Application, adoption and opportunities for improving decision support systems in irrigated agriculture
The anatomy of extreme precipitation events over Srinagar, Kashmir, India, over the past 50 years
Extreme precipitation is considered one of the deadliest events causing climatological catastrophes around the globe. With the upsurge in global temperature, the chances of unprecedented events are increasing, continually escalating implications on society. The paper’s native aim is to understand the spatial-temporal variability of extreme precipitation indices connected with global oscillations over Srinagar city in central Kashmir, India. For the quantification of extreme precipitation, three types of precipitation indices based on percentile threshold and six types of fixed threshold indices have been utilized over the study region. Trend analysis has been performed on these extreme precipitation indices along with the Lag correlation technique to see the interference of these events with three global oscillation indices (El Niño southern oscillation (ENSO), Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO)). The observations depicted that the daily precipitation over the study region falls in the range of 5 to 30 mm, with 50-mm precipitation to be considered unprecedented as it shows maximum correlations with the discharge. Hence, precipitation of such intensity can cause flood situations in the study area. On observing the trend in these extreme precipitation indices, it is found that a slightly increasing trend exists in all extreme precipitation indices, with consecutive dry days showing a decreasing trend. The ENSO and PDO are positively correlated with all extreme precipitation indices in zero-lag primarily, while AMO only affects R_30–50 in a positive way. This study can be helpful for the flood forecasting system and assist in managing the water resources system, as it has quantified the precipitation excess and deficit years.
PERFORMANCE OF SOME TOMATO GENOTYPES UNDER GREENHOUSE CONDITIONS
Evaluation of genotypes under greenhouse conditions comes in the first order for Tomato Breeding Program of Desert Research Center (DRC). A major objective of the program has been to develop breeding lines that possess characteristics needed in high-performing hybrid varieties at greenhouse conditions. The twelve genotypes indeterminate were transplanted in a greenhouse at Baloza Station, DRC, North Sinai, during 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 seasons. The experimental design was randomized complete block design with three replicates. The results indicated that tomato genotypes mean squares were highly significant for all traits (growth, yield and quality). Based on the results obtained in the twogrowingseasons, the most productive tomato genotypesand those best adapted to the climatic conditions of the area are identified. The best results of plant height, stem diameter and yield /plant were obtained from S922, S923 and S24. The genotypes S802, S811 and S812 recorded the highest mean forfruit set percentage. The genotypes S700, S710, S720 and S740 had high total soluble solids percentage.Total soluble solids percentage showed negative correlation with all characters.
Number: 1 Publisher: Desert Research Center
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici
Microbiome-Mediated Strategies to Manage Major Soil-Borne Diseases of Tomato
The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is consumed globally as a fresh vegetable due to its high nutritional value and antioxidant properties. However, soil-borne diseases can severely limit tomato production. These diseases, such as bacterial wilt (BW), Fusarium wilt (FW), Verticillium wilt (VW), and root-knot nematodes (RKN), can significantly reduce the yield and quality of tomatoes. Using agrochemicals to combat these diseases can lead to chemical residues, pesticide resistance, and environmental pollution. Unfortunately, resistant varieties are not yet available. Therefore, we must find alternative strategies to protect tomatoes from these soil-borne diseases. One of the most promising solutions is harnessing microbial communities that can suppress disease and promote plant growth and immunity. Recent omics technologies and next-generation sequencing advances can help us develop microbiome-based strategies to mitigate tomato soil-borne diseases. This review emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary approaches to understanding the utilization of beneficial microbiomes to mitigate soil-borne diseases and improve crop productivity.
Number: 3 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Genome Mapping and Molecular Breeding of Tomato
The cultivated tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum, is the second most consumed vegetable worldwide and a well-studied crop species in terms of genetics, genomics, and breeding. It is one of the earliest crop plants for which a genetic linkage map was constructed, and currently there are several molecular maps based on crosses between the cultivated and various wild species of tomato. The high-density molecular map, developed based on an L. esculentum×L. pennellii cross, includes more than 2200 markers with an average marker distance of less than 1 cM and an average of 750 kbp per cM. Different types of molecular markers such as RFLPs, AFLPs, SSRs, CAPS, RGAs, ESTs, and COSs have been developed and mapped onto the 12 tomato chromosomes. Markers have been used extensively for identification and mapping of genes and QTLs for many biologically and agriculturally important traits and occasionally for germplasm screening, fingerprinting, and marker-assisted breeding. The utility of MAS in tomato breeding has been restricted largely due to limited marker polymorphism within the cultivated species and economical reasons. Also, when used, MAS has been employed mainly for improving simply-inherited traits and not much for improving complex traits. The latter has been due to unavailability of reliable PCR-based markers and problems with linkage drag. Efforts are being made to develop high-throughput markers with greater resolution, including SNPs. The expanding tomato EST database, which currently includes ∼214 000 sequences, the new microarray DNA chips, and the ongoing sequencing project are expected to aid development of more practical markers. Several BAC libraries have been developed that facilitate map-based cloning of genes and QTLs. Sequencing of the euchromatic portions of the tomato genome is paving the way for comparative and functional analysis of important genes and QTLs.
Derechos de Autor . 2007 Majid R. Foolad.
Number: 1 _eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1155/2007/64358
Mutation of tomato xyloglucan transglucosylase/hydrolase5 increases fruit firmness and contributes to prolonged shelf life
Fruit ripening in tomato is a highly coordinated developmental process accompanied with fruit softening, which is closely associated with cell wall degradation and remodeling. Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs) are known to play an essential role in cell wall xyloglucan metabolism. Tomato XTH5 exhibits xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET) activity in vitro, but the understanding of its biological role in fruit ripening remains unclear. In this study, we revealed that SlXTH5 is highly expressed in mature fruits. Knockout mutant plants of SlXTH5 were generated by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing strategy in tomato cultivar Micro-Tom. The mutant fruits showed accelerated transition from unripe to ripe process and earlier ethylene accumulation compared to wild type fruits. Although the mutation of SlXTH5 did not affect the size, weight and number of fruits, it indeed increased fruit firmness and extended shelf life, which is probably attributed to the increased cell layer and cell wall thickness of pericarp tissue. Pathogen infection experiment showed the enhanced resistance of mutant fruits to Botrytis cinerea. These results revealed the role of SlXTH5 in fruit ripening process, and provide new insight into how cell wall metabolism and remodeling regulate fruit softening and shelf life.
Impact of climate change on water and nitrogen use efficiencies of processing tomato cultivated in Italy
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a globally important vegetable recognized for its positive health benefits. As most of the vegetable production, tomato require significant amount of agronomic inputs. However, recent shifts in climate patterns in terms of timing and amount in rainfall, patterns in air temperature, and the associated extreme events have caused harm and disruption to the agricultural sector worldwide. The objective of this study was to: i) evaluate the ability of a crop simulation model to simulate yield and growth parameter of a processing tomato in South west Italy; ii) quantify the impacts of projected climate on business as usual agronomic practices; iii) understand the role of projected changes and increased CO2 on the water and nutrient efficiency. Field trials from an open field at Sele Valley (40°35′03.8″ N, 14°58′48.6″ E) (Salerno, South west Italy) during a two-year period (2004–2005) were used. Baseline climate data (1984–2018) were available and four contrasting projections were selected as function of their spread in terms of changes in growing season rainfall and temperature respect to the baseline. The crop model DSSAT (Decision Support System of Agrotechnology Transfer) was used for this study. The model was able to simulate tomato response to N fertilization with acceptable error levels respect to the ones reported in literature. The projected increase in air temperature and changes in rainfall caused a shortening ranging from 1.5 to 3 days in tomato phenology causing an overall 15 % reduction in tomato yield. To offset the negative impact of rainfall and temperature changes, additional irrigation water (from 85 to 110 mm) and nitrogen rate (from 20 to 30 kg N ha−1) is needed. However, the increase in irrigation water does not translate in significant yield increase and caused an increase in water and nitrogen use efficiency of less than 10 %.
Influencia de diferentes sistemas de uso del suelo sobre su estructura
El carbono orgánico del suelo y su papel frente al cambio climático
Autoría: Hernán Burbano Orjuela. Localización: Revista de Ciencias Agrícolas. Nº. 1, 2018. Artículo de Revista en Dialnet.
Number: 1 Publisher: Universidad de Nariño Section: Revista de Ciencias Agrícolas
Cambios en las reservas de carbono orgánico del suelo bajo diferentes coberturas
Caracterización física y química de un argiudol vértico de la pampa ondulada con erosión hídrica en el surco y entresurco
En la región pampeana, la erosión hídrica es uno de los principales causantes de la degradación de suelos. Se estudiaron los cambios en algunas características y propiedades físicas y químicas de un Argiudol vértico con erosión hídrica en el surco y entresurco, con y sin flujo concentrado. Se analizaron los cambios en los valores de carbono orgánico, granulometría, estabilidad estructural, densidad aparente y la profundidad del suelo hasta el límite superior del horizonte Bt como indicador de pérdida de suelo. Además se relacionaron algunas variables edáficas con la medición del rendimiento del cultivo de soja. La intensidad de la erosión hídrica se expresó principalmente en la disminución del contenido de carbono orgánico total y la estabilidad estructural. Sin embargo, para la distinción entre los tipos de erosión en el surco (ES) y entresurco fue la profundidad hasta el límite superior del horizonte Bt el factor clave. La ESreduce en mayor medida la profundidad al horizonte Bt, generando características más adversas para el crecimiento vegetal. La merma de rendimientos en el cultivo de soja en el surco con respecto al entresurco, presentó un coeficiente de determinación positivo r2=0,84 y p < 0,0001 y significativo con la profundidad hasta el límite superior del Bt. No se han detectado diferencias granulométricas importantes resultantes en diferencias significativas entre ambos tipos de erosión.
On the climatic optimization of the tilt and azimuth of flat-plate solar collectors
Essential of Soil Science: Soil Formation, Functions, Use and Classification (World Reference Base, WRB). 2018. Borntraeger Science Publishers, Stuttgart, Germany. 171 p. (101 figuras, 22 tablas).
Este libro, corresponde a una traducción en inglés del texto de "Bodenkunde in Stichworten” publicado por primera vez en 1969 por el Prof. Diedrich Schröder, en Kiel (Schlichting, 1970) quien lo actualizó hasta su fallecimiento en 1988. En 1992, el profesor Winfried E. H. Blum (BOKU, Viena) retoma esta meritoria tarea publicando la 5.a edición de este libro (Stahr, 1993; Feger, 2007) hasta su 7.a edición en 2012. La presente versión en inglés se divide en nueve capítulos. La introducción es breve, pero muy clara respecto a las funciones y la importancia del suelo. En los ...
