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partial pressures. a method of interest is polarography. +.I 3 +.W + electron microscopy of lung or bronchi. +.I 4 +.W + tissue culture of lung or bronchial neoplasms. +.I 5 +.W + the crossing of fatty acids through the placental barrier. normal +fatty acid levels in placenta and fetus. +.I 6 +.W + ventricular septal defect occurring in association with aortic +regurgitation. +.I 7 +.W + radioisotopes in heart scanning. mainly used in diagnosis of +pericardial effusions. also used to study tumors, heart enlargement, +aneurysms and pericardial thickening. technetium, rihsa, radioactive +hippurate, cholegraffin are used. +.I 8 +.W + the effects of drugs on the bone marrow of man and animals, +specifically the effect of pesticides. also, the significance +of bone marrow changes. +.I 9 +.W + the use of induced hypothermia in heart surgery, neurosurgery, head +injuries and infectious diseases. +.I 10 +.W + neoplasm immunology. +.I 11 +.W + blood or urinary steroids in human breast or prostatic neoplasms. +.I 12 +.W + effect of azathioprine on systemic lupus erythematosus, particularly +in regard to renal lesions. +.I 13 +.W + bacillus subtilis phages and genetics, with particular reference +to transduction. +.I 14 +.W + renal amyloidosis as a complication of tuberculosis and the effects +of steroids on this condition. only the terms kidney diseases and +nephrotic syndrome were selected by the requester. prednisone and +prednisolone are the only steroids of interest. +.I 15 +.W + homonymous hemianopsia in visual aphasia, particularly +measurement and assessment. gerstmann's syndrome and agnosia are also +of interest. +.I 16 +.W + separation anxiety in infancy (i.e. up to two years of age) and in +preschool children, particularly separation of a child from its mother. +.I 17 +.W + nickel in nutrition: requirements for methods for analysis; relation +with enzyme systems; toxicity of, in humans and laboratory animals; +deficiency signs and symptoms; level in various foodstuffs; level in +blood and tissues. +.I 18 +.W + the toxicity of organic selenium compounds. +.I 19 +.W + excretion of phosphate or pyrophosphate in the urine or the effect of +parathyroid hormone on kidney. diff --git a/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/Colección/MED_doc.txt b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/Colección/MED_doc.txt new file mode 100755 index 0000000..c62a239 --- /dev/null +++ b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/Colección/MED_doc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12155 @@ +.I 1 +.W +correlation between maternal and fetal plasma levels of glucose and free +fatty acids . + correlation coefficients have been determined between the levels of +glucose and ffa in maternal and fetal plasma collected at delivery . +significant correlations were obtained between the maternal and fetal +glucose levels and the maternal and fetal ffa levels . from the size of +the correlation coefficients and the slopes of regression lines it +appears that the fetal plasma glucose level at delivery is very strongly +dependent upon the maternal level whereas the fetal ffa level at +delivery is only slightly dependent upon the maternal level . +.I 2 +.W +changes of the nucleic acid and phospholipid levels of the livers in the +course of fetal and postnatal development . + we have followed the evolution of dna, rna and pl in the livers of rat +foeti removed between the fifteenth and the twenty-first day of +gestation and of young rats newly-born or at weaning . we can observe +the following facts.. + 1. dna concentration is 1100 ug p on the 15th day, it decreases from +the 19th day until it reaches a value of 280 ug 5 days after weaning . + 2. rna concentration is 1400 ug p on the 15th day and decreases to 820 +during the same period . + 3. pl concentration is low on the 15th day and during foetal life (700 +ug) and increases abruptly at birth . + 4. the ratios rna cyto/dna and pl cyto/dna increase regularly from the +18th day of foetal life . + 5. nuclear rna and pl contents are very high throughout the +development . + 6. these results enable us to characterize three stages in the +development of the rat liver.. - from the 15th day to the 18th day of +foetal life.. stage of growth through hyperplasia without hypertrophy, + - from the 19th day of foetal life to the 3rd day of post-natal life,. +stage of cellular reorganisation, + - after the 3rd day of post-natal life.. stage of growth through +hyperplasia and hypertrophy . +.I 3 +.W +surfactant in fetal lamb tracheal fluid . + lambs delivered by cesarean section with intact fetal circulation have +a fluid filling the trachea . analysis revealed that this fluid +contained material high in surface activity in lambs delivered near +term, but less surface activity in premature lambs . + administration of 10 per cent oxygen to the ewe for 1 hour prior to +delivery did not alter the surfactant properties of the fetal tracheal +fluid . + two analyses of the fetal tracheal fluid revealed it to contain 146 +and 198 mg. of lipid per 100 ml., 30 to 40 per cent of which was +phospholipid, part of the active component of surfactant . + the investigations reported here offer a model for further research +into possible intrauterine factors in the pathogenesis of hyaline +membrane disease . +.I 4 +.W +placental and cord blood lipids.. comparison in a set of double ovum +twins, a stillborn and a live-born . + 1. determinations of phospholipid, total and free cholesterol, +triglyceride and nefa have been made on placental tissue and cord blood +in a set of double ovum twins, one stillborn and one live-born . + 2. similarities occurred in all fractions studied except the cord +blood triglyceride and nefa levels . + 3. the serum of the stillborn infant contained one-third as much +triglyceride and 21/2 times as much nefa as did the live-born infant . + 4. the phospholipid content and the total lipid content of the +stillbirth placenta were the highest studied in this laboratory which +includes determinations on 26 live births . + 5. the suggestion is made that increased lipoprotein lipase activity +in the cord blood may accompany intrauterine fetal death . +.I 5 +.W +free fatty acid concentration in maternal plasma and fetal body fat +content . + subcutaneous injection of 200 u.s.p. units of heparin into female +sprague-dawley rats produced large and sustained elevations of plasma +free fatty acids but no significant change in blood glucose . a group of +pregnant rats received such injections of heparin 3 times daily +throughout pregnancy . the fetuses from mothers of this group, at 191/2 +and 211/2 days of gestation, had significantly more body fat than the +fetuses from uninjected mothers . the hypothesis is presented that the +maternal free fatty acid concentration in part determines fetal fat +accumulation . it is proposed that the body composition changes noted in +babies of mothers with diabetes might thus be ascribed to abnormally +high maternal plasma free fatty acid concentrations . +.I 6 +.W +the concentration of non-esterified fatty acids in maternal and fetal +plasma in intact, alloxan-diabetic and x-ray-irradiated rats . + determinations of the non-esterified fatty acids in the plasma of +pregnant rats showed that there do not exist any increases in the +concentrations depending on pregnancy during the period from the 20th - +22nd day of pregnancy . in the fetal plasma the concentrations of +non-esterified fatty acids only amounted to 40 - 50 per cent of the +maternal values . + with alloxan diabetes produced 2 days prior to the test the +concentration in the maternal plasma increased three- to fivefold, while +at the same time a significant rise was absent in fetal plasma with +slightly increased average values . + whole-body x-ray exposures (dose.. 400r, dose output.. 40r/min) of +non-pregnant female and of pregnant rats beginning on the 17th day of +pregnancy did not result in any changes of the concentration of +non-esterified fatty acids immediately after irradiation . +.I 7 +.W +lipid metabolism in toxemia and normal pregnancy . + the amount and fatty acid composition of total lipid extract from +serum were examined in normal pregnant women in the first, second, and +third trimesters, and early postpartum period, and in patients with mild +and severe preeclampsia and with essential hypertension . placentas at +term were also examined for total lipid and its fatty acid composition . +in the normal women, total serum lipid increased during pregnancy . the +rise was less pronounced in those with preeclampsia or hypertension . +serum palmitate was mildly but significantly elevated in preeclampsia . +total lipid and arachidonic acid were elevated in the placentas of +preeclamptic women . the findings are compared with those obtained from +animals developing eclampsia on an experimental basis . +.I 8 +.W +essential fatty acids and acids with trans-configuration in the +subcutaneous and visceral fat of the newborn . + we made an investigation of the subcutaneous and visceral fat in the +newborn . we estimated the contents of linolic and linolenic acid and of +acids with trans-configuration spectrophotometrically . + we were able to show the penetration of these acids through the +placental barrier . the essential fatty acid contents of fat in the +newborn is low . in immature ones about 7-14 g, there is a rising trend. +.I 9 +.W +acetoacetate formation by livers from human fetuses aged 8-17 weeks . + slices and homogenates from livers of human fetuses aged 8-17 weeks +have a low rate of acetoacetate formation which can be raised by +addition of acetate or octanoate to the incubation medium . it was not +possible to demonstrate acetoacetate formation by isolated liver +mitochondria from 17-week-old fetuses, probably because mitochondria are +injured during isolation . +.I 10 +.W +changes in blood glucose and non-esterified fatty acids in the foetal +and newborn lamb after injection of adrenaline . + changes in blood glucose and non-esterified fatty acids after +intravenous adrenaline were measured in foetal, newborn and adult sheep +in the foetus and immediately after birth there was very little +increase in either blood glucose or non-esterified fatty acids after +adrenaline . the response of blood glucose to adrenaline had reached +adult levels at twenty-four hours of age . the response of non-esterifi- +ed fatty acids to adrenaline increased gradually over the first week . +.I 11 +.W +electron-microscopic observatations on transference of fat through the +human placenta . + from the results of our previous and present studied on the +transportation of fat through the human placenta by means of electron +microscopy, we obtained the following conclusions . + 1) neutral fat can permeate through the human placenta without +dissociation . + 2) almost all processes of fat permeation seem to be due to the +biological activity . pinocytosis is most representative, but the +authors newly found several facts such as dissolution-like change in the +basement membrane and transport via the stroma cell . the authors +believe that these results will bring a clue to explain the mechanism of +biological transportation of materials through the placenta . +.I 12 +.W +the content of phosphatides, triglycerides and cholesterol in placentas, +maternal, fetal and new-born liver of the white rat . + thin-layer-chromatographic examinations in the maternal rat liver +showed different rise of the triglycerides and a significant increase of +the esterified cholesterol, however, no