Mapa de erosión de los suelos de México y posibles implicaciones en el almacenamiento de carbono orgánico del suelo
Number: 3 Publisher: Sociedad Mexicana de la Ciencia del Suelo A.C.
Caracterización de dos tipos de suelos dedicados a la producción de plantas forrajeras
La evaluación de las propiedades de los suelos permite conocer el nivel de degradación de indicadores relacionados con la fertilidad y tener una mejor comprensión de las respuestas de los cultivos ante las aplicaciones de fertilizantes, con el fin de obtener rendimientos aceptables. El presente trabajo fue realizado con el objetivo de caracterizar el estado actual de dos tipos de suelos dedicados a la producción de plantas forrajeras para la alimentación del ganado. En ambos suelos se delimitaron sus contornos, se describieron morfológicamente sus perfiles y posteriormente se clasificaron. En el muestreo agroquímico se delimitaron parcelas elementales por tipo de suelo, en las que se conformó una muestra por cada una, a las cuales se les determinaron el pH, el fósforo asimilable, los cationes intercambiables, el contenido y la reserva de carbono y se tomaron varias muestras para determinarles composición mecánica, coeficiente de dispersión de la arcilla, humedad natural e higroscópica, densidad del suelo y densidad de la fase sólida, porosidad total y estabilidad de los agregados. Los suelos estudiados fueron clasificados como Gley Nodular Ferruginoso y Fersialítico Pardo Rojizo. Además, se demostró que ambos tipos de suelos presentaron síntomas de degradación en el horizonte superior, reflejado por un bajo contenido carbono, alto coeficiente de dispersión de la arcilla, una baja retención de humedad, bajos porcentajes de porosidad, altos valores en la densidad del suelo y la densidad de la fase sólida, conjuntamente con una estructura caracterizada por la presencia de bloques prismáticos de mediano tamaño.Palabras clave: densidad; estructura; arcilla; gleysol
[Analysis of the growth of the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum mill) cv Catalina, in Alajuela [Costa Rica]]
Boletin Tecnico Estacion Experimental Fabio Baudrit M. (Costa Rica)
Universidad Nacional de San Martín-Tarapoto
Posición competitiva del aceite de Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) para el mercado francés
La presente investigación se basó en analizar la Posición Competitiva del aceite de Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) para el mercado Francés, en la región San Martín existen cinco empresas Shanantina S.A.C., Sacha Foods S.A.C., Agroindustrias Amazónicas S.A., Corporación Selva Alta S.A.C. y Agroindustrias Inti Killa Wasi S.A, dos de estas empresas Shanantina S.A.C. y Agroindustrias Amazónicas S.A. actualmente están realizando exportaciones a diferentes mercados en especial a Francia, este sector económico agrícola es muy importante, al realizar análisis basado en el entono y calificación cualitativa del análisis FODA, tiene una posición competitiva de tranquilidad y además tiene más fortalezas que debilidades resultado obtenido del análisis del entorno interno y externo, siendo muy favorable el crecimiento comercial del aceite de sacha inchi en el corto, mediano y largo plazo en los mercados nacionales e internacionales en especial Francia que está siendo reconocido por la población por sus cualidades nutraceúticas. Del análisis de las cinco fuerzas competitivas existe poca rivalidad entre las empresas de la región, lo cual permite a las empresas lograr sus expansión en forma individual, no es una amenaza la entrada de competidores potenciales al sector debido al incremento cada vez mayor de la demanda del aceite de sacha inchi, los productos sustitutos no representan una amenaza al producto porque el aceite de sacha inchi está considerado el mejor aceite del mundo al tener omega 3, 6 y 9 lo que le hace fuerte en términos de posicionamiento en cualquier mercado. El aceite de sacha inchi del Perú ha logrado posicionarse en el mercado internacional como un producto de origen nativo y ha presentado un incremento significado en las exportaciones a diferentes países de Europa y en día a Norteamérica; en el contexto mundial las exportaciones han logrado colocarse como primer productor y exportador a nivel mundial, en relación a Colombia y Ecuador, todo esto debido a la importancia de la demanda externa principalmente por países de Europa, donde se encuentran consumidores exigentes y de ingresos per cápita elevados que buscan mejorar sus calidad de vida con la búsqueda de una alimentación sana al consumir productos naturales.
Accepted: 2021-03-17T14:18:24Z Publisher: Universidad Nacional de San Martín - Tarapoto
Rendimiento de ocho cultivares de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) en la provincia Granma y su comportamiento frente a Begomovirus
REPARTO DE MATERIA SECA COMO FACTOR DETERMINANTE DE LA PRODUCCIÓN DE LAS HORTALIZAS DE FRUTO CULTIVADAS EN INVERNADERO
El rendimiento de un cultivo viene dado por la capacidad de acumular biomasa en los órganos que se destinan a la cosecha. Las hortalizas de fruto, cultivadas en invernadero, se caracterizan, en su mayoría, por un crecimiento indeterminado, siendo los frutos los principales órganos sumideros y compitiendo entre ellos y con los órganos vegetativos por los asimilados disponibles. El balance apropiado entre fotoasimilados para las distintas partes de una planta tiene una gran importancia para optimizar la producción, y se puede obtener a través de una adecuada relación fuente/sumidero. Este trabajo expone el estado actual de los conocimientos relacionados con el reparto de la materia seca de hortalizas de fruto comúnmente cultivadas bajo invernadero, con especial énfasis en el efecto que la relación fuente/sumidero tiene sobre éste. Se pone de manifiesto cómo se da la regulación de la distribución de materia seca entre los distintos órganos de la planta, haciendo hincapié en los factores que la afectan y en las medidas para su control. En este sentido, en los invernaderos no climatizados, la manipulación de la densidad de plantación, bien como del número de frutos creciendo en la planta según la época del año son consideradas medidas útiles para controlar la relación fuente/sumidero y el balance de asimilados entre los órganos vegetativos y los frutos, a escala de un cultivo comercial.
Current Agricultural Science and Technology
Phenological prediction models for white corn (Zea mays L.) and fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith)
Simulating the impact of projected West African heatwaves and water stress on the physiology and yield of three tomato varieties
Food security is a major issue in West Africa. As a consequence of climate change, increases in temperature and shifts in precipitation will have major ramifications for which crops can be grown in the region. Here we conducted an experiment to evaluate the impacts of short-term projected heat and water stress on three tomato varieties (Solanum lycopersicum): Oregon Spring, Roma VF, and Tropic. The plants were initially cultivated in the glasshouse programmed at 28/20°C day/night cycle. The treatments investigated were: control (CT); heat stress (Ht); water stress (Ws) and Heat + together with water stress (HtWs). For heatwave treatments, a 35/23°C day/night gradually taken up in a cycle was imposed. The water stress conditions were by decreasing the soil water field capacity by 50%. Leaf gas exchange and plant production parameters were measured. Our result indicated that all varieties suffered from significant declines in yield as consequence of the stresses. The heatwave treatment proved more detrimental on the tomato fruit yield than the water stress, except when these two treatments occurred in sequential cycles. The results of this study suggest that heatwaves and water stress, projected to occur more frequently due to climate change, may adversely impact the growth and yield of these three tomato varieties. Also, there was an unexpected fruit yield performance comparison among varieties tested in this experiment.
Number: 2 Publisher: [Dipartimento Di Scienze Delle Produzioni Vegetali, Del Suolo E Dell'Ambiente Agroforestale – DiPSA – University of Florence, Firenze University Press]
GENETIC DIVERSITY IN TOMATO LANDRACES COLLECTED FROM TURKEY AND IRAN REVEALED BY MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS
Ninety-seven tomato landraces collected from East Anatolian region of Turkey and North-West of Iran, along with three commercial cultivars were evaluated during two years. Experiment was carried out in an alpha lattice design at Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of West Azerbaijan, Iran. Analysis of variance revealed significant variation (P ≤ 0.01) among genotypes for all the experimental characters. Yield showed a positive and significant correlation with length and width of cotyledon leaf, length and width of true leaf, fruit weight, fruit length and diameter, pericarp thickness and fruit peduncle length. In principal component analysis, the first three components explained for 71.6% of total variations among genotypes. Since the first component determined 50% of total variations and yield had high significant coefficient with this component, thus it might be used as s selection criteria to identify genotypes with high yield in breeding programs. Cluster analysis using Ward method classified genotypes into five groups. Groups included: early maturing genotypes in group I, genotypes with high yieldin group II, genotypes with large fruit in group III, late maturing and high total soluble solids (TSS) genotypes in group IV and genotypes with high acidity in group V.
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus
Contenido de antocianinas, vitamina C y actividad antioxidante en siete variedades de frutos de Morus alba L
Objetivo : Determinar el contenido de antocianinas y de vitamina C, así como la actividad antioxidante de los extractos etanólicos de los frutos de siete variedades de Morus alba L.Materiales y Métodos : Se determinó el contenido de antocianinas y vitamina C a siete variedades de frutos de Morus alba L., cultivadas en la Estación Experimental de Pastos y Forrajes Indio Hatuey, así como la actividad antioxidante de los extractos etanólicos de estas variedades mediante los ensayos de captura del radical fosfomolibdato y la determinación del contenido de fenoles totales. Para el procesamiento de los datos se utilizó un análisis de varianza. Se realizaron correlaciones entre las variables capacidad antioxidante total, fenoles totales, contenido de antocianinas y vitamina C, teniendo en cuenta el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson y dos niveles de significación de 0,01 y 0,05. Resultados : El contenido de antocianinas, expresado como equivalente de cianidina-3-glucósido, estuvo entre 40,74 y 96,07 mg/100 g, y la vitamina C entre 16,73 y 28,40 mg de ácido ascórbico/100 mL de jugo. Todos los extractos mostraron actividad antioxidante. La capacidad antioxidante total varió entre 175,96 y 229,48 mmol de ácido ascórbico/g de extracto y el contenido de fenoles totales, entre 291,52 y 897,17 mg de ácido gálico/100 g de extracto. Conclusiones : Los frutos de M. alba presentaron elevados contenidos de antocianinas y vitamina C. La variedad Yu-62 mostró las mayores concentraciones de estos compuestos. Los extractos etanólicos dejaron ver elevada actividad antioxidante, lo que está correlacionado con el alto contenido de fenoles totales, antocianinas y vitamina C presentes en los frutos.Palabras clave: antocianinas; vitamina C; actividad antioxidante; M. alba
Revisión bibliográfica sobre la caracterización del aceite de semilla de Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) y las propiedades de sus emulsiones
Medina - Revisión bibliográfica sobre la caracterización de.pdf
Estabilidad oxidativa del aceite microencapsulado de la semilla de sacha inchi con adición de un antioxidante sintético y natural
El aceite de sacha inchi es rico en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados, siendo beneficiosos para la salud, y usado también en la industria farmacéutica y cosmética. Estos lo hacen vulnerable al deterioro oxidativo. El presente trabajo tuvo la finalidad de estudiar la estabilidad oxidativa del aceite microencapsulado de sacha inchi mediante la adición de un antioxidante natural y sintético. En una primera parte experimental, se evaluó las características de calidad del aceite de sacha inchi así como su composición lipídica determinando el cumplimiento de estos parámetros. El aceite posee el 58.86% de omega 3, 30.57% de omega 6 y 5.01% de omega 9. Una vez caracterizado el aceite, se elaboró una emulsión de prueba para microencapsulación por spray dry y se determinaron las condiciones óptimas del proceso que fueron: aspiración al 100%, velocidad de alimentación de 5 ml/min., presión de aire de 5 kg/cm2, la temperatura de entrada fue de 180 °C y la temperatura de salida de 132 °C. De modo bibliográfico, se revisó las características de polvos obtenidos por microencapsulación de aceites. La temperatura de entrada, la concentración de aceite y material encapsulante, la emulsión inicial y la interdependencia de estos factores afectan de manera positiva y negativa las características del polvo microencapsulado. En relación al efecto de los antioxidantes se concluyó que su origen no tiene relevancia, sino que depende de su mecanismo de acción. Se evidenció que los antioxidantes que son capaces de donar protones son los que proveen una protección mayor en comparación con otros antioxidantes.
Accepted: 2021-06-09T22:30:04Z Publisher: Quito : UCE
Indicadores agronómicos y parámetros genéticos en seis cultivares de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
PRODUCCIÓN DE MATERIA SECA EN TALLOS Y HOJAS DE CAÑA DE AZÚCAR, SEGÚN ÉPOCAS DE PLANTACIÓN Y EDADES DE CORTE.
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the production of dry weight (biomass), in stalks and leaves of sugarcane, through different crop ages, and two plantation cycles. Two field trials in spring and winter were conducted during three years in the center-east region of Cuba (Experimental Station of Sugarcane Research, Camagüey - INICA), with the varieties: C1051-73, My5514 and C86-12. Dry biomass was evaluated over period of 11 months in the plantcane cycle. The experiments were planted in a randomized block design with three replications. Results were analyzed using the parametric ANOVA model (factorial experiment) and the Tukey's test. The results of means comparisons showed that the stalks dry weight increased from 278 (9.3 months) to 465 days (15.5 months). Highest stalks weights in cold season occurred from 371(12.4 months) to 489 days (16.3 months). The contents of the leaves dry matter in cold season were significantly higher (p≤0.01) than spring from 278 (9.3 months) to 403 days (13.4 months). These results are promising and dry matter content has potential for being used in researches for a better understanding sugarcane growth and yield under Cuba conditions.
Controlling water deficiency as an abiotic stress factor to improve tomato nutritional and flavour quality
AIA avances en investigación agropecuaria
Determinación de criterios de selección para el rendimiento de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivado bajo invernadero
Application of dssat crop simulation model to estimate rice yield in Keonjhar district of Odisha (India) under changing climatic conditions
Quantitative analysis of tomato yield and comprehensive fruit quality in response to deficit irrigation at different growth stages
Number: 8 Publisher: American Society for Horticultural Science
Turmeric (Curcuma longa); In India, China and South East Asia, spices are widely used as aromatic stimulants, food preservatives and coloring materials. Among the people as "castor saffron, turmeric, turmeric, saffron root"; Turmeric as the commonly used name is a yellow-orange colored polyphenolic natural substance derived from C. longa rhizomes. In traditional medicine for inflammation and tumors, biliary disorders, anorexia, cough, topical wounds, diabetic wounds, hepatic disorders, rheumatism and sinusitis. It was used as a medicine. In recent years, extensive studies have been conducted to determine the biological activities and pharmacological effects of turmeric and its extracts. Curcumin, which is the main yellow bioactive component of turmeric, is known to have a wide bioactivity such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antiviral, antifibrotic, immunomodulator and antiulcer. Safety assessment studies show that curcumin is well tolerated without toxic effects when used in very high doses. Therefore, curcumin is a substance of high biological importance with the development potential of modern medicine for the treatment of various diseases. For this reason, more scientific studies on curcumin should be done and all the dark sides about this important compound should be illuminated.
Accepted: 2020-11-26T12:50:59Z Publisher: Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen Üniversitesi
Agronomic indicators and genetic parameters in six tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivars.
Yield of eight tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivars in Granma province and their performance against Begomovirus
Comparación morfofisiológica de plántulas de Solanum lycopersicum obtenidas con sustrato en bandeja
Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas
Phenology analysis growing and degree days of flower bud growth in three Dianthus caryophyllus L. varieties under greenhouse conditions
Number: 3 Publisher: Sociedad Colombiana de Ciencias Hotícolas, Universidad Pedagógica y …
Efecto estimulante de la termoterapia sobre semillas de soya (Glycine max L.) para su uso en siembras de verano
Number: 3 Publisher: Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas
Answer of the yield and some of its components in soybean cultivars (Glycine max (L.) Merril).
Evaluation of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Genotypes for Horticultural Characteristics on the Upland in Southern Sierra Leone
Notwithstanding the importance of tomato in human diet, the average yield of the crop in Africa hardily exceeds 7.5 tha-1. There is continuous unavailability of high yielding cultivars that are adapted to diverse environment and suitable for
Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agricultura Tropical (INIFAT), ACTAF ed., La Habana, Cuba
Manual técnico para organopónicos, huertos intensivos y organoponía semiprotegida
Respuesta del rendimiento y algunos de sus componentes en cultivares de soya (Glycine max (L.) Merril)
Number: 4 Publisher: Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas
Relaciones nitrógeno-potasio en fertirriego para el cultivo protegido del tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) en la época de primavera-verano
Assessment of genetic variation among some introduced tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) varieties using SSR markers
Simple sequence repeats (SSR) is one of the most appropriate markers for variety identification as it has immense discrimination influence for varieties with restricted genetic variation. Total genomic DNA was extracted from young freshly leaves of five tomato varieties. Genetic characterization of introduced tomato varieties were investigated using 15 SSR markers. Out of the 15 markers, 14 gave polymorphic bands and therefore were considered for further analysis. The number of alleles ranged from 2.00 (SSR2), (SSR3) to 6.00 (SSR9), (SSR11) alleles per locus with a mean value of 4.07 alleles per locus. The average Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) value was 0.59 ranging from 0.31(SSR2) to 0.77 (SSR9). The most polymorphic primers were SSR9, SSR11, and SSR4 based on PIC values. The Agglomerative hierarchical clustering grouped the tomato varieties into two (A & B). At a coefficient of 0.88, cluster B had three sub-clusters BI (Heinz), BII (Shasta) and BIII (OP-B155 and CRI-P00). At a coefficient of 0.90 varieties OP-B155 and CRI-P00 were identified as the most genetically related varieties. The genetic distance information from this study might be useful for further implementation of breeding strategies.Key words: genetic variability, Solanum lycopersicum, simple sequence repeat, maker
Agricultural and Food Science Journal of Ghana
Answer of the yield and some of its components in soybean cultivars (Glycine max (L.) Merril)/Respuesta del rendimiento y algunos de sus componentes en cultivares de soya (Glycine max (L.) Merril).
Boletin Tecnico Estacion Experimental Fabio Baudrit M.
Analisis del crecimiento del tomate (Licopersicon esculentum mill) cv. Catalina, en Alajuela.
Extracción de macronutrientes por el cultivo de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum Mill. Var. Alba) en casas de cultivo en Quíbor, Estado Lara
Number: 3 Publisher: Universidad Centroccidental "Lisandro Alvarado" (UCLA)
Contribution of crop models to adaptation in wheat
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
Some comments on the evaluation of model performance
Number: 11 Publisher: American Meteorological Society
'Elbita': begomovirus resistant tomato variety for tropical conditions.
Germinación y micropropagación de tomate de cáscara (Physalis ixocarpa) tetraploide
Number: SPE12 Publisher: Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias
Análisis de crecimiento del cultivo de tomate en invernadero
Number: 5 Publisher: Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias
Aspectos relacionados con el estrés de calor en tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
A conceptual framework for the dynamic modeling of time-resolved phenotypes for sets of genotype-environment-management combinations: a model library
A conceptual framework for the dynamic modeling of time-resolved phenotypes for sets of genotype-environment-management combinations
Análisis de métodos estadísticos para evaluar el desempeño de modelos de simulación en cultivos hortícolas
Introduction. Every simulation model must be calibrated and validated, in order to avoid speculative and inaccurate conclusions. The methods to evaluate simulation models are usually applied “by habit”, without specifying basic methodological details which leads to the use of terminology and symbology that could cause confusion Objective. The objective in the present study was to analyze the different statistical methods employed to evaluate the performance of simulation models in agriculture, and thus propose which is the most suitable from the practical point of view. Materials and Methods. Statistical methods based on difference and regression analysis, between measured and simulated values were analyzed. Regarding the difference analysis group, the used methods were root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), relative error (RE), adjustment index (d), me bianas error (MBE) and the model efficiency (E). In the case of the regression analysis the intercept, linear regression (b) and determination (R2) coefficients, and the estimation confidence limits were scrutinize. Results. The ER, d and E, are measures which objective is the comparison between different models to simulate a given variable, instead of evaluating the performance of the model as such. The root square mean error usually used to evaluate differences between observed and simulated values is different from the RMSE regression. The different cases illustrated with the “Eurotate_N” model demonstrated the apropriate practical application of the regression analysis as statistical tool to evaluate its capacity to simulate fruit yield, volumetric soil moisture, evapotranspiration and dry matter in tomato crop under greenhouse. Conclusion. The most appropriate statistical method proposed to evaluate a simulation model in tomato was the regression analysis. Introducción. Todo modelo de simulación debe ser calibrado y validado, de lo contrario las conclusiones pueden ser especulativas y erróneas. Los métodos para evaluar modelos de simulación habitualmente se aplican “por costumbre”, evitando entrar en detalles metodológicos básicos, lo cual ha sido causa de que se utilice terminología y simbología que conllevan a la confusión. Objetivo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar los diferentes métodos estadísticos utilizados para evaluar el desempeño de modelos de simulación en agricultura, y así proponer el método más apropiado desde el punto de vista práctico. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron métodos estadísticos basados en el análisis de diferencias y en el análisis de regresión, entre valores medidos y simulados. El análisis de diferencias, incluyó la raíz cuadrada del error medio estándar (RMSE), el error medio absoluto (EMA), el error relativo (ER), el índice de ajuste (d), el sesgo medio del error (MBE) y la eficiencia del modelo (E). En el análisis de regresión se analizó el intercepto, los coeficientes de regresión lineal (b) y de determinación (R2), y los límites de confianza de la estimación. Resultados. El ER, el d y la E, son medidas cuyo objetivo es más la comparación entre diferentes modelos que la evaluación del desempeño de un modelo como tal. La raíz cuadrada del error medio usualmente utilizada para evaluar diferencias entre valores observados y simulados, es diferente al RMSE de una regresión. En los diferentes casos ilustrados con el modelo “Eurotate_N”, demostraron la correcta aplicación práctica del análisis de regresión como herramienta estadística para evaluar su capacidad para simular rendimiento de fruto, humedad volumétrica del suelo, evapotranspiración y materia seca del cultivo de tomate bajo invernadero. Conclusión. El método estadístico propuesto más apropiado para evaluar un modelo de simulación en tomate fue el análisis de regresión.
Number: 2 Publisher: Universidad de Costa Rica Section: Agronomía Mesoamericana
Concepts of modelling carbon allocation among plant organs
The simulation of carbon allocation among plant organs is one of the weakest features of crop growth models. This paper briefly discusses five concepts of modelling carbon partitioning: 1. Descriptive allometry, proposing a predetermined ratio between the (relative) growth rates of plant organs; 2. Functional equilibrium, proposing an equilibrium between root and shoot activity; 3. Canonical modelling, a mathematical approach based on only a qualitative understanding of the allocation process; 4. Sink regulation, proposing allocation to be determined by sink strengths of the different organs; and 5. Transport resistance, calculating carbon transport from source to sink through a resistance and its utilization in the sink organs. These five concepts are ordered in increasing complexity. Pros and cons of the different concepts are discussed. The most appropriate concept will depend on the species studied and the aim of the research.
Scale decisions and good practices in socio-environmental systems modelling: guidance and documentation during problem scoping and model formulation
Scale decisions and good practices in socio-environmental systems modelling
Publisher: Lugano-Viganello: International Environmental Modelling and Software Society
DESAFÍO E IMPACTO DEL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO EN EL TURISMO El escenario brasileño
Diversos destinos turísticos en todo el mundo han sentido los efectos del cambio climático, que imponen desafíos al actual paradigma de desarrollo y puesta e...
Productive performance of growing dairy heifers fed corn silage and soybean or cottonseed meal based concentrate
Foram avaliadas dietas com silagem de milho e concentrado à base de farelo de soja ou farelo de algodão para fêmeas leiteiras. Quatro dietas experimentais foram constituídas da combinação de dois níveis de concentrado (1 ou 2 kg) e duas fontes proteicas (farelo de soja ou farelo de algodão). Observou-se efeito da interação nível de concentrado × fonte proteica no consumo de matéria seca (MS), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e no consumo de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT). A quantidade de concentrado influenciou os consumos de proteína bruta (PB), FDN, extrato etéreo (EE), carboidratos nãofibrosos (CNF), matéria orgânica (MO) e de PB por kg de NDT. Não houve efeito nas digestibilidades da MS, FDN, MO e para NDT, porém a fonte proteica influenciou as digestibilidades de PB, EE e CNF. Houve efeito da quantidade de concentrado sobre o ganho de peso (GP) e da interação quantidade de concentrado × fonte proteica sobre o ganho de peso por cm de ganho em altura da cernelha. A dieta com 1 kg de concentrado à base de farelo de algodão foi insuficiente para ganho de peso de 800 g/dia, enquanto as dietas com 2 kg de concentrado propiciaram o maior ganho de peso. Entretanto, a dieta constituída de 2 kg de concentrado à base de farelo de soja foi mais eficiente, pois propiciou maior crescimento linear das novilhas, com ganho médio de 820 g por dia. Equações de predição do peso corporal com base no perímetro torácico apresentam maior acurácia em relação a equações baseadas em outras medidas lineares.
Publisher: Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia
Plant production systems are governed by site management and by biotic and abiotic factors. Studying and understanding the tree growth and development of fruit crops is a difficult endeavour. Crop models have long been powerful tools in unravelling physiological mechanisms that determine crop yield in relation to the environment. Models are used to estimate seasonal changes in quality traits as fruit size, dry matter, water content and the concentration of sugars and acids, which are very important for flavor and aroma. Different types of models are available which vary in parameters and precision. Use of crop models in fruit crops is relatively new. Available literature on fruit crop modelling has been reviewed here.
Number: 11 Publisher: AkiNik Publications
Modelo de predicción del rendimiento del tomate en invernadero utilizando datos basados ​​en diferentes condiciones de fertilidad del suelo
Methods  Results and Analysis  Discussion  Conclusions 
Evaluation of FAO aquacrop model for ability to simulate attainable yields and water use for field tomatoes grown under deficit irrigation in Harare, Zimbabwe
Crop simulation models have an important role in evaluating irrigation management strategies for improving agricultural water use. The aim of this study was to evaluate the AquaCrop model for ability to simulate water use and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit yields under deficit irrigation conditions. A fieldexperiment was conducted at Thornpark, University of Zimbabwe Research site over four seasons (2014 and 2017). The data collected for yield and water use were used to run and evaluate the performance of AquaCrop in predicting water use efficiency and fruit yield. Four treatments defined in relation to 100% of the crop water requirement (ETc) were simulated: T1 100% ETc; T2 80% ETc; T3 60% ETc and T4 50% ETc. The model performance was satisfactory, with a good correlation between the simulated and observed soil water content (SWC) and fruit yield (FY). All the statistical indicators (The Normalised Root Mean Square Error (R2), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Nush Sutcliffe Model Efficiency (EF), Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r), and Willmott’s Index of Agreement (d)) used to compare the observed and predicted parameters, showed good performance; for example the EF showed values of 0.91 for SWC, the (r) showed values of 0.95 for SWC and a FY of 2.79 and 2.39 metric tonnes ha-1 for the simulated results. The results showed that the values of the simulated FY were consistent with the measured, with corresponding coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.93. The results revealed AquaCropisable to simulate the yield of tomato and the seasonal water requirements to an appreciable degree. However, it must be pointed out that the calibration of AquaCrop suffered from lack of measured data on the progress of crop canopy cover, which is an important parameter used in developing the model. The results obtained showed that AquaCrop can be used effectively in simulating tomato production under deficit irrigation and, therefore, it can be used as a decisionmaking tool for irrigation management of tomatoes in Zimbabwe.
Evaluation of AquaCrop model in crop dry bean growth simulation
The research was carried out from November, 2013 to March, 2014. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the AquaCrop model simulation of canopy co...
Processing tomatoes under different irrigation regimes in Southern Italy: agronomic and economic assessments in a simulation case study
AQUACROP (Steduto et al., 2009; Raes et al., 2009) simulation model was calibrated and validated for processing tomatoes in Southern Italy (Capitanata Plain) and was subsequently used to evaluate the expected impact of different water irrigation regimes on yield, water use efficiency and net return. The simulated irrigation regimes were two: i) at fixed times (with seasonal water volumes of 170, 270, 370, 470 and 570 mm) and ii) using the soil water depletion criterion (refilling 30, 50 and 70 mm of soil water depletion). Cross calibration and validation, based on three years of experimental data (2002-2004), allowed to estimate crop parameters and their variation ranges, providing useful data which can be applied in similar environment conditions. The responses of the tomatoes in terms of plant biomass, fruit yield and water use efficiency were evaluated considering the mean values obtained from a long-term simulation. A simplified economic analysis, was performed to calculate the net return for each management scenario. The greatest fresh fruit yield (123 t ha-1) simulated by AQUACROP was obtained using an irrigation fixed time with 370 mm of seasonal water supply. About the same yield level was obtained with irrigation starting at 30 mm of soil water depletion, saving of about 70 mm of water. The main advantage of soil water depletion criterion, apart from the low water loss in deep percolation, was the greater net income for farmers. Considering fixed irrigation turns, the net income oscillated between 1,280 € ha -1 and 3,420 € ha-1 for seasonal irrigation water amount equal to 170 and 570 mm, but with the highest income at 370 mm (4,011 € ha-1). Oscillation in net income for irrigation based on water depletion, were contained in a smaller range (from 3,467 to 4,137 € ha-1). Water use efficiency for total dry biomass and fruit yield was similar among the two water regimes, while the irrigation water use efficiency was heavily influenced by irrigation strategy, with higher values in the soil water depletion scenarios. The case study allowed us to estimate a list of crop parameters useful for the adoption of the AQUACROP model in similar conditions. The criterion of starting to apply irrigation at a level of soil water depletion of 30 mm proved to be effective for fruit yield (high average and low yearly variability) and the efficiency to convert the water available for the crop into biomass, reducing the water stress for the plants; moreover, it minimized water percolation in comparison to the fixed times application criterion.
Processing tomatoes under different irrigation regimes in Southern Italy
Agricultural production statistics 2000–2022
Models of the yield responses of crops to applied nutrients are a recent addition to the methods available for making fertilizer recommendations. They have a place in integrating nutrient information with information on other factors which affect yield and its response to added nutrients. This review deals with nitrogen models classified into three groups: those which predict yield-response curves based on empirical factors; those which simulate the yield response from complex simulation models of many processes regulating crop growth and the soil environment; and those which aim to simulate yield and selected processes based on simplified functional relationships which apply to a target region or industry. Three case studies representing the three classes of model are drawn from research on dryland wheat in different parts of Australia. They show examples in which models provide information which is unobtainable from experimental procedures and which provide information useful to farmers in making decisions about fertilizers. Suggestions are made for future developments in crop-nutrient modelling including further comparisons of models, linkage of models with tissue tests, modelling co-limiting nutrients, deciding on the appropriate level of detail within a model and the need for methods for calibrating and testing models on attributes other than yield alone.
Estudio del proceso de crecimiento del cultivo del tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) en el Valle del Sinú medio, Colombia
A totally randomised design employing four treatments (20,000, 25,000, 33,333 and 50,000 plants∙ha-1 population density) and three repetitions was used for ascertaining optimum population density and obtaining the highest yield in tomato crops grown in the middle Sinu valley. Direct measurements taken included: plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, fruit number and yield. Growth indexes were also calculated: crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), relative growth rate (RGR), leaf area index (LAI) and leaf area duration (LAD). The 50,000 plants∙ha-1 population obtained the highest plant height (240.33 cm average after 120 days following being transplanted), highest leaf number (196.7 at 120 days), highest leaf area (8,109.73 cm2 at 105 days) and highest fruit yield per plant (1,699.27 g). The same treatment (50,000 plants∙ha-1) presented the highest CGR (40.88 g∙m-2∙day-1 after 105 days following being transplanted), NAR (0.00343 g∙cm2∙day-1 at 75 days), RGR (0.1532 g∙g-1∙day-1after 45 days), LAI (4.04824 at 105 days) and LAD (56.37075 days after 120 days following being transplanted) mean values.
16 PUBLICATIONS 145 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE
Predicting Crop Water Requirements and Yield for Tomato under a Humid climate
Se presenta un resumen de algunos conceptos relacionados con la modelación de cultivos agrícolas y los tipos principales de modelos que se pueden utilizar desde el punto de vista de su uso en la agricultura. Se ponen algunos ejemplos de la aplicación de los modelos en la agricultura para la estimación de los rendimientos en los cultivos especialmente en Cuba. Se concluye resaltando el gran potencial que tienen estas tecnologías relacionadas con la Informática, como herramientas modernas para la estimación de los rendimientos de los cultivos agrícolas.
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2015 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OFFICERS
Integrating Novel Deep Neural Networks on the Analysis of Fractional Epidemiological Models in both Populations with Disease Infection
‘ELBITA’: variedad de tomate resistente a begomovirus para condiciones tropicales
‘Elbita’ surge por la necesidad de contar con variedades de tomate adaptadas al clima tropical cubano para siembras a cielo abierto, en campo. Es una varieda...
Crop-specific simulation parameters for yield forecasting across the European Community
Modelos De Simulación De Cultivos. Características Y Usos
Simulation models constitute a fundamental tool to understand the complexity characterizing ecological and environmental systems, since they are the only one available to translate a hypothesis collection about ecological processes when representing how the ecosystem fully works. They enable to analyze technological, economic and environmental impacts, evaluate productive strategies and predict crop yield. They are generally approached to a better understanding of problems and to know the reality investigated in advance. A good model is able to reveal interactions among different components which were not evident when each process was studied separately, also it will allow performing trials that could not be carried out in the real system. This research work deals with the characteristics and use of simulation models, some of the main classifications and examples of studies conducted with these models in Cuba, as well as the peculiar traits of DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer) model. Therefore, this review is intended to present the characteristics and significance of crop simulation models, as an essential tool in the decision-taking processes, to be further applied as a first approach of the productive capacity under different edaphoclimatic conditions of Cuba, as well as to search on certain plant processes, that will need a better interpretation of its interaction against other productive, input and environmental factors.
Number: 10 Publisher: Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas
Hortalizas para procesamiento agroindustrial
El presente boletín INIA "Hortalizas para procesamiento agroindustrial" es una compilación de información que ha producido el equipo hortícola de INIA en conjunto con la agroindustria nacional en los últimos 15 años. La gran mayoría han sido proyectos financiados por CORFO y con participación del área privada. En si, el boletín analiza profundamente los principales cultivos hortícolas de uso agroindustrial, pero además incluye alguna hortaliza novedosa, como el kale, que tiene un gran futuro para la industria. La descripción de cada cultivo es dedicada, con fuentes bibliográficas de excelencia e información local obtenida a través de trabajos de investigación.
Aplicación de modelos de simulación en el estudio y planificación de la agricultura, una revisión
Since the beginnings of agriculture, about ten thousand years ago, mankind has benefited from the use of its products by satisfying needs for food and by trade. The agricultural production systems have become more organized and productive, as a result of a greater knowledge on agriculture. However, specialization in agronomyhas led in some cases to the implementation of technical innovations that put out key elements of the production systems, such as social and cultural aspects, climate, and physical, chemical and biological soil properties, that result in failure in the practice. The use of different types of models in agriculture has become an alternative for planning and research, since they can be used to predict the behavior of a plant or animal under different management practices, the soil characteristics, the interaction among different crops, and the behavior of production systems in which livestock and crops interact. Currently the effect of agricultural policies, the rationality of producers, the market characteristics and the environmental aspects have been incorporated. From the point of view of the theory of agroecosystems they have been used to simulate the sustainability, under a holistic and systemic vision. Another important development has been to consider the producer as subject that participates in the modeling process and not as a component of the system that needs to be modeled in what is called the participative modeling. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to analyze the different approaches for the application of the models for the study and planning of agriculture, and their challenges.
Agricultural systems modeling and simulation
Humanization of decision support using information from simulations
Bridging the gap between simulations developed to mimic and describe agricultural processes and procedures, and the use of these simulations to sup...
Modelo de optimización económica del manejo del agua de riego en las explotaciones agrícolas: aplicación a la agricultura de regadío de la provincia de Toledo
Tratándose el agua de un recurso escaso, así como de un factor de producción importante económicamente, y contemplando las directrices actuales de la Política Agraria Común (PAC), se ha aplicado un modelo de optimización económica de las alternativas de cultivo en una explotación agrícola tipo de la provincia de Toledo, con el fin de maximizar el beneficio económico de la explotación atendiendo al agua disponible. El modelo consta de tres submodelos. En el primero de ellos se determinan las necesidades de agua de los cultivos, para diferentes supuestos de déficit de evapotranspiración, evaluando su efecto sobre la producción. Posteriormente, y mediante la determinación de los márgenes brutos para cada actividad agrícola seleccionada, se obtienen los márgenes brutos máximos con sus láminas de riego (láminas óptima). Finalmente, se consigue la solución que ofrece el retorno económico máximo de las explotaciones tipo,atendiendo a sus disponibilidades de agua. La solución obtenida por la aplicación del modelo, indica la importancia de incluir en la alternativa de cultivos especies hortícolas, en buena medida de orientación industrial, destacando el interés de desarrollar un sector agroindustrial y comercial fuerte y competitivo como solución de futuro.
Modelo de optimización económica del manejo del agua de riego en las explotaciones agrícolas
Number: 3 Publisher: Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Section: Investigación agraria. Producción y protección vegetales
Investigación agraria. Producción y protección vegetales
Estudios del Desarrollo Social: Cuba y América Latina
Monitoreo y la evaluación de los escenarios de innovación agropecuaria local en Mayabeque
Sistemas, modelos, simulación y un toque de epistemología.
En el ámbito de las ciencias exactas y de las ingenierías, los métodos de modelado y simulación han revestido una importancia progresivamente creciente a partir de la publicación de Die Prinzipien der Mechanik de Hertz en 1894. En el campo de las ciencias sociales y en especial de la economía, el concepto de matriz de producto-insumo presentado por Quesnay en 1758 se considera la primera modelización de una actividad social. Estos y otros antecedentes históricos son tratados a modo de introducción en la primera sección de este trabajo de difusión. La presentación y discusión de algunas definiciones de los conceptos de sistema, experimento, modelo y simulación, constituyen el contenido de la segunda sección. La tercera se ocupa de los modelos desde los enfoques semántico, ontológico, epistemológico, y hace hincapié en los aspectos axiológicos y la incertidumbre asociada a los resultados que los modelos permiten obtener. En la sección cuarta se analizan las simulaciones analógicas y computacionales, como asimismo el uso de la simulación en ciencias sociales. La quinta sección expone algunos problemas epistémicos relativos a la simulación, mientras que la sexta se ocupa de las aplicaciones e influencia de la simulación en la vida social, destacando su utilidad para el diseño de políticas públicas. Unas breves observaciones finales cierran el trabajo.
Publisher: Editorial de la Universidad Tecnológica Nacional- edutecne
El mercado del carbón vegetal. Estudio en la Empresa Agroforestal Mayabeque
Adopción de la tecnología Ecomic® y Quitomax® en cuatro fincas de Mayabeque
The combined employment of the bioproducts EcoMic® and QuitoMax® are very effective to increase the agricultural yields, however, its adoption under production conditions is even very limited. It is in and of itself that it was carried out this work to evaluate the adoption of the technology of the combined handling of EcoMic® and QuitoMax® in four rural properties of the county Mayabeque. The evaluations were developed in areas of production of the farms "La Chivería", "El Mulato", "San Miguel" and "Santa Catalina", beginning with the initial characterization of the farm, trainings in the use and handling of the bioproductos and the establishment of permanent areas with the employment of this technology in crops sequences. The results showed that the combined employment of the bioproducts caused a positive effect in the yields of the crops sequences in the four valued farms. In addition, the forms of adoption of the technology will depend on the general conditions of each farm and the knowledge of each producer. For the success of the innovation stocks, it is required the accompaniment and consultantship to the producers.
Derechos de autor 2024 Licencia CC Reconocimiento-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Evaluación del impacto socio económico y en el medio natural de una zona especial de desarrollo
Number: 1 Publisher: Editorial "Universo Sur"
Se realizaron dos experimentos en condiciones de campo, con el objetivo de evaluar los bioestimulantes QuitoMax® y EcoMic®, solos y combinados, en el rendimiento de dos variedades de maíz (Zea mays L.), durante los años 2015 y 2016. En ambos experimentos, los bioestimulantes fueron aplicados por imbibición de granos en soluciones de QuitoMax®, que después fueron peletizadas con EcoMic®, previo a la siembra y, posteriormente, las plantas fueron asperjadas en el área foliar con QuitoMax®. En el primer experimento, las distintas combinaciones de los bioproductos estimularon la mayoría de los componentes del rendimiento del maíz, variedad Criolla. En el segundo, el tratamiento de los granos con QuitoMax® y EcoMic® estimuló el diámetro de la mazorca, el número de hileras de granos y el rendimiento agrícola de la variedad P 7928, conjuntamente con la aspersión foliar de QuitoMax® en el cultivo. En la variedad Criolla, el tratamiento de los granos previo a la siembra con QuitoMax® y EcoMic® seguido de la aspersión foliar de QuitoMax®, aumentó en 62 % el rendimiento respecto al control peletizado con EcoMic®, mientras que en la variedad P 7928, tanto los tratamientos de cada producto solo como sus combinaciones, aumentaron el rendimiento respecto al control no tratado entre 15 y 22 %. En general, el rendimiento del maíz aumentó significativamente con el empleo de los bioestimulantes, lo que sugiere que la aplicación en el campo de EcoMic® y QuitoMax®, solos y combinados, es una opción recomendable para aumentar los rendimientos del cultivo, en dependencia de la variedad. Palabras-clave: bioestimulantes; biofertilizantes; micorrizas; polímeros
Efecto de diferentes formas de aplicación del Quitomax® en el crecimiento del maíz1
Introducción. El maíz (Zea mays L.) es un cereal de alto consumo en el mundo, este precisa una adecuada fertilización para cubrir sus requerimientos nutricio...
Capacitación sobre extensión agraria en la cooperativa de producción agropecuaria amistad cuba-nicaragua
La investigación tuvo como objetivo diseñar acciones de capacitación para los gestores de extensión agraria en la Cooperativa de Producción Agropecuaria Amistad Cuba-Nicaragua. El trabajo se realizó en el municipio San Nicolás, sobre un diseño prospectivo descriptivo cuasiexperimental con dos cortes transversales, basados en la investigaciónacción–participativa. Se realizó una encuesta inicial, partiendo de los resultados obtenidos, se ejecutó una propuesta de acciones. Posteriormente, se aplicó el mismo instrumento (encuesta) con el propósito de observar los cambios provocados por las acciones realizadas. Se pudo apreciar un incremento en el nivel de conocimientos de los participantes a partir de la aplicación de las acciones propuestas de la extensión agraria.
International Journal of Chemical Studies
Assessment of CERES-Rice model for rice production and climatic variability on rice model in temperate Kashmir
CERES-Rice model was calibrated and validated for rice cultivars (K-39,Jhelum,Shalimar-ice1, Chenab,CH-1039,CH-1007,Kohsaar,K-332 ) and sowing dates (25th May,10th June and 25th June)the data was collected from the field experiment conducted at Shere- Kashmir University of \Agricultural Sciences in the year 2010 and 2011.Prediction capabilities of the model were tested by judging the performance of crop in terms of phenology, leaf area index, grain yield and biological yield. Days to anthesis ranged between 53 to 109 days and 54 to 120 days for observed and predicted values respectively. The observed and the predicted days to maturity ranged between 82 to 165 days and 83 to 167 days respectively. Grain yield ranged between 34.15 to 99.28 and 34.0 to 104.6 q/ha for simulated and observed data respectively. The observed and predicted LAI and biological yield did not match. Sensitivity analysis was done in which the maximum and minimum temperature was increased by 30c resulted in decrease in the yield by 1.7% and decreases days to maturity by 33 days. The effects of elevated CO2 (350ppm) of the base value 330ppm showed increase of grain yield by 8.1% with no effect on crop maturity.
Efecto de la inoculación de microorganismos benéficos y Quitomax® en Cenchrus ciliaris L., en condiciones de sequía agrícola
ResumenSe llevó a cabo un experimento de campo, con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de la inoculación de dos biofertilizantes y un bioestimulante en variables agroproductivas de buffel (Cenchrus ciliaris L.), en condiciones de sequía agrícola. Para ello, se utilizó el aislado Ho5 (Bradyrhizobium sp.), EcoMic® (Funneliformis mosseae) y Quitomax®. El diseño experimental fue de bloques al azar, con nueve tratamientos y ocho réplicas, y se realizó un ANOVA. Las diferencias entre medias se hallaron mediante LSD de Fisher. Se evaluaron las variables: peso seco de la parte aérea, longitud del tallo, longitud de la espiga, peso seco de la espiga, inflorescencia e índice de eficiencia de la inoculación (IEI). Los mejores tratamientos en la mayoría de las variables estudiadas fueron: EcoMic®+Quitomax®+Ho5, Ho5+EcoMic® y Ho5+Quitomax®, por mostrar resultados superiores al control absoluto y a otros tratamientos inoculados. Con la combinación de EcoMic®+Quitomax®+Ho5, hubo un porcentaje alto de inflorescencia (71 %); lo que sugiere que la inclusión de Quitomax® en dicha combinación debió influir de manera efectiva en esta variable. Se concluye que la combinación de los biofertilizantes con Quitomax®, de forma general, mostró un efecto superior al control; aunque se destacó EcoMic®+Quitomax®+Ho5, por su superioridad con respecto a otros tratamientos. Por otra parte, la aplicación de cada biofertilizante, o de Quitomax®, de forma aislada, no mostró resultados superiores al control absoluto en la mayoría de las variables. Se recomienda evaluar los tratamientos donde se combinaron estos biopreparados en diferentes gramíneas pratenses y diferentes tipos de suelo, así como el efecto a largo plazo de dichos biopreparados en la planta.Palabras-clave: abonos orgánicos; Bradyrhizobium; sequía
Number: 1 Publisher: Estación Experimental de Pastos y Forrajes Indio Hatuey
Propuesta de regulación de Precios Mayorista
The present objective is to regulate excessive profit behaviors of high impact productions for the domestic economy, through the mechanisms of approval and price formation. With this it is proposed a way of regulating wholesale prices of those entities that form prices by agreements, without subsidies; and that they obtain excessive profits, which are not the result of decreases in costs and expenses, application of technological, commercial, logistical or administrative measures; but to seek higher levels of sales and Gross Value Added by application of unreasonable prices.
Derechos de autor 2017 Margarita de la C Acosta Rodríguez, Claudia Riverí Olivera
RESPUESTA AGRONÓMICA DEL CULTIVO DE TOMATE AL BIOPRODUCTO QuitoMax ®
The bioactive products, have various beneficialeffects on plants, such as, induction of defense mechanismsand stimulation of plant growth, besides it having theadvantage of not being harmful to plants and the environment;the oligosaccharines and inside them the chitosan and itsderivatives are an example, they exert positive effect ongrowth and development of plants. This work was carriedin field condition with the overall objective of evaluatingthe effect of different concentrations (0,1, 0,5 and 1,0 g L-1),and its application by imbibition and foliar spray productQuitoMax® on growth, development and yield and itscomponents of tomato (cultivar Mara). The results showeda positive effect of byproduct from the seeds imbibition onconcentration of 1,0 g L-1 stimulating growth variables thatwere evaluated in the nursery; moreover, the combinationsoaking plus foliar spray at a dose of 0,3 g ha-1 at 7 days after transplantation, stimulated yield components of plants andincreased crop yields by 55 % compared to control treatment.
Deshidratación del follaje, al sol y a la sombra, de tres plantas forrajeras proteicas
The objective of the study was to evaluate the influence of the drying method (under sunlight and shade) of the foliage of Morus alba (mulberry), Boehmeria nivea (ramie) and Tithonia diversifolia (Mexican sunflower), on the dehydration dynamics and meal quality. The water loss, under sunlight and shade, of the edible biomass of each species, was determined. The yield and bromatological quality were quantified in the dehydrated foliage. A completely randomized design was used, with two treatments and seven replicas each. The foliage dehydration was reached after five days with both drying methods, in the three species. The yield in meal was higher in mulberry, than in ramie and Mexican sunflower (186,4; 131,5 and 81,2 g /kg GM, respectively); however, in each species it had a similar value with both drying forms. In mulberry and ramie, although the dehydration method did not affect the CP content of the meal, under shade the highest values of DM (88,2 %), ADF (33,8 %) and cellulose (26,8 %) were detected in the former, as well as the value of ADF (39,8 %), cellulose (25,8 %) and lignin (9,2 %) in the latter. In Mexican sunflower, the drying under sunlight produced a higher CP content (27,1 %); while DM (89,6 %), ADF (34,1 %) and cellulose (25,7 %) were higher with drying under shade. It is concluded that both drying types constitute an alternative to dehydrate the edible biomass of the three species, with little affectation of the bromatological indicators.
Introducción al uso de Modelos y Bases para el uso de los Modelos de Cultivo DSSAT
Ciencia, tecnología e innovación en la integración de los procesos sustantivos en la educación superior
The objective of the research is to assess the importance of science and technology in the construction of a management strategy for the integration of substantive processes at the Regional Autonomous University of the Andes (UNIANDES). The research presented has a qualitative approach since the integration of the substantive functions of the university is analyzed from the perspective of science, technology and its social influence, through a correct selection of the scientific information to be consulted. As results, it is evident that the management in the integration of substantive processes in higher education requires the contribution of Science-Technology-Society (CTS) studies, thinking, reorganizing and directing science, technology and innovation activities in universities depends on the correct definition of the components that must intervene in its development, as well as its proper integration. The conception and implementation of a strategy of a systemic nature, with elements of the process-based approach and a manual with theoretical and methodological elements for its implementation, demonstrates its usefulness in managing the integration of substantive processes.
Climate Change Adaptation in Agriculture
Sistema de acciones para la producción de viandas en función de la soberanía alimentaria y educación nutricional
The work proposes a set of actions for the production of viands in the province of Pinar del Río, as part of the implementation of the National Plan for Food Sovereignty and Nutritional Education in Cuba. The objective of this research is to design a system of actions for the production of viands in a sustainable way for human and animal consumption and that allows the development of exportable items in the province of Pinar del Río on the basis of local governance according to territorial development. The methods used were observation, historical-logical, systemic and hypothetical-deductive. In correspondence with these, the procedures analysis and synthesis, scientific abstraction, induction-deduction and individual and group interview techniques were used, with a predominance of documentary analysis, as well as research and participative action. The offered results focus on the diagnosis of the existing situation in the territory regarding the production of viands, identifying strengths, weaknesses, potentialities and limitations, as well as a system of actions to organize efforts and resources that allow an adequate planning, taking into account the availability, access, consumption and biological use of food.
Agronomic adaptation strategies under climate change for winter durum wheat and tomato in southern Italy: irrigation and nitrogen fertilization
Agronomic adaptation strategies under climate change for winter durum wheat and tomato in southern Italy
The decision support system for agrotechnology transfer (DSSAT) has been in use for the last 15 years by researchers worldwide. This package incorporates models of 16 different crops with software that facilitates the evaluation and application of the crop models for different purposes. Over the last few years, it has become increasingly difficult to maintain the DSSAT crop models, partly due to fact that there were different sets of computer code for different crops with little attention to software design at the level of crop models themselves. Thus, the DSSAT crop models have been re-designed and programmed to facilitate more efficient incorporation of new scientific advances, applications, documentation and maintenance. The basis for the new DSSAT cropping system model (CSM) design is a modular structure in which components separate along scientific discipline lines and are structured to allow easy replacement or addition of modules. It has one Soil module, a Crop Template module which can simulate different crops by defining species input files, an interface to add individual crop models if they have the same design and interface, a Weather module, and a module for dealing with competition for light and water among the soil, plants, and atmosphere. It is also designed for incorporation into various application packages, ranging from those that help researchers adapt and test the CSM to those that operate the DSSAT /CSM to simulate production over time and space for different purposes. In this paper, we describe this new DSSAT /CSM design as well as approaches used to model the primary scientific components (soil, crop, weather, and management). In addition, the paper describes data requirements and methods used for model evaluation. We provide an overview of the hundreds of published studies in which the DSSAT crop models have been used for various applications. The benefits of the new, re-designed DSSAT /CSM will provide considerable opportunities to its developers and others in the scientific community for greater cooperation in interdisciplinary research and in the application of knowledge to solve problems at field, farm, and higher levels.
Review on Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) Model
Traditional agronomic experiments were conducted at a specific location in time and space, resulting in long, seasonal, time-consuming, and expensive experiments. An international team of scientists has developed a decision support system for the transfer of agrotechnology, which has been used by researchers from around and the world for 15 years. This package incorporates models for over 42 crops (since Version 4.7.5) as well as tools to facilitate effective use of the models. Tools include database management programs for soil, weather, crop management, and experimental data, utilities, and implementation programs. Crop simulation models simulate growth, development, and yield in accordance with soil-plantatmosphere dynamics. Over the last few years, it has become increasingly difficult to maintain the DSSAT crop models, partly due to the fact that there were different sets of computer code for different crops with little attention to software design at the level of crop models themselves. Thus, the DSSAT crop models have been re-designed and programmed to facilitate more efficient incorporation of new scientific advances, applications, documentation, and maintenance. The basis for the new DSSAT cropping system model (CSM) design is a modular structure in which components separate along scientific discipline lines and are structured to allow easy replacement or addition of modules. In this review paper, I described the approaches used to model the primary scientific components (soil, crop, weather, and management). Besides, the review paper describes the limitations, the future of the DSSAT model, and its importance. The benefits of the new, redesigned DSSAT–CSM will provide considerable opportunities for its development and others in the scientific community for greater cooperation in interdisciplinary research and in the application of knowledge to solve problems in the field, farm, and higher levels.
International Journal of Intelligent Information Systems
Understanding the Agricultural Systems Modeling: A Review
These Crop modeling is an imperative tool in complex agricultural systems, which has been achieved by scientists from a broad range of disciplines, who have provided ideas and tools for more than six decades. Agricultural researchers are now focusing on the "next-generation” models and information needed to solve the issues of complicated systems faced by the farming communities. It is essential to take stock of modeling history, methodology, and its suitability under different circumstances to guarantee that we avoid re-development and endeavor to consider all elements of associated challenges. In this paper, we review the historical connectivity and the methodology of agricultural systems modeling and identify various modeling approaches to guide the design and advancement of “next-generation” modeling tools and techniques. Historical events combined with technological advancement have powerfully contributed towards the development of agricultural and dynamic models at domestic to global scales. Agricultural systems models have wide characteristics relying on the systems involved, purposes, and the broad applications that intended their development and use by scientists in numerous fields. Recently the interdisciplinary research and public-private sectors partnership trends suggest that the stage is set for key advancement in agricultural systems science which is required for the “next-generation” models, information, databases, and decision support systems. Historical events and conceptual methodologies of agricultural system modeling should be considered to avoid barricades and pitfalls as the community build up these “next-generation” crop models.
Understanding the Agricultural Systems Modeling
International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering
ASABE/CSBE North Central Intersectional Meeting
American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers
Evaluation of Irrigation Strategies with the DSSAT Cropping System Model
Water is becoming an increasingly valuable commodity with shortages and water rationing more commonplace. Since irrigation is the largest consumptive use of water in South Dakota, accounting for over 70% of the water withdrawals, irrigation water management is critical to make the best use of the water available. This project uses the CERES-Maize cropping system model (available in DSSAT v4) to study the impact of various irrigation management strategies on corn production. SDSU management software developed by Oswald (2006) is used to simulate a center pivot for specific locations and years. Weather data from several sites in the Great Plains together with soil, crop, and irrigation inputs are used in the modeling. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate a low-cost and low-time method (compared to field testing) for evaluating irrigation strategies for limited water scenarios. When the pivot simulator and crop model were integrated, differences in ET calculations resulted in different soil water balances. When the method is modified such that water balances in the SDSU management software and DSSAT are similar, this may be a valuable tool for irrigation management research.
EVALUATION OF THE DSSAT CSM-CROPGRO-TOMATO SIMULATION MODEL FOR PROCESSING TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL.) PRODUCTION IN NORTHERN ITALY
Italian processing tomato market has its dominance at global level but very few studies have been made on modelling this crop. The Cropping System Model CSMCROPGRO-Tomato model of DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer) software, was tested using datasets collected from field experiment in Legnaro, northern Italy. The experiment was carried out in 2009 using four different transplanting dates starting from 11th March (TD1, TD2, TD3, and TD4) with ten-day intervals, four processing tomato varieties, and two agronomic practices (mulched and non-mulched soil). Plants under mulched conditions in all transplanting dates gave better performance in terms of yield, growth and water use efficiency. Under mulched conditions, NPT 63 variety had significantly better yield and water use efficiency than the other three varieties. Mulching the soil was a useful tool to decrease water consumption levels at the transplanting dates studied. Evaluating the model using non-mulched experimental datasets showed that index of agreement (d-Stat) values between observed yield and model simulation for the first planting date with the four varieties ranged between 0.69 and 0.99. The model was able to simulate growth development better for all varieties under TD2, TD3, and TD4 conditions. In order to validate simulation ability of the model for the final yield, further work should be done regarding the genotype coefficients for each variety under study.
Assessment of transplanting date influence on processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) production using the Cropping System Model (CSM)-CROPGRO-Tomato simulation model. A case study for northeastern Italy
Anais do XIII Congresso Brasileiro de Agroinformática (SBIAGRO 2021)
DSSAT-Lite: a web-based application for running crop models and analyzing results from DSSAT-CSM
DSSAT is a set of tools that facilitate the creation and management of experiment, soil, and weather ﬁles. Its tools were built using programming languages like Visual Basic and Delphi, which are difﬁcult to run remotely or in the cloud. In this work, we present DSSAT-Lite, a web-based application designed to facilitate the simulation of DSSAT-CSM models over HTTP. It provides simulation and visualization tools and integration with highly optimized third-party software for processing DSSAT ﬁles. Abstraction layers allow for a standardized methodology for reading multiple DSSAT ﬁles into a beautifully formatted data structure. These features allowed DSSAT-Lite to run remote simulations, speciﬁcally using mobile devices and web browsers.
Modeling tomato growth and production in a photovoltaic greenhouse in southern Italy
Spatial and Seasonal Simulations of Irrigated Processing Tomato
Crop simulation models are used to compare crop management techniques, allowing for multi-year and multi-location runs over minimum time intervals. In Southern Italy, where waterlimited conditions are common, it is important to identify irrigation scenarios which allow for a more efficient transformation of water (and irrigation water) into commercial yield. In this research project, a spatial analysis of a long-term simulation was carried out with AEGIS/WIN, a GIS interface of the DSSAT crop simulation package. The case-study refers to a 1000 km2 area, characterized by 481 soil samples collected over a regular grid. The processing tomato was simulated punctual-based using long-term weather data. The evaluated crop management scenarios were a) rainfed and b) 13 automatic irrigation levels based on soil CAW thresholds. Commercial yield, water and irrigation water use efficiencies (WUE and IRRWUE respectively), and NR were evaluated for each soil sample in order to select the optimum irrigation scenario. This choice was based on different criteria which were defined taking into account the objectives of different stakeholders involved in the tomato crop chain. All the above variables were visualised and mapped with GIS. According to the criteria, the results of the rainfed scenario were not useful, showing low values for fruit yield and negative net returns for WUE. An increase in the threshold of soil water content in order to start irrigation improved the fruit yield, its temporal stability and the WUE. The overall mean of the IRRWUE decreased for thresholds of CAW higher than 50%. Results showed that the optimum CAW threshold was on average 45% for the different criteria parameters. The selection of the optimum scenarios based on yield and profitability were affected by the hydrological properties of the soils. The option criterion based on WUE maximisation proved to be suitable from different points of view and matched the interests of several stakeholders. In this work, a methodological approach is proposed for the spatial and temporal evaluation of irrigation scenarios, developing a support decision system for different stakeholders in planning irrigation water distribution. Some relationships among the stakeholders are also discussed, based on simulated results.
CSM‐IXIM: A New Maize Simulation Model for DSSAT Version 4.5
The CERES-Maize model is the most widely used maize (Zea mays L.) model and is a recognized reference for comparing new developments in maize growth, development, and yield simulation. The objective of this study was to present and evaluate CSMIXIM, a new maize simulation model for DSSAT version 4.5. Code from CSM-CERES-Maize, the modular version of the model, was modified to include a number of model improvements. Model enhancements included the simulation of leaf area, C assimilation and partitioning, ear growth, kernel number, grain yield, and plant N acquisition and distribution. The addition of two genetic coefficients to simulate per-leaf foliar surface produced 32% smaller root mean square error (RMSE) values estimating leaf area index than did CSM-CERES. Grain yield and total shoot biomass were correctly simulated by both models. Carbon partitioning, however, showed differences. The CSM-IXIM model simulated leaf mass more accurately, reducing the CSM-CERES error by 44%, but overestimated stem mass, especially after stress, resulting in similar average RMSE values as CSM-CERES. Excessive N uptake after fertilization events as simulated by CSM-CERES was also corrected, reducing the error by 16%. The accuracy of N distribution to stems was improved by 68%. These improvements in CSM-IXIM provided a stable basis for more precise simulation of maize canopy growth and yield and a framework for continuing future model developments.
CROSPAL, software that uses agronomic expert knowledge to assist modules selection for crop growth simulation
Crop growth models are used for a wide range of objectives. For each objective a speciﬁc model has to be developed, because the reusability of a model is often limited by the necessity of a fundamental restructuring to adapt it to a different objective. To overcome this limitation, we developed a method to facilitate model restructuring by a novel combination of software technology with expert knowledge.
Crop Simulation Models: A Tool for Future Agricultural Research and Climate Change
A crop simulation model is a computerized program which is used to describe the process of growth and developmental stages of crop in relation to weather data, crop conditions and soil conditions to solve the real-world problems. Crop simulation models plays an important role in decision making process as these models can save time and resources. The prediction accuracy of simulation models is one of the most vital components in decision making process. Our review shows the prediction accuracy and efficiency of the simulation models like DSSAT and APSIM. We have compared the prediction accuracy of these models on various growth and development stages of crops along with yield prediction. Both the models have performed well while predicting various growth and developmental stages of crops. The present scenario of traditional research is site-specific, Resource consuming and time consuming. Hence the information obtained through traditional research by qualitative analysis has many limitations, Because of changing climate and weather parameters there is a need for computerized based statistical tool which can provide decision support system for more than 10-15 years. By this we strongly believe that Crop simulation models can be a vital tool in future agricultural research and climate change mitigation strategies.
Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology
This paper reports results of a comparison of two popular rice growth models- Ceres-Rice and ORYZA1N for the same input conditions. Both models use different approaches for simulating growth and yield, are sensitive to climate change parameters, and represent two major schools of crop modelling. A dataset of 32 experiments consisting of 98 treatments was assembled from an extensive literature search. These experiments were conducted over the period of 1980–1993 in diverse Indian locations from 11◦ N–33◦ N. The treatments varied in N management, sowing dates, varieties and seasons. The ﬂowering duration in the dataset varied between 37 and 86 days and grain yields between 2587 kg ha−1 and 8877 kg ha−1. Seven treatments from this dataset, one for each variety, were selected for calibration. The genetic coefﬁcients of different varieties used in the analysis for both models were estimated from this short-listed dataset by repeated iterations until a close match between simulated and observed phenology and yield was obtained in these treatments. Similarly 11 treatments with zero or low N applications were used for calibration of initial soil N for different locations. The remaining 80 treatments were used for validation of the models. Both models predicted satisfactorily the trends of leaf area and dry matter growth, grain number, days to ﬂowering and grain yields. Simulated yields were within +15% of the measurements. Considering that the ﬁeld measurements also generally have 10–15% error and that the treatments widely varied in weather conditions, particularly in temperature, it was concluded that both models are adequate to simulate the effects of climate change on rice yields in diverse agro-environments of India that are free from all pests.
Modeling relations of tomato yield and fruit quality with water deficit at different growth stages under greenhouse condition
Nowadays more and more attentions are paid to fruit quality in the production of tomato. In order to better understand the effects of deﬁcit irrigation on tomato yield and fruit quality, four years of deﬁcit irrigation experiments were investigated to simulate water-yield and water-fruit quality relationships of tomato in greenhouses. The yield and fruit quality parameters like total soluble solids (TSS), reducing sugars (RS), organic acids (OA), sugar/acid content ratio (SAR), vitamin C (VC), ﬁrmness (Fn), color index (CI) were correlated with seasonal evapotranspiration (ET) and ET deﬁcit at ﬂowering and fruit development stage (Stage II) and fruit ripening stage (Stage III) using linear regression. Three water-yield models (Jensen, Stewart, Minhas) and three water-fruit quality models (multiplicative, additive, exponential) were applied to simulate the relationships of tomato yield and fruit quality parameters with water deﬁcit at various growth stages. The water deﬁcit sensitivity indexes ( /Ky/ı or /Kq/ ) of the models were calculated with the method of multiply linear regression. The performance and sensitivity analysis of the models were evaluated. Results showed that the relative yield decreased linearly with the drop of relative seasonal ET, mainly due to the yield depression by ET deﬁcit at Stage II and Stage III; the relative values of fruit quality parameters increased with the drop of relative seasonal ET, mostly because of the enhancement by ET deﬁcit at Stage III. The calculated water deﬁcit sensitivity indexes indicated that both the yield and fruit quality were hardly sensitive to water deﬁcit at Stage I, but sensitive to water deﬁcit at Stage II and that at Stage III; TSS, RS, SAR and VC were much more sensitive to water deﬁcit at Stage III than that at Stage II; RS, SAR and VC were more sensitive to water deﬁcit than TSS, OA, Fn and CI. The Minhas model with its water deﬁcit sensitivity indexes was recommended to simulate wateryield relations of greenhouse tomato in the study area; multiplicative model and additive model were, respectively, recommended to simulate the relationships of fruit quality parameters like TSS, RS, SAR, Fn and fruit quality parameters like OA, VC, CI with water deﬁcit at various growth stages. The water-yield and water-fruit quality models would be helpful to optimally allocate irrigation water during the growth season, thus achieving efﬁcient production of tomato in greenhouses in consideration of the compromise between tomato yield and fruit quality.
Agricultural production systems modelling and software: Current status and future prospects
During the past decade, the application of agricultural production systems modelling has rapidly expanded while there has been less emphasis on model improvement. Cropping systems modelling has become agricultural modelling, incorporating new capabilities enabling analyses in the domains of greenhouse gas emissions, soil carbon changes, ecosystem services, environmental performance, food security, pests and disease losses, livestock and pasture production, and climate change mitigation and adaptation. New science has been added to the models to support this broadening application domain, and new consortia of modellers have been formed that span the multiple disciplines.
Agricultural production systems modelling and software
Dept. of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana (500 030), India
Agro Climate Research Center, ARI, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad,Telangana (500 030), India
AICRP on Soil Test Crop Response, ARI, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana (500 030), India
Dept. of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Professor JayashankarTelangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana (500 030), India
Evaluation of CROPGRO-Tomato Model under Different Dates of Planting and Cultivars under Semi-arid Environment
A field investigation was undertaken during Kharif (June–September) 2019 at Agriculture Research Institute, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agriculture University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telengana State, India with an object to evaluate the CROPGRO-Tomato model under different dates of planting and cultivars.The experiment was carried out with dates of planting (02nd Jul, 12th Jul, 22nd Jul, 02nd Aug, 11th Aug, 23rd Aug, 03rd Sep and 13th Sep) as main plot treatments and cultivars US 440 and TO-3251 (Saaho) as sub-plot treatments. The CROPGRO-Tomato model performed well in the simulation of phenology, biomass, fruit yield and N uptake during calibration for US 440 and TO-3251.Calibration results revealed that the model perfectly predicted days to anthesis with no difference between simulated and observed data for both cultivars with RMSE of 0 days, the further model simulated the days to last picking,biomassat maturity, fruit yield and nitrogen uptake with RMSE of 0.9 and 0.7 day, 285 and 435 kg ha-1, 545 kg ha-1 and 389 kg ha-1 (dry weight), 6 and 5 kg ha-1 for US 440 and TO-3251 cultivars respectively. The calibrated model was used to further validate the experimental data and found that, simulation of days to anthesisand days to the last picking was excellent with NRMSE value of less than 10% for both cultivars,fair with dry matter production with NRMSE value of 25% for both cultivars and was poor with total fruit yield greater than 30% and N uptake for both cultivars under study was poor with NRMSE value more than 30%.
International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management
Sistema de soporte a la toma de decisiones para la prevención de brote de antracnosis en un cultivo de tomate-1
Cambio climático y sistemas de producción agroecológico, orgánico y convencional en los cantones Cayambe y Pedro Moncayo
Publisher: Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, sede Ecuador
Letras Verdes, Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Socioambientales
PERSPECTIVAS DE LA AGRICULTURA Y DEL DESARROLLO RURAL EN LAS AMÉRICAS
Letras Verdes: Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Socioambientales
Publisher: Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO), Sede Ecuador
El mundo deberá producir 70% más alimentos para 2050, prevé estudio de la ONU | Noticias ONU
El mundo necesitará producir un 70% más de víveres para alimentar a la población de 9.600 millones de personas que tendrá en el 2050, según un estudio elaborado por el Programa de la ONU para el Desarrollo (PNUD), el Banco Mundial, el Programa de la ONU para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA) y el Instituto de Recursos Mundiales.
Evaluación del desarrollo y rendimiento del cultivo de maíz ( Zea mays L.) utilizando cuatro híbridos
El maíz es un cultivo de importancia económica a nivel mundial. Las características genotípicas y fenotípicas, son afectadas por las condiciones ambientales ...
Evaluación de impactos - MEDIO AMBIENTE Y DESARROLLO
Perspectivas de la agricultura y del desarrollo rural en las Américas: una mirada hacia América Latina y el Caribe 2017-2018
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Perspectivas de la agricultura y del desarrollo rural en las Américas Una mirada hacia América Latina y el Caribe
La novena edición del informe Perspectivas de la agricultura y del desarrollo rural en las Américas: Una mirada hacia América Latina y el Caribe destaca el papel del sector agrario en la transformación del sector y la recuperación posterior al Covid -19. En cuanto al Contexto mundial y regional, destaca prioridades de los sistemas alimentarios para enfrentar desafíos relacionados con el cambio climático, la seguridad social, la capacidad productiva, la digitalización y el sobreendeudamiento. Con respecto a la transformación rural y agrícola de expone la transición pospandemia como una oportunidad hacia el cambio sostenible y la cooperación intersectorial. En un capítulo especial, aborda el tema de la Digitalización en la agricultura y su aporte al cumplimiento de metas del sector agroalimentario
Publisher: Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura (IICA)
Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales
Maíz: Importancia, origen, sistemática, morfología y composición química
El maíz (Zea mays L.) es una planta C4 con una alta tasa de actividad fotosintética, teniendo el más alto potencial para la producción de carbohidratos por unidad de superficie por día. Fue el primer cereal sometido a rápidas e importantes transformaciones tecnológicas en su forma de cultivo, tal como ha sucedido con la aparición de los híbridos. El éxito en los avances tecnológicos del cultivo de maíz estimuló una revolución agrícola generalizada en muchas partes del mundo. Es el primer cereal en rendimiento de grano por hectárea y el segundo, después del trigo, en producción total. Es considerado de gran importancia económica a nivel mundial ya sea como alimento humano (uno de los granos alimenticios más antiguos que se conocen), como alimento para el ganado o como fuente de un gran número de productos industriales. En Argentina en los últimos cinco años se han producido, en promedio, 26,5 millones de toneladas (SIIA, 2015) en 4 millones de ha., en tanto que a nivel mundial la producción promedio para las mismas campañas fue de 900 millones de toneladas (Maizar, 2015).
Accepted: 2022-07-21T13:01:32Z Publication Title: Cereales de verano DOI: 10.35537/10915/68613
Estadísticas | FAO | Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura
Anuario Estadístico de Cuba 2022 | Oficina Nacional de Estadística e Información
Efecto de la selección participativa de variedades en la identificación de genotipos sobresalientes de frijol comun (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
El cultivo del maíz, SU origen y clasificación. EL MAIZ en Cuba
Caracterización de razas cubanas de maíz (Zea mays L.) mediante marcadores agromorfológicos en la colección nacional del cultivo
Comparación del rendimiento y cambios morfológicos en maíz Tuxpeño V-520C adaptado a valles altos en México
Publisher: Sociedad Mexicana de Fitogenética A.C.