striking changes in the content +of free cholesterol and lipid phosphorus with the fractions examined +(lecithin, colamine cephalin, sphingomyelin and lysolecithin) . + as compared to the liver of adult rats, the fetal liver contains a +little less than 50 per cent lipid phosphorus . the difference is +conditioned by the concentrations of lecithin, and colamine cephalin . +on the 19th day the content of triglycerides is lower than in the mother +rat . referred to the dry weight, there results a decrease of all +phosphatide fractions, as well as of the free cholesterol and a slight +rise of the triglycerides from the 19th to the 22nd day . + the rise of the phosphatide concentrations to the values of adult rats +occurs immediately after birth under the influence of milk food, which, +moreover, leads to a considerable increase of the triglyceride values . +phospholipid- and triglyceride concentrations of the placenta correspond +to those of the fetal liver . solely the content of free cholesterol is +higher at the end of pregnancy . the content of triglyceride drops +towards the 22nd day . +.I 13 +.W +analysis of mammalian lens proteins by electrophoresis . + lens proteins of different mammalian species were analyzed by +two-dimensional starch gel electrophoresis . the number of fractions +detected by this means varied from 11-20 . a-crystallin was resolved +into two to three components, b-crystallin into 5-11, and y-crystallin +into three to five components . this technique provides a sensitive +method for the fractionation of lens proteins and for analyzing species +differences . +.I 14 +.W +an autoradiographic study on cell migration in the eye lens epithelium +from normal and alloxan diabetic rats . + lenses from normal and alloxan diabetic rats with and without cataract +were investigated by autoradiography 4 hours, 4 days and 8 days after an +intraperitoneal injection of h3-thymidine (0.4 uc/g body weight) . the +rats were made diabetic 8 days prior to the injection of thymidine at an +age of 4 weeks . the position of labelled nuclei of the lens epithelium +was noted and their grain numbers counted . the diabetic rats had a +lower frequency of labelled nuclei than the controls but after 4 hours +their grain counts were equal . frequency diagrams of labelled nuclei +are given for each of the three experimental periods . a predominant +peak appears after 4 hours at a distance of 30-60 cells in front of the +beginning of the nuclear arc . a successive shift towards this area was +observed for the longer experimental periods . the shift of the peaks +was more restricted in the diabetic animals . this result may best be +interpreted as an effect of an increased time of cell generation . + as an appendix a histotechnique for the eye lens is given in +collaboration with mrs. gertraude moewis . +.I 15 +.W +lens development.. the differentiation of embryonic chick lens +epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo . + the behavior of lens epithelial cells from six-day chick embryos was +studied in three different experimental situations.. (a) explantation +into several different fluid culture media, (b) explantation followed by +reimplantation into lensectomized embryonic eyes, and (c) explantation +followed by reimplantation into the embryonic coelomic cavity . +specimens were examined histologically, and the total volume of the lens +material of each specimen was determined from the planimetry of serial +sections . the results were interpreted as follows.. + 1. with a small amount of protein supplement in the culture medium, +embryonic lens epithelial cells are capable of a limited amount of +independent cytodifferentiation . without protein supplement they fail +to undergo any fiber formation . + 2. when returned to the eye environment, cultured epithelial explants +will respond with a resumption of growth, with further cellular +differentiation, and with at least some of the morphogenetic changes +necessary to form a lens . the embryonic coelom will not support these +responses . + 3. the initiation of the formation of lens fibers is not sufficient +for their complete autonomous maturation . + 4. the internal architecture of the developing lens is not the only +determinant of its overall shape . +.I 16 +.W +treatment of active chronic hepatitis and lupoid hepatitis with +6-mercaptopurine and azothioprine . + 6-mercaptopurine or azothioprine ('imuran') was used successfully in 3 +patients with active chronic hepatitis and 2 with lupoid hepatitis, for +periods up to 1 year . these drugs allowed modification and even +abolition of discomforting corticosteroid regimes . their action in +chronic hepatitis may be analogous to their anti-immune action in +suppressing homograft rejection . +.I 17 +.W +treatment of collagen diseases with cytostatics . + 22 patients with collagen diseases and 3 patients with other +immunological diseases were treated with the cytostatic antimetabolites +('purinethol') 6-mercaptopurine and ('imuran') azathioprine for an +average period of four months (range one to eleven months) . improvement +was obtained in 17 patients,. and, in 20 out of 22 patients who had been +on long-term glucocorticoid medication, the steroid therapy could be +permanently discontinued . serious complications occurred, in the form +of two deaths from pancytopenia and sepsis . the treatment requires +careful supervision of the patients, and should only be instituted, on +strict indications, when the alternative is long-term glucocorticoid +medication . +.I 18 +.W +bilateral popliteal cysts in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis . + a case of bilateral popliteal cysts and multiple joint subluxations in +a patient with rheumatoid arthritis on corticosteroid medication for +many years is reported . the effect of long-term corticosteroid therapy +on all periarticular connective tissue structure and the relationship of +articular disease and popliteal knee cysts to this therapy have been +discussed . +.I 19 +.W +systemic lupus erythematosus and renal transplantation.. report of two +cases . + two cases of systemic lupus erythematosus along with terminal uremia +secondary to lupus nephritis are presented . both patients were treated +with renal hemodialysis and transplantation . certain mechanical, +infectious, and immunologic problems were responsible for their death . +there was no evidence of resurgence of lupus erythematosus in either +patient, and the transplanted kidneys did not show evidence of lupus +nephritis . renal transplantation should be considered as a last resort +in treatment of patients with terminal lupus nephritis . +.I 20 +.W +arteritis and localised periosteal new bone formation . + 1. three patients with localised periosteal new bone formation +associated with periosteal arteritis and other evidence of systemic +lupus erythematosus are described . + 2. systemic steroid therapy was valuable in the management of this +condition . +.I 21 +.W +fine structure of subtilis phage sp-50 . + some structural details and anomalous forms of subtilis phage sp-50 +are described . +.I 22 +.W +genetic transcription during morphogenesis . + messenger rna's from bacillus subtilis undergoing sporulation, +germination, or step-down transition have been characterized and +compared . hybrid competition experiments indicate that these messengers +are derived from distinct genetic loci . the results are consistent with +the hypothesis that differential transcription of the genome occurs +during morphogenesis . the data also complement previously observed +changes in morphology and enzymatic activity in sporulating bacteria . +.I 23 +.W +renal amyloidosis a clinicopathological study . + the clinical and histopathological data from 40 cases of renal +amyloidosis diagnosed by percutaneous renal biopsy are presented . + twenty-two cases were labelled as 'secondary' amyloidosis, as definite +aetiological factors responsible for renal amyloidosis could be +discovered . the predisposing disease states leading to amyloid deposits +in the kidney in the order of frequency were fibrocaseous pulmonary +tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, lung abscess, and ileocaecal tuberculosis +five cases were labelled as suspected 'primary' amyloidosis as a +definite evidence of the predisposing disease could not be obtained +although the skiagram of chest revealed minimal healed foci . no cause +could be determined in thirteen cases, which were, therefore, labelled +as 'primary' amyloidosis . + albuminuria was a constant feature in all the cases and 32 cases +presented as nephrotic syndrome . the rest of the cases presented with +hypertension or renal failure in addition to albuminuria . + the ancillary procedure, viz., congo-red test, gingival and liver +biopsies proved to be of limited value in the diagnosis of renal +amyloidosis . + the importance of percutaneous renal biopsy as a diagnostic tool has +been emphasised . +.I 24 +.W +idiopathic autoimmune hemolytic anemia and idiopathic thrombocytopenic +purpura associated with diffuse hypergammaglobulinemia, amyloidosis, +hypoalbuminemia and plasmacytosis . + a case is reported of a sixty-nine year old woman with severe, +idiopathic, autoimmune hemolytic anemia which was initially controlled +by splenectomy . a relapse associated with the development of severe, +autoimmune, thrombocytopenic purpura failed to respond to large doses of +prednisone, but was controlled to a variable degree with imuran . + associated features included diffuse hypergammaglobulinemia, excessive +gamma-u proteins in the urine, idiopathic hypoalbuminemia with a greatly +reduced total exchangeable albumin pool, amyloidosis in the spleen and +other organs, and diffuse plasmacytosis of the bone marrow, lymph nodes, +and thoracic and peritoneal fat . these features and their +interrelationships are discussed . there was no deficiency in the +synthesis of specific neutralizing antibodies against viruses, +indicating that a qualitative immune deficiency did not exist . + the frequency of occurrence of thrombocytopenic purpura in such a case +is discussed, as is the prognosis . the mechanism of action of +antimetabolites in inducing a remission in autoimmune hemolytic anemia, +as well as the etiology of the disease, is reviewed . +.I 25 +.W +corticosteroid therapy of amyloid nephrotic syndrome . + the results of treatment with prolonged adrenal corticosteroids in 26 +adults with amyloid nephrotic syndrome are presented . eight subjects +were observed in this series, and 18 additional cases were summarized +from the literature . twenty-two of the patients were male and four were +female . the diagnosis was established by renal biopsy in 19 instances +and by autopsy in the others, with 18 patients considered to have +primary amyloidosis and 8, secondary amyloidosis . + the majority of the subjects died in renal failure with an average +survival after onset of the disease of 17.6 months . the renal disease +was indistinguishable from that seen in other forms of the nephrotic +syndrome, with the possible exceptions of (a) a high incidence of +purpuric skin lesions, (b) a low or negligible incidence of hypertension +(at times actual hypotension was prominent), and (c) a rapid and +inexorable progression of azotemia despite persistence of the clinical +and biochemical characteristics of the nephrotic syndrome . amyloidosis +was found by percutaneous renal biopsy in 12 per cent of 83 adults with +the nephotic syndrome . + corticosteroids did not appear to affect the progress of the disease +and were neither beneficial nor detrimental . in view of the high +incidence of deleterious side effects of prolonged corticosteroid +therapy and the availability of potent diuretic agents which may be +helpful in relieving edema in this disorder, it is felt that +corticosteroids are contraindicated in the treatment of amyloid +nephrotic syndrome . +.I 26 +.W +renal amyloidosis.. a biopsy study . + the relationship of the amount of amyloid deposition in the kidney to +the clinical picture is reviewed in 14 cases of renal amyloidosis +diagnosed by renal biopsy . the large percentage of patients who had the +nephrotic syndrome (11 patients) probably reflects the criteria for +renal biopsy at this institution . the etiology of the amyloid +deposition did not seem to be clearly correlated with either the amount +of amyloid deposition in the kidney or the severity of the clinical +renal disease . all patients had deposits in the glomerulus, and the +heavier the deposition the severer the renal disease . of 7 patients who +had biopsy of the bone marrow, all had abnormal types or numbers of +plasma cells . the age range in primary amyloidosis appeared to be about +the same as that in amyloidosis secondary to myeloma . amyloidosis +should be suspected in patients with proteinuria, the nephrotic +syndrome, or renal failure . +.I 27 +.W +amyloid goitre a case report . + a case of amyloid goitre in an indian female, aged 27 years, occurring +as a sequelae to pulmonary tuberculosis, is reported . +.I 28 +.W +amyloid.. starch gel electrophoretic analysis of some proteins extracted +from amyloid . + proteins extracted by strong urea from washed tissue of patients with +amyloidosis secondary to several diseases or associated with familial +mediterranean fever have common major electrophoretic components . in +hearts of primary amyloidosis one component in common with the secondary +amyloid may be present . however, primary amyloid is much more difficult +to dissolve and does not regularly give the components observed when the +secondary amyloid is extracted . the big question remains as to what +constituent or constituents comprise the fibrils now known to be a part +of amyloid . +.I 29 +.W +selectivity of protein excretion in patients with the nephrotic syndrome. + with a gel diffusion precipitin technique and commercially prepared +antisera, urine/plasma ratios of specific proteins were determined . +individual protein clearances, expressed as a percentage of transferrin +clearance, were plotted as ordinates against respective molecular +weights on a log-log graph . a straight line was evident graphically, +its constants were estimated by the method of least squares, and the +slope, expressed as , was determined . the slope of the line may be said +to express the degree of glomerular selectivity to protein excretion . +sixty-five determinations were performed in 48 patients . 45 satisfying +the usual criteria of the nephrotic syndrome . + 1) those patients with primary renal disease and the nephrotic +syndrome who displayed high selectivity types of proteinuria ( greater +than the average for the group + 1 sd) usually respond initially to +steroid therapy, regardless of the acute or subacute glomerular changes +observed on renal biopsy . + 2) those patients with chronic renal disease and the nephrotic +syndrome display an average and frequently a low selectivity type of +proteinuria . + 3) there appears to be no characteristic type of selectivity for a +given pathologic group of patients with the nephrotic syndrome . + 4) the degree of selective protein excretion is not related to the +total daily amount of protein being excreted at any one time and remains +fairly constant despite fluctuation in the amount of protein being +excreted . + 5) there is a slight correlation of borderline significance between +the degree of selective protein excretion and the duration of the +disease, and the initial para-aminohippuric acid clearance . + 6) a statistically significant correlation exists between the initial +blood urea nitrogen or inulin clearance and the selectivity type of +protein excretion . those patients who were not azotemic and had +initially near-normal inulin clearances had an average selectivity type +or better . + 7) it is suggested that if the adult patient is initially azotemic and +has a grossly abnormal inulin clearance, response to therapy is +unlikely, whereas if the blood urea nitrogen is normal and the inulin +clearance is near normal, response to therapy cannot be predicted with +any degree of accuracy . further studies of adult patients with the +nephrotic syndrome are required to substantiate this premise . +.I 30 +.W +some aspects of haemostasis after open-heart surgery . + synopsis in two groups of patients undergoing extracorporeal +circulation with hypothermia, changes were found in the coagulation +mechanism which were probably due to the dosage of polybrene +administered . + the role of heparin and polybrene and the concept of activation of the +coagulation mechanism in the production of bleeding after perfusion are +discussed . +.I 31 +.W +a case of interventricular septal defect with dextrocardia and situs +inversus treated by surgery . + a case of interventricular septal defect associated with situs +inversus and dextrocardia in twenty year old male patient was presented +along with discussion on three types of dextrocardial complexes and with +emphasis on the rarity of occurrence of the intracardiac anomalies in +true /mirror-image/ dextrocardia with total situs inversus . a comment +was also made on kartagener's syndrome which was excluded by appropriate +radiographic procedures in this case . + the closure of the interventricular septal defect with extracorporeal +circulation was successfully performed under moderate hypothermia . +.I 32 +.W +excretion patterns of urinary metabolites of estradiol-4-c14 in +postmenopausal women with benign and malignant disease of the breast . + a study of the excretion patterns of the urinary metabolites of +estradiol-4-c1j administered to a group of 43 postmenopausal women, 38 +with advanced mammary carcinoma prior to endocrine therapy and 5 with +benign mammary dysplasia, is reported . a chromatographic method was +employed for the determination of estradiol, estrone, and estriol and +other estrogen metabolites . the urinary excretion pattern is defined by +(a) the extent of excretion of isotope in each of 3 successive 24-hr. +collection periods, (b) the percentage of the urinary radiometabolites +enzymatically hydrolyzed, (c) the relative concentration of the several +metabolites in the hydrolyzed fraction . wide subject-to-subject +variations were found . the metabolites other than estradiol, estrone, +and estriol comprised a large portion of the total estrogens excreted . +a significantly lower amount of estradiol was noted in the group of +women with mammary carcinoma as compared to the amount found in the +group of women with benign mammary dysplasia, suggesting that the former +group metabolizes more rapidly the administered estradiol . although the +excretion patterns of patients who failed to respond to estrogen +treatment (nonresponders) differed the greatest from the patterns +associated with benign disease, distinctive patterns of the urinary +excretion of isotopic estrogens which allowed a statistically +significant or clinically useful separation between responders and +nonresponders to subsequent estrogen therapy were not discovered . +.I 33 +.W +the localizing significance of limited simultaneous visual form +perception . + a patient presenting with an isolated /spelling dyslexia/ and +impairment in picture interpretation (simultanagnosia) was shown by +tachistoscopic studies to have a pathological limitation of simultaneous +form perception . at autopsy a localized lesion was found within the +inferior part of the left occipital lobe . + these findings are discussed in relation to the problem of the +disorder of function underlying /agnosic alexia/ . +.I 34 +.W +visual anosognosia in cortical blindness anton's symptom . + denial of blindness in a case of bilateral hemianopia is presented to +acquaint ophthalmologists with this symptom which is well-known to +neurologists but is rarely seen by opthalmologists . +.I 35 +.W +the development of social attachments in infancy . + this report is devoted to the formation and development of social +attachments in infancy . it is suggested that the core of the attachment +function is represented by the tendency of the young to seek the +proximity of certain other members of the species and that the most +suitable operational definition may be found in the behavior of the +individual when deprived of such proximity . + the study takes the form of a longitudinal follow-up, in which 60 +infants were investigated at four-weekly intervals from the early weeks +on up to the end of the first year and again at 18 months of age . with +the use of an attachment scale, based on seven everyday separation +situations, the following three main parameters were explored.. the age +at onset of specific attachments, the intensity of such attachments, and +the number of objects to whom attachments are formed . a measure of +fear-of-strangers was also included . + results indicate that the age at onset of specific attachments is +generally to be found in the third quarter of the first year, but that +this is preceded by a phase of indiscriminate attachment behavior,. that +the intensity of specific attachment increases most in the first month +following onset and that thereafter fluctuations occur in individual +cases which make long-term prediction difficult,. and that multiplicity +of objects can be found in some instances at the very beginning of the +specific attachment phase, becoming the rule in most of the remaining +cases very soon thereafter . correlations between the attachment +variables, as well as with the fear-of-strangers measure, are presented, +and an examination is also made of the conditions eliciting protest at +proximity loss, of the manner in which protest is expressed, and of the +conditions necessary to terminate protest . + individual differences with regard to the three main parameters were +explored in a subgroup of 36 infants . a number of variables were +examined in relation to these individual differences, and suggestions +made regarding the conditions which affect the manifestation of the +attachment function . + the data are discussed in relation to four themes which emerged from +the findings.. the nature of the attachment function, its developmental +origins, its developmental trends, and the influence of the social +setting . +.I 36 +.W +separation anxiety as a cause of early emotional problems in children . + in summary, three cases of disturbed behavior in children have been +discussed, with particular emphasis on disturbances in feeding, +sleeping, and motility . some of the hypotheses have been presented of +why such behavior should develop,. the significance of attachment +behavior and separation anxiety in infants has been particularly +stressed . difficulties in mothering care are threatening to the child's +sense of security and lead to greater experience of separation anxiety, +which may then be reflected in various disturbances or alterations in +his behavior . this experience of separation anxiety is the result of +early life experience, may reach pathologic proportions, and may account +for many later problems in children and adults . +.I 37 +.W +the production of malignant tumours by nickel in the rat . + powdered metallic nickel when injected intramuscularly into rats +produced tumours of striated muscle origin, most of which were very well +differentiated . +.I 38 +.W +studies of nickel carcinogenesis fractionations of nickel in +ultracentrifugal supernatants of lung and liver by means of dextran gel +chromatography . + chromatographic fractionations have been performed on the +ultracentrifugal supernatants of homogenates of rat lung and liver by +the use of columns of dextran gel (sephadex g-100) . a major proportion +of nickel in these tissue supernatants has been demonstrated to be +firmly bound to macromolecular constituents . following acute and +chronic inhalation of carcinogenic levels of nickel carbonyl, the +predominant increases in the concentrations of nickel have been observed +in the macromolecular fractions . these findings are consistent with the +previous demonstration of nickel in purified preparations of ribonucleic +acids (rna) from several rat tissues, and with the observation of +increased concentrations of nickel in high-molecular weight rna from +lung and liver following the inhalation of nickel carbonyl . +.I 39 +.W +a study of the inhibitory effect of ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid on +the thrombin-fibrinogen reaction . + 1. ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid reversibly inhibits the +thrombin-fibrinogen reaction by means of a time-dependent diminution in +fibrinogen reactivity . + 2. this alteration of fibrinogen is due to some property of the edta +molecule in an unchelated form, and is not due to the removal of trace +metal ions . + 3. possible explanations for this phenomenon are discussed . +.I 40 +.W +intradermal test using cobalt chloride . + selected groups of patients with cobalt allergy and nickel allergy as +well as normal controls were tested intradermally with cobalt chloride +in the dilutions 10 to 10 . reactions of the wheal and flare type appear +during the first hours and make the 24-hour reading misleading . the +papular response to cobalt chloride 10, when read 48 to 96 hours after +the injection, appears to be a reliable test for cobalt allergy . +patients with combined nickel-cobalt allergy were excluded from the +study, and the question of group reactions is not discussed . nickel +allergics give a somewhat stronger reaction than controls to the +slightly impure cobalt chloride . it would be preferable if the degree +of purity of the cobalt chloride were ten times greater . +.I 41 +.W +measurements of nickel in biological materials by atomic absorption +spectrometry . + an atomic absorption procedure has been developed which facilitates +quantitative measurements of nickel in biological materials, including +urine, ribonucleic acids (rna), and serum proteins . + the sensitivity of detection of nickel by the atomic absorption +spectrometer (0.10 p.p.m.) was insufficient to permit direct +measurements of nickel in normal urine . therefore, it was necessary to +employ a dimethylglyoxime extraction procedure to concentrate the +nickel, prior to atomic absorption spectrometry . + the coefficients of variation of measurements of nickel in urine and +human b- globulins were 6.3 and 5.9 per cent, respectively . the +recovery of nickel added to urine averaged 96 per cent, with a range +from 94 to 97, and the recovery of nickel added to human b-globulin +averaged 101 per cent, with a range from 96 to 104 . + the mean concentration of nickel in 24-hr. collections of urine from +17 normal subjects was 1.8 ug. per 100 ml. (s.d. = 0.8), with a range +from 0.4 to 3.1 . the mean urinary excretion of nickel was 19.8 ug. per +24 hr. (s.d. = 10.0), with a range from 7.2 to 37.6 . + the mean concentration of nickel in 5 preparations of ribonucleic +acids from ultracentrifugal supernatants of homogenates of rat lung was +48 ug. of ni per gm. of rna, with a range from 34 to 64 . the mean +concentration of nickel in 5 preparations of rna from ultracentrifugal +supernatants of homogenates of rat liver was 29 ug. of ni per gm. of +rna, with a range from 21 to 39 . + measurements of nickel were performed upon fractions of human serum +proteins, prepared by continuous-flow electrophoresis, and by +cold-ethanol precipitation . the highest concentrations of nickel were +found in preparations of serum b-globulins . +.I 42 +.W +properties of activity of 5'-nucleotidase in human serum, and +applications in diagnosis . + the influence of mg , ni , and l-histidine on purified preparations of +bone and intestinal alkaline phosphatases and 5'-nucleotidase, and on +various mixtures of these enzymes has been studied . the extent to which +these findings can be utilized in the quantitative assay of +5'-nucleotidase in serum has been evaluated . results are presented on +the possible utilization of l-histodine in the simultaneous evaluation +of serum alkaline phosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase activity . +.I 43 +.W +some 2-iminoselenazolidin-4-ones and related compounds . + a series of 2-iminoselenazolidin-4-ones, selenazolidine-2,4-diones and +some 2-alkylidenehydrazones have been synthesised . wide-range screening +for biological activity failed to reveal any compounds of promise . +.I 44 +.W +the influence of methemoglobinemia on the lethality of some toxic +anions, 1. azide . + the time course and extent of the methemoglobinemia induced by +intraperitoneal sodium nitrite and p-aminopropiophenone (papp) have been +characterized in female mice . the peak methemoglobin formation (34 ) is +achieved in about 40 minutes . comparable levels from papp (15 mg/kg) +are achieved more quickly (between 5 and 10 minutes) but decline more +rapidly to normal . both nitrite- and papp-induced methemoglobinemia +afford a significant degree of protection against poisoning by sodium +azide when administered in an appropriate time sequence . it was not +possible under the same circumstances to protect mice against death from +fluoride, cyanate, thiocyanate, selenate, or borate, although some +prolongation of survival time was seen after fluoride . the formation of +the azide-methemoglobin complex has been demonstrated within intact +mouse red blood cells, and small amounts of the complex were identified +in vivo in an antidotal situation . we think it important that the +protective action of methemoglobinemia has been demonstrated to date +only against established inhibitors of cytochrome oxidase . +.I 45 +.W +selenium as a trace element . + an account is given of the discovery of selenium by berzelius and gahn +the toxic behaviour of large selenium quantities in soils upon +vegetation, animals, and man is surveyed . a review is also given of the +role of trace amounts of selenium in the prevention of myopathies in +animals . finally, some recent theories on the importance of retinal +selenium to vision are mentioned . +.I 46 +.W +toxicity of inorganic selenium salts to chick embryos . + the effects of selenite and selenate treatment by air cell injection +on mortality and growth of 14-day chick embryos during a 64-68 hour +period were studied . the ld for selenite-se was about 0.5 ppm, based on +weight of the egg contents, and that for selenate-se about 1.8-2.0 ppm . +growth depression was evident from these treatments, but other gross +effects were not prominent . the treatment of embryos with selenite and +sulfate together caused a greater mortality than treatment with selenite +alone . +.I 47 +.W +lesions of the islets of langerhans during injections of sodium selenite +administered intravenously . + sodium selenite was administered intravenously in rabbits and in dogs + repeated injections can lead to the development of a diabetic syndrome +in the rabbit . + the histological examination of the pancreas in the poisoned animals +(dogs and rabbits) has shown the existence of lesions of the islets of +langerhans, mostly of the b cells which lose their granules partly or +completely . + these changes seem analogous to the ones produced by alloxan,. these +two poisons act at first by inactivating the sh groups, which leads to a +deficiency to which the b cells are very sensitive . +.I 48 +.W +toxicity of sulfur-35, selenium, and tellurium to avian embryos . + continuous internal irradiation of chick embryos with sulfur-35 +administered on the 4th or 8th day of incubation produced abnormalities +similar to those observed in selenium toxicosis of avian embryos . the +highest level of sulfur-35 (1600 uc) injected into eggs containing 4-day +embryos produced morphological abnormalities more severe than those +produced by the same level of radiosulfur administered to 8-day embryos, +or by any level of stable selenium tolerated . selenium at levels +greater than 30 ug killed all the embryos within 24 hours after +injection . nearly 20 times more tellurium than selenium was required to +kill all the embryos within 24 hours.. no abnormalities were observed in +the tellurium-injected embryos . +.I 49 +.W +the effect of selenium on the upper respiratory passages . + results are reported of examination of workers exposed to selenium, +with special reference to chronic changes in the respiratory passages . +the findings are the same as reported in the literature . we emphasize +the occurrence of teleangiectasias on the uvula and on the posterior +palatinal arcs and on the epiglotis . we describe the occurrence of the +first poisoning with selenium xyde in this country . the poisoning +healed within a few days under symptomatic treatment . the patient had +however to be transferred into another shop owing to frequent symptoms +due to toxic effect of selenium . we report also on secondary findings +in examination of chronic changes and we emphasize particularly the +finding of profesional selenium external otitis . +.I 50 +.W +the influence of small selenite doses upon the toxic fatty degeneration +of the liver . + sodium selenite (10 ug/kg) manifests a lipotropic effect after +toxication of the rat by tetrachlorocarbon . this effect is absent when +the selenite dose is increased to 50 ug/kg . the level of the total +lipides of the liver after ethionine toxication is not significantly +influenced by 10 ug selenite/kg . it is increased by 50 ug selenite/kg. +.I 51 +.W +selenium-caused tumours . + in 10 out of 23 heterozygous rats administered 10 mg na seo per 1 kg +food (containing 12 protein) and surviving for 18 months, cancer of the +liver (with metastases in the lungs) along with sarcoma and adenoma was +recorded . in another series of the yet incompleted experiment the +animals were fed higher quantities of protein and selenium . toward +14-19 months in three of them sarcoma was noted.. in two sarcoma of the +lymphatic nodes, and in one- of the mediastinum . + it is suggested that the changes caused by selenium compounds are to +some extent due to their antagonistic relationship with methionine . +.I 52 +.W +blood and bone marrow damage caused by drugs . + drug side effects on blood and bone marrow are briefly reviewed . they +embrace a wide variety of symptoms and pathogenetic mechanisms, and in +recent years study of these effects has made important contributions to +our knowledge of the immunology, biochemistry and metabolism of the +blood cells . +.I 53 +.W +hypothermia.. physiologic effects and clinical application . + a survey of the background, physiologic effects, indications, +technique and complications of hypothermia is presented . the +application of this technique is straightforward and safe when used at +the proper levels with the proper indications . +.I 54 +.W +ehrlich ascites tumor cells agglutination.. the interference exerted by +epsilonaminocaproic acid (eac) and its acetyl derivative (eaca) . + the activity of epsilon-aminocaproic acid (eac) and of its acetyl +derivative (eaca) was studied on antigen-antibody reactions, membrane +antigens and immune globulins . + in vitro eac and eaca do not affect immune globulins, but they do +alter the membrane antigens of ehrlich ascites tumor cells and inhibit +the agglutination reaction induced by a specific antiserum . inhibition +is only partially due to the antigenic alteration observed, and it +represents more prominently a direct interference at the level of the +antigen-antibody reaction . + the membrane antigen alternations induced by the drugs and by nitrogen +mustard were compared, taking into account their toxicity.. eac and eaca +were found to be much more active and more specific than nitrogen +mustard . +.I 55 +.W +study on the behavior of tumor tissue in diffusion chambers against +penetrating host cells in tumor-resistant rats . + tumour cells in diffusion chambers, which were implanted in +tumour-resistant rats, were only destroyed by penetrating immunized host +cells when membrane filters of large pore size were used, whereas with +filters of small pore size the tumour cells survived and remained +virulent . +.I 56 +.W +current status of hypothermia . + moderate hypothermia has been recommended for many and varied +conditions . today its value is being questioned in the light of +controlled groups of patients . at the moment its use is justified in +certain cardiac and other operations where circulation may be +interrupted for short periods.. in general surgical procedures where +massive, sudden blood loss may be anticipated.. in neurosurgical +operations where a /relaxed/ brain is required.. following acute hypoxia +such as seen in cardiac arrest.. and perhaps in the therapy of acute +septicemic shock . + profound hypothermia in association with extracorporeal circulation +rests on shakier premises, but can be of value in major cardiac +operations where asystole is required and in certain neurosurgical +procedures where complete interruption of circulation is indicated . + there is a great hazard in the development of inadvertent or +unrecognized hypothermia in the anesthetized patient . monitoring of +body temperature is an important feature of the care of the patient in +the operating theater and in the recovery room . +.I 57 +.W +hyperglycemic coronary perfusion.. effect of hypothermia on myocardial +function during cardiopulmonary bypass . + in a series of 84 animal experiments hyperglycemic perfusion of the +heart gave significant protection to the anoxic heart . this protection +was evaluated by ventricular function and contractile force studies and +was observed after aortic occlusion at 37, 28 and 10 degrees c . + metabolic data revealed a considerable myocardial glucose uptake, +higher coronary ph, higher po and lower pco in the glucose-perfused +groups as compared to controls . + a hypothesis for the protective effect may be an alteration in +metabolic pathway and support of the myocardial enzyme systems +associated with high glucose concentration and utilization . +.I 58 +.W +specific carcinoembryonic antigens of the human digestive system . + a wide variety of human adult and fetal tissues were studied by +immunodiffusion techniques in agar gel to determine whether they +contained the tumor-specific antigen(s) previously found in colonic +cancers . in the adult tissues it was demonstrated that identical +antigens were present in all tested specimens of malignant tumors of the +entodermally derived epithelium of the gastro-intestinal tract and +pancreas, but were absent from all other tested adult tissues . the +common antigenic constituents, therefore, represent system-specific +cancer antigens of the human digestive system . system-specific cancer +antigens have not previously been demonstrated in humans . + experiments with fetal tissues demonstrated that identical antigens +were also present in fetal gut, liver, and pancreas between 2 and 6 +months of gestation . these components were named /carcinoembryonic/ +antigens of the human digestive system . on the basis of the present +findings and the recent work regarding control of the expression of +genetic potentialities in various genetic potentialities in various +types of cells, it was concluded that the carcinoembryonic antigens +represent cellular constituents which are repressed during the course of +differentiation of the normal digestive system epithelium and reappear +in the corresponding malignant cells by a process of +derepressive-dedifferentiation . +.I 59 +.W +the course of influenza virus infection in mice.. organ tissues of +infected mice tested by electron microscope . + using the electron microscope the presence of inclusions could be +shown in the lungs and liver of mice infected with the pr 8 strain . the +inclusions contained particles of size and shape closely resembling the +most frequently seen forms of influenza virus . the presence of +inclusions in liver tissue might perhaps speak for the possibility of +virus multiplication in this organ . +.I 60 +.W +comparative bone marrow study using two aspiration needles and two +biopsy sites . + bone marrow aspiration is now widely used in the diagnosis of +hematologic diseases and many conditions not primarily affecting the +blood system . a number of techniques have been devised by which a +suitable specimen of marrow can be obtained with relatively little +discomfort to the patient . the two needle sets described in this paper +have been found to be equally reliable in obtaining bone marrow for +microscopic study and diagnosis . comparative studies of bone marrow +aspirated simultaneously from the iliac crest and the sternum in 26 +patients show no significant difference . however, there were four +instances of dry tap at the iliac site . this fact, in addition to the +observation that less discomfort was experienced by the patient when the +sternum was used, might indicate that the sternal area is a more +reliable and efficient site for obtaining bone marrow . + it was also observed during this study that patients experienced less +discomfort when the university of illinois needle was used . the major +objection to the use of this needle is the inability to obtain a bone +core for biopsy . +.I 61 +.W +cell populations in the bone marrow of the normal guinea-pig . + quantitative data have been obtained for cell-populations in the bone +marrow of the normal 400g guinea-pig based on a study of 25 animals . +there was good agreement between two independent groups of observations +and an average of 1880000 nucleated cells per c. mm. was found . of this +total, 27 were lymphocytes, 31 granulocyte precursors and 26 nucleated +erythrocyte precursors . whole body populations have been computed and +the implications of the findings discussed . +.I 62 +.W +pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.. case studies with electron microscopy . + this paper deals with the clinicopathologic findings in 2 patients +with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia . the first example was in a +51/2-month-old white female infant without an underlying disease . the +second occurred, in association with cytomegalic inclusion disease of +the lungs, in a 46-year-old white woman who had received steroid +therapy, cytotoxic agents, and irradiation to the thorax for hodgkin's +disease . an electron microscope was used for the study of the +morphology of the organisms in tissue removed at autopsy . +.I 63 +.W +the effect of dehydroepiandrosterone on the dehydroxycorticosteroids in +the plasms in various stages of breast cancer and mastopathy . + the depressing effect of dehydroepiandrosterone on plasma +corticosteroids is, on an average, shortened in advanced breast cancer +(stage iv) . the lowest corticosteroid values have been found with the +three groups of patients 6 hours after infusion of +dehydroepiandrosterone phosphate . the effect of dehydroepiandrosterone +being, still provable after 12 hours with the group suffering from +mastopathy, the breast cancer group of stage iv had at this time already +reached the level of the initial values . the breast cancer group of +stage iv had at this time already reached the level of the initial +values . the breast cancer group of stage i/ii behaved intermediately . +the less lasting effect of dehydroepiandrosterone is attributed to its +accelerated transformation in advanced breast cancer . +.I 64 +.W +the meaning of ph at low temperatures during extra-corporeal circulation + a review of the temperature gradients occurring during profound +hypothermia is made in regard to acid base changes in general, and to ph +readings in particular . it is concluded that terms such as 'body', +'mean', 'average' and 'core' temperature should be discarded and that +when a temperature is quoted it should be referred to the site at which +it was measured . + the main circumstances in which blood ph is measured at a temperature +different from that at which the blood is equilibrated with respiratory +gases are reviewed by describing the changes which occur during +tonometry experiments . in this way fundamental changes can be +understood before considering the more complicated sequences of events +taking place in the living body . + the alterations that occur in the concentrations of protein and +bicarbonate ion when whole blood is cooled are reviewed, together with +their influence on 'correction factors' . the reasons why these factors +should not be applied to blood when the living body is undergoing +hypothermia involving the use of an extra-corporeal circulation are +discussed . + examples of the numerical values for blood ph during the two main +methods for producing profound hypothermia, one using autogenous lung +perfusion and the other a pump-oxygenator are given, with reference to +the influence of pco2 upon these values . + the existing methods of acid-base measurement appear to be +sufficiently accurate to reflect the metabolic component during profound +hypothermia . +.I 65 +.W +induced tumour resistance in rats . + the human sarcoma hs has been grown in weanling rats treated with +cortisone . this growth was modified by prior injection of various +tissue antigens . active /immunity/ was produced by using human placenta +or embryonic tissue as antigen, and similar results were obtained using +suspensions of rapidly growing human tumours . + the response to other human tissues varied.. foetal muscle and spleen +were active, whereas adult plasma was inactive except from some patients +with extensive malignant disease . + passive protection was produced by using certain human sera at the +time of challenging with hs . sera from five women who aborted showed +this characteristic . where the pregnancy continued to term, +antisubstances were not found,. and they were present in the puerperium +in only two out of fifty cases . + further groups of rats were given rat embryonic tissues as antigen, +and the tumour challenge was then made with walker tumour,. the results +were variable . + with a benzpyrene-induced tumour in a pure line of /wag/ rat the +effect was not obtained except in isolated cases . + in experiments in mice, using as challenge an irondextran induced +mouse sarcoma, prior injection with embryonic mouse liver or placenta +increased the resistance to the growth of the tumour, but the tumour has +not as yet been produced in a pure-line mouse . on the other hand mouse +experiments, using as challenge the crocker tumour, proved negative . + it is suggested that immune reactions may play a part in causing some +abortions . +.I 66 +.W +urinary steroid estimations in the prediction of response to +adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy . + a clinical trial has been carried out to test the use of the +discriminant in assessing the suitability of patients with advanced +breast cancer for hypophysectomy or adrenalectomy . + patients with positive discriminants submitted to hypophysectomy have +a much better prognosis than patients with negative discriminants +submitted to adrenalectomy . + patients selected for adrenalectomy because of negative discriminants +have a significantly worse response to the operation than patients +selected by random sample . + patients selected for hypophysectomy because of positive discriminants +tend to have a better response to the operation than do patients +selected by random sample, but the difference is not significant . + adrenalectomy is not recommended for patients with negative +discriminants . +.I 67 +.W +primary epidermoid cancer of the lung.. ultrastructural study . + the early epidermoidic epithelioma of the human lung are initiated by +the proliferation of body cells whose structure is analogical to that of +the medium cells and/or the modificated basal cells of the normal +bronchial wall . + the presence of desmosomes and tonofibrils in the cells of the stratum +germinativum of the bronchial epithelium and in the cells derived from +it, allows us a better understanding of the malpighian metaplasis of +this wall and gives account of the epidermoidic evolution of the +bronchial epithelioma . + certain nuclear and cytoplasmic modifications suggest the possibility +of a causal virus . +.I 68 +.W +biosynthesis of glycoproteins i. incorporation of glucosamine- c into +liver and plasma proteins of the rat . + it has been shown that glucosamine-1- c administered intravenously to +fed rats is rapidly removed from the blood stream and appears first as +trichloroacetic acid-soluble derivatives in the tissues . this is +followed by a conversion to macromolecules . at least 80 of the +administered compound can be recovered in tissues . the liver is by far +the most active organ in accumulating glucosamine . this is rapidly +converted to protein-bound components of the liver particulate fraction +(microsomes and mitochondria) and is then released to the plasma without +appreciable accumulation in the soluble proteins of the liver . it is +concluded that the glucosamine is transferred to the peptide chains of +glycoproteins at some stage before these proteins are released from the +liver particulate fraction . +.I 69 +.W +acute experimental pneumococcal (type i) pneumonia in the mouse.. the +migration of leucocytes from the pulmonary capillaries into the alveolar +spaces as revealed by the electron microscope . + in this preliminary study of experimental pneumococcal pulmonary +pneumonia in the mouse the leucocytes were observed to pass from the +capillaries into the interstitial tissue and eventually into the +alveolar spaces through the intercellular junctions of the endothelial +and epithelial cell membranes . +.I 70 +.W +a light and electron microscope study of developing respiratory tissue +in the rat . + 1. light microscopic observations on the development of the rat lung +have shown the presence of glandular, canalicular and alveolar stages . + 2. these same three stages can be identified by electron microscopy +and all may be present in different parts of the lung at one time, e.g. +at 40 and 45 mm. c.r. length . + 3. in the glandular stage, the lung tissue itself has an immature +appearance by light microscopy and by electron microscopy individual +cells also are immature in respect of organelles . glycogen is present +in immature cells . + 4. during the canalicular stage, lung tissue becomes more vascular . + 5. throughout all stages of development, the 'duct' or 'air' spaces +are always lined by a continuous and complete epithelium, and blood +vessels by a complete endothelium . + 6. lamellated inclusion bodies are present in epithelial (endodermal) +cells at an early stage of development . + 7. micropinocytotic vesicles are present in large numbers in both +epithelial and endothelial cytoplasm and it is suggested that in the +foetus they may indicate absorption of amniotic fluid from alveolar +spaces . + 8. the mechanism of alveolar distension is discussed and its nature +remains uncertain . + 9. respiratory tissue of the rat is not fully differentiated at birth +and the importance of this fact in human infants is discussed . + 10. the adult blood-air barrier, consisting of epithelium, zona +diffusa and endothelium, varies in thickness . + this project was performed whilst both of us were in receipt of grants +from the medical research council of canada, for which gratitude is +expressed . our gratitude is also expressed to miss sylvia smith for +typing the manuscript . +.I 71 +.W +the pathogenesis of viral influenzal pneumonia in mice . + the pathogenesis of influenzal pneumonia in mice was studied by +electron microscopy . mice were inoculated with 1.5 ld of pr8 influenza +virus and killed at varying intervals after inoculation . observations +by light microscopy were correlated with those by electron microscopy in +order to evaluate the lesions produced . + at the periphery, the earliest lesions were focal areas of edema of +alveolar lining cells, the capillary endothelium and the interposed +basement membrane . this caused an appreciable thickening of the +blood-air pathway . hypertrophy, degeneration and desquamation of the +alveolar lining and proliferation of alveolar macrophages resulted in +complete consolidation, which was progressive up to 1 week after +infection . + the central areas of the lung were affected somewhat differently . at +3 days after infection, the nonciliated bronchiolar cells showed +considerable hyperplasia of endoplasmic reticulum and apical cytoplasmic +edema . viral particles matured at the lumen surface of these cells and +were then released into the bronchiolar lumen . the bronchiolar cells, +both ciliated and nonciliated, underwent degeneration and sloughed into +the bronchiolar lumen . the regenerating epithelium was stratified, and +the surface cells were elongated and flattened . the peribronchiolar +interstitial tissue gradually became totally infiltrated by cells, +mostly of the mononuclear type . +.I 72 +.W +studies on aging with horse crystalline lens gel as a contribution to +biomorphosis of the mammalian crystalline lens . + the effects of biomorphosis -dash the continuous material change in +the chemical composition of the organs and tissues -dash are studied on +the horse crystalline lens in respect of its amino acid content subject +to substantial variations in the course of life . it is shown by +electrophoretic and paperchromatographic methods that the qualitative +composition of horse crystalline lenses remains quite the same, but that +within the individual age stages there occur quantitative variations +between the individual amino acids . +.I 73 +.W +the role of alveolar inclusion bodies in the developing lung . + the developing alveolar epithelium of man and rat contains +characteristic inclusion bodies which are heterogeneous structures but +basically consist of a system of membranous profiles and a limiting +membrane of the unit type . + inclusion bodies appear to result from focal cytoplasmic degradation +which occurs in the rapidly changing cuboidal alveolar epithelium . some +inclusion bodies in the developing rat lung are similar to the so-called +/lamellar transformed mitochondria./ however, evidence is presented +suggesting that alteration of all cytoplasmic membranes may be involved +in the process of inclusion body formation . certain images associated +with the golgi complex are interpreted as early forms of inclusion +bodies . there is also evidence that inclusion bodies enlarge by +accretion of membranes which finally are extruded into the alveolar +space . inclusion bodies are formed and /secreted/ in greater number +late in fetal life and in early infancy, i.e., at the time when the +cuboidal alveolar epithelium is differentiating to the mature flattened +type . the latter contains no inclusion bodies . + on the basis of the morphologic characteristics of the inclusion +bodies and the distribution of the acid phosphatase reaction, it is +concluded that inclusion bodies are lysosomal structures active during +remodeling of the developing alveolar epithelium . + the possible interrelationship of inclusion bodies and pulmonary +surfactant is discussed . +.I 74 +.W +retinal detachment, cataract, keratoconus as ocular symptom complex in +endogenous eczema . + with reference to personal observations the authors describe the +ovular changes encountered in endogenous eczema . besides the cataract +which has been known to occur already for a long time, retinal +detachment, keratoconus and keratoconjunctivitis do still belong to the +symptom complex . +.I 75 +.W +postural changes in blood distribution and its relation to the change in +cardiac output . + (1) cardiac output and the blood content indices of the several parts +of the body were measured in 18 subjects including patients with various +diseases using external radioisotope counting techniques . changes in +these 2 parameters induced by standing were compared with each other . + (2) average changes in blood distribution produced by standing were as +follows . decrease in blood content in the /lung/ (-25 ) and in the +/heart/ (-26 ) and increase in the /thigh/ (+56 ) were statistically +significant . no significant change was revealed in the /head/, /palm/, +/liver/ and /abdomen/ . + (3) cardiac output and stroke volume decreased by standing in most of +the cases . recent data were added to those reported previously and were +treated statistically . average decrease in cardiac output was -13 in 6 +control cases, -35 in 16 cases with neurocirculatory asthenia and -35 in +10 cases with hyperthyroidism . the difference was significant between +control and neurocirculatory asthenia . standing induced a substantial +increase in cardiac output in a case of idiopathic nodal rhythm, +although there remains a doubt whether it is the ordinary response in +this disease . + (4) significant linear correlation was revealed between per cent +change of blood content in the /thigh/ or in the /lung/ and that of +cardiac output or stroke volume induced by standing . minimal blood +shift was observed when the latter was extreme, and vice versa . this +implies as follows.. reactivity of the heart might be influenced by +posture, and transmural pressure of veins and or capillaries is probably +adjusted, as in arterioles, to compensate for changes in cardiac output +.I 76 +.W +comparative studies of the glycogen content of heart, liver and brain +before and after iodine treatment and under conditions of asphyxia . + blood sugar level and glycogen concentration in the heart, brain and +liver of rabbits after treatment with inorganic iodine, depot insulin, +iodine and insulin combined, hostacortine and hostacortine and iodine +combined are being examined . a control group remains untreated . in a +second test series the glycogen determination under asphyxia (the +trachea is being pinched off for three minutes) is repeated . + contrary to the brain the glycogen content of the heart muscle is not +dependent upon the blood sugar level . after iodine treatment a lowering +of the blood sugar becomes noticeable, but also an increase in heart +glycogen . the liver glycogen shows greater variations . the levels +achieved in these test series therefore show no significant differences +during asphyxia there is a significant lowering of glycogen in all +three organs . preliminary treatment with iodine succeeds in stopping +the lowering of glycogen in the heart muscle and the brain . the +possible causes for this phenomenon are being discussed . +.I 77 +.W +altered immunologic activity in sarcoidosis . + studies in 16 patients with sarcoidosis revealed evidence of +immunologic alterations other than impaired delayed hypersensitivity . +transient impairment of the response of lymphocytes cultured from +patients with sarcoidosis to phytohemagglutinin stimulation was found to +parallel the clinical severity of the disease . the hemolytic activity +of serum complement was increased . a disproportionate increase in serum +iga was found characteristic of the hyperglobulinemia of sarcoidosis . +these observations indicate that an altered immune response may be +important in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis . a simple hypothesis as to +the specific kind of interaction of infectious agent and immunity which +might result in the immunologic alterations observed is formulated and +presented . +.I 78 +.W +electron microscopy of cytoplasmic inclusions within /macrophages/ of +human tissue . + the fine structure of inclusions found within the cytoplasm of +macrophages of human lung, spleen, skin, lymph node, and rectum has been +described . + the inclusions appear as concentric or whorled lamellae arranged +around a core . each lamella is constructed of discrete, parallel +filaments . the inclusions do not resemble currently described viruses +or virus-like particles, nor do they resemble asbestos bodies or other +known atmospheric pollutants or ingestants . + there is some resemblance to lipid phase systems as well as mast cell +granules,. possibly the inclusions represent partial intracellular +digestion of phagocytized tissue membranes or ingested mast cell +granules, respectively . differences and similarities exist between the +inclusion bodies of macrophages and the granules of mast cells . such +variations could be due to alterations in mast cell granule morphology +before or after macrophage ingestion . + cytologic distinctions between macrophages laden with mast cell +granules and mast cells proper, remains obscure and requires additional +experimental evidence for clear electron microscopic differentiation of +these two cell types . + the exact nature of these highly structured bodies remains speculative +.I 79 +.W +histological research on the lens in condition of hypoxia, changes in +the mitotic activity of the epithelium . + the effect of hypoxia on the mitotic activity of the cells of the lens +epithelium was studied in 24 rats of the same strain and weight . the +hypoxia was obtained in the decompression chamber . + the results show that the mitotic activity of the lens epithelium is +depressed at any of the examined altitudes (6.500, 8.000, 9.500 m),. in +particular, a marked reduction in the number of the prophases and an +accumulation in metaphase was observed . + the results were examined from the statistical standpoint and +discussed . +.I 80 +.W +rate of change of carbon dioxide tension in arterial blood, jugular +venous blood and cisternal cerebrospinal fluid on carbon dioxide +administration . + 1. the rate of change of p in arterial blood and cisternal c.s.f., was +measured following 5 percent co administration in eight anaesthetized +patients undergoing routine air encephalography . ventilation was +maintained constant throughout the procedure by a respirator . in three +of the experiments the rate of change of p in the jugular venous blood +was also measured . + 2. the rise in p varied between 25.7 and 14.8 mm hg . the final +samples of blood and c.s.f. were taken 20-25 min after the start of co +administration in five experiments . at this time the mean rise in p was +65.9 (maximum range 68.1-61.6 percent) of the rise in p . in the +remaining three experiments the final samples were taken at 15 min when +the rises in p were 53.2, 39.4 and 38.1 percent of the arterial change . + 3. the increases in p were 57.5, 76.2 and 76.1 percent of those in the +arterial blood . the changes in p in the c.s.f. were smaller than in the +jugular venous blood in all three experiments . in two of the +experiments the final samples were taken 15 min after the start of co +administration when the increases of p in the c.s.f. were 68.5 percent +and 50 percent of those in jugular venous blood . in one experiment +where the final samples were taken at 20 min the increase in p was 89 +percent of the rise in p . + 4. there was a delay, following the start of co administration, in the +rise of p in jugular venous blood and in the c.s.f . this delay was +about 1 min in the jugular venous blood but in the c.s.f. it varied from +1.6 to 4.2 min (mean 2.3) . + 5. the rise of p in blood and c.s.f. was exponential . the rise in p +in all experiments consisted of a fast component with time constants +which varied between 0.2 and 0.9 min (mean 0.5) and a slow component +with time constants varying between 6.7 and 14.7 (mean 11.6) . + the rise in p and p consisted of only one component . the time +constants for the changes in jugular venous blood were 2.1, 3.8 and 4.3 +min, whilst in the c.s.f. they varied between 6.7 and 14.7 (mean 11.6) . + 6. it is probable that about 40 percent of the increase in ventilation +following co administration is due to stimulation of an area in the +antero-lateral surface of the medulla sensitive to changes in ph or p +(mitchell et al. 1963) . this area is superficial and ventilation is +affected by changes in the p of the overlying c.s.f . it can be +predicted from our experiments that the rise in p on co administration +will take some 30 min to be complete . this may explain the slow rise in +ventilation on co breathing when compared with the rate of rise of +arterial and jugular venous p . +.I 81 +.W +studies on the compound lipids from x-ray irradiated animal, ii. +biological and biochemical properties of the compound lipids in the +x-ray irradiated rabbit organs . + for the purpose to clarify the causes of x-ray disturbances a series +of experiments have been conducted on biological and biochemical +properties of compound lipids extracted from normal and x-ray irradiated +rabbit organs with a special reference to the p -labeled compound lipids +uptake, inhibitory action to l cell proliferation and uncoupling of +oxidative phosphorylation, and the following results have been obtained + the compound lipids (lysophosphatide rich fraction) isolated from the +x-ray irradiated rabbit organ have been found to possess a strong +hemolytic action and also an action to inhibit the cell proliferation as +well as to accelerate the respiration of the mitochondria in the rabbit +liver and spleen . it has also been proven that they act as to induce a +marked swelling of mitochondria, to impede the formation of high energy +phosphate as well as to act as an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation +in vivo . in the test to see the uptake of p -labeled compound lipids by +various organs, a marked uptake has been observed in spleen, bone +marrow, and liver of both irradiated and non-irradiated groups . +further, the uptake of p -labeled compound lipids in the rabbits given +intravenous injections of compound lipid fraction for 30 consecutive +days previously has been found to be greatest in pancreas followed by +bone marrow, spleen, liver in the order mentioned in male group, whereas +it is greatest in spleen, followed by liver and bone marrow in the +female group . + with these results the discussion was conducted concerning the +relation between the lipid metabolism and x-ray disturbances . +.I 82 +.W +cesium-131 uptake and distribution in the human heart.. an analysis of +cardiac scans in 104 patients . + when properly used, cesium-131 is a satisfactory agent for the study +of cardiac morphology by photoscanning, which we believe is a useful +adjunctive diagnostic procedure in patients for whom the results of +other methods of evaluation are at variance with the clinical symptoms +of cardiac disease . the studies reported here suggest that perhaps +infarction of a subclinical type, size, or location may occur earlier +than has been previously thought and that the damage it leaves may not +be detectable by any means other than autopsy or a technique such as +scanning . we have not yet been able to measure the actual concentration +of cesium-131 in the heart at autopsy so that the cold and cool areas +could be examined by histologic sections . +.I 83 +.W +oxygen consumption of paralysed men exposed to cold . + 1. oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide output were measured when +human subjects were cooled for 80-210 min . two subjects were normal, +one had been almost completely paralysed below the neck by +poliomyelitis, and two were unconscious as a result of intracranial +damage and were observed with and without paralysing doses of muscle +relaxants (d-tubocurarine and gallamine) . + 2. when normal subjects and unconscious subjects receiving no drugs +were cooled, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide output rose . + 3. when subjects paralysed by disease or drugs were cooled, oxygen +consumption and carbon dioxide output were not increased . + 4. these observations are consistent with the view that in man the +increase in metabolism on cooling for periods up to 31/2 hr occurs +solely in skeletal muscle . +.I 84 +.W +heparin levels during and after hypothermic perfusion . + 1. perfusion-temperature influences the rate of heparin-loss during +extracorporeal circulation, and therefore, the requirement of +re-heparinization . + 2. heparin half-lives of approximately 13/4 hours and 21/2 hours were +calculated during perfusions conducted at average temperatures of 31.5 +and 22.6 c. respectively . + 3. the rate of heparin-loss during extracorporeal circulation is +inconstant in an individual, and variable between individuals, so that +exact neutralization requires an accurate estimation of the heparin +concentration present at the end of perfusion . + 4. the protamine titration test provides a crude but simple and +satisfactory means of monitoring free-heparin levels . + 5. complete neutralization of heparin is an important factor in +minimizing postoperative blood losses . + 6. protamine is a less efficient neutralizing agent than polybrene at +the same dosage level . it may be most effective in divided dosage . + 7. /rebound/ was detected in 5 of 45 cases studied, although in only +one instance was it of a degree likely to be significant . + 8. significant prolongation of the clotting-time resulting from excess +neutralizing agent, was not evident in this study . +.I 85 +.W +platelet sequestration in man . i. methods . + current methods of labeling platelets with chromium using +ethylenediamine tetraacetate (edta) as an anticoagulant were found to +cause rapid hepatic sequestration of nearly all the transfused platelets +about 50 returned to the circulation but then were partially destroyed +in the spleen . less than one-third survived . evidence is presented +which indicates that edta is injurious to platelets . + when an acid-citrate medium that buffered plasma at ph 6.5 was used as +an anticoagulant, 36 to 85 of the labeled platelets survived (average, +62 ), and marked temporary sequestration did not occur . studies in +thrombocytopenic persons showed that circulating platelet cr activity +measures the true survival of such transfused platelets . + the survival and sequestration of platelets were studied in normal +subjects . the survival data support the concept that platelets die +chiefly by a process of senescence . external scintillation scanning of +the various organs suggests that normally the majority of platelets is +destroyed in the liver . +.I 86 +.W +acute leukemia associated with phenylbutazone treatment.. a review of +the literature and report of a further case . + the possible toxic reactions to phenylbutazone have been listed, and a +review of the literature of haematological complications has shown that +16 deaths attributable to agranulocytosis, aplastic anaemia and +thrombocytopenia have been recorded . the association between leukaemia +and phenylbutazone first suggested by bean (1960) has been amplified by +further reports, which have been reviewed . + a further case history has been presented . of the 15 patients with +acute leukaemia in which the association has been recorded, there were +other possible leukaemogenic factors in three, and in a further three +the drug had been given for only a short time before the leukaemia was +diagnosed . however, in the remaining nine, the histories are such that +the phenylbutazone ingestion may have been associated with the +development of the leukaemia . further studies, which should include +matched controls, are indicated, and will be required before a definite +opinion can be given as to any causal relationship between the drug and +the disease . +.I 87 +.W +absorbed radiation dose and excretion of cesium-131 in humans . + data relating to the effective half-life, absorbed dose of radiation, +and excretion rates of cesium-131 have been presented . cesium-131 is an +excellent material for cardiac scanning, since a very low amount of +radiation is absorbed -dash a dose of the order of one twentieth that +received in diagnostic x-ray studies of the gastrointestinal tract . +absorption of radiation can be reduced further by the administration of +a thiazide type of diuretic and, probably, by catharsis after the scan . +.I 88 +.W +radiocardiography.. principles and methods . + the aa show the importance of radiocardiography, as a method to +evaluate the cardiac output, the ventricular volumes and the pulmonary +blood volume . + in this first paper, they are particulary concerned with some +technical aspects, which are very important to collect data . + the position of the collimator on the precordium, the injection of +isotopes through a catheter, just behind the ventricle near the +tricuspid valve, the selection of ratemeter constants the velocity of +paper on the recorder and the way to read the area of the curve, were +specially discussed . + finally, they present the formula used to calculate cardiac output, +ventricular volumes and pulmonary blood volumes . +.I 89 +.W +reaction of the adrenal cortex during controlled experimental +hypothermia . + the stress reaction caused by hypothermia was studied in rabbits +subjected to controlled hypothermia by immersion in an icebath . some of +the animals were re-warmed . to anesthetize the animals, pentobarbitone +sodium (nembutal) was given intraperitoneally, and, in some cases, +followed by ether anesthesia . further, the stress reaction produced by +pentobarbitone alone was studied in five animals, and that of ether +anesthesia alone in three . no anesthesia was given to the three rabbits +placed in the refrigerator . the variation in distribution and amount of +adrenocortical lipids served as an indicator for evaluation of the +stress reaction . + in all the hypothermia tests there occurred changes in the +distribution and amount of cortical lipids, denoting a stress reaction +brought about by hypothermia . in rabbits, the barbiturate did not seem +to inhibit the stress reaction . this may be attributed partly to the +test animal, as such and partly to the fact that shivering of some +extent always occurred during the hypothermia experiments . +.I 90 +.W +use of a cross-circulation technique in studying respiratory responses +to co . + the effect of hypercapnia and hypocapnia on ventilation was +investigated in cross-circulated dogs in which the recipient dog's head +and neck regions were perfused by blood from a donor dog . hypercapnia +of the donor dog was produced by administering co -o -n gas mixtures in +the inspired air . hypocapnia was produced by hyperventilating the donor +dog with the aid of a respiratory pump . when the donor dog was +hyperventilated, the ventilation of the recipient was maintained at or +just below its resting level and it was independent of the arterial pco +of the donor . the donor dog was apneic when the artificial +hyperventilation was suspended and this response was not abolished by +vagotomy . bilateral vagotomy caused an increase in ventilation in the +recipient when its head was perfused by hypocapnic blood . bilateral +removal of the carotid receptors did not influence the response to co +qualitatively although there was some reduction in the ventilation of +the recipient to cephalic hypercapnia . the ventilation of the recipient +dog was best correlated to the ph and pco of its cerebrospinal fluid in +both hypercapnic and hypocapnic states . +.I 91 +.W +action of phytohaemagglutinin in vitro on the lymphocytes of chronic +lymphoid leukaemia . + the in vitro action of phytohaemagglutinin has been the subjects of a +comparative investigation of the lymphocytes of 13 normal subjects and +of 15 cases of chronic lymphatic leukaemia . + in both groups there is cellular change shown by the appearance of +large basophil nucleolated cells showing mitotic activity . + in all the cases of lymphatic leukaemia the percentage of cells +undergoing such change is lower than in normal subjects, and the +transformation occurs more slowly . + the two phenomena are more striking the higher the initial +leucocytosis . + these results suggest, in chronic lymphatic leukaemia, the cells +affected by the transformation are residual normal lymphoid elements . +leukaemic lymphoid cells appear to be incapable of this transformation . +.I 92 +.W +demonstration of ventricular aneurysms by radioisotope scanning . + radioisotope scanning of the cardiac blood pool after the intravenous +injection of i -labeled iodipamide was carried out in 14 patients with +ventricular aneurysm . in 4, the aneurysm could be demonstrated on +neither the anteroposterior chest roentgenogram nor the scan . in 5, the +aneurysm was apparent on the radiograph, but the blood pool did not +enter the area, suggesting a thrombus within the aneurysm . in 5, the +aneurysm was detectable on the film and was also seen to be filled with +radioactivity on the scan . presumably these findings showed that a +thrombus had not yet formed . blood pool radioisotope scanning appears +to be another tool in the diagnosis of ventricular aneurysm, useful also +in demonstrating in some patients the presence or absence of an +intraluminal clot within the aneurysm . +.I 93 +.W +propagation of lactic dehydrogenase-elevating virus in cell culture . + primary cultures of adult mouse lung, spleen, and liver and of mouse +embryo support the multiplication of the lactic dehydrogenase-elevating +virus . such cultures produced virus continuously until they had been +subcultured 2-3 times . this corresponded to 20 weeks in the case of +lung and spleen and to 2-3 weeks with cultures of embryo . viral +multiplication was not accompanied by cytologic alterations in the cells +or by changes in their rate of synthesis of nucleic acids or protein . +infection did not cause detectable changes in either the production of +ldh or in its release from cells . +.I 94 +.W +transformation of bovine cells in vitro after inoculation of simian +virus 40 or its nucleic acid . + cells of bovine embryonic lung tissue in culture were inoculated with +simian virus 40 (sv 40) or a phenol extract of a high titer suspension +of sv 40 . both the virus and the nucleic acid preparation induced +proliferative morphological changes characteristic for sv 40 +transformation . non-infected control cultures and cultures which were +inoculated with a preparation of nucleic acid exposed to dnase and +maintained under the same conditions as infected cultures showed a +regular fibroblastic growth . + cell lines of rapidly growing transformed cells have been obtained . +most attempts to isolate virus from the transformed cells were negative, +but minute amounts of virus were recovered from occasional passages . +.I 95 +.W +rapid transformation of human fibroblast cultures by simian virus 40 . + the risk of systemic embolism is assessed in a group of 754 patients +with chronic rheumatic heart disease followed over a period of 5,833 +patient-years . + the incidence of embolism was 1.5 per patient-year for the whole group +it was seven times higher in atrial fibrillation than in sinus rhythm +when the duration of atrial fibrillation was known, it was found that +one-third of the emboli occurred within one month and two-thirds within +12 months after the onset of atrial fibrillation . the incidence of +embolic recurrences was 8 per patient-year, irrespective of the nature +of the cardiac rhythm, but 66 of the recurrences took place within 12 +months of the initial embolic episode . + mitral valvotomy did not eliminate the danger of embolism . it is +questionable whether it reduced its incidence . + anticoagulant treatment reduced the incidence of embolic recurrences . +.I 96 +.W +the tissue reaction to hyperbaric oxygen . + hyperbaric oxygen damages tissues exposed in vitro, but their +sensitivity varies . if exposure is limited some tissues may recover . +the effect appears to depend on oxygen tension rather than raised +pressure per se . the tissue reaction may be involved in the clinical +application of hyperbaric oxygen . +.I 97 +.W +attitudinal factors in congenital heart disease . + this study considers the behavioral implications of congenital heart +disease for the pediatric patient, his siblings, and his parents . the +effects of a disease on the child, on his siblings, and on his parents +and the interplay among these individuals are explored . the impact of +the physician's diagnosis is illustrated by the induced significant +changes in family attitudes, which are not necessarily related to +disease severity or child incapacity . + poorer adjustment and anxiety in the cardiac child related more highly +to maternal anxiety and pampering than to his degree of incapacity . +maternal protectiveness and pampering were significantly greater in the +cardiac than in the normal group and were highest in the cyanotic group +the best predictor of maternal protectiveness was maternal anxiety, +and it was found that the addition of other variables such as incapacity +and child dependence failed to improve prediction substantially . +maternal anxiety seemed related to the presence rather than to the +severity of the heart condition . +.I 98 +.W +maternal anxiety during pregnancy and adequacy of mother and child +adjustment eight months following childbirth . + fifty pregnant women were administered a battery of psychological +tests . on the basis of scores obtained from the manifest anxiety scale, +these pregnant women were dichotomized into a /high anxiety/ group and a +/low anxiety/ group . eight months following childbirth, the mothers and +children were seen for a psychological assessment . it was found that +the women in the /high anxious/ group evidenced significantly more +negative childrearing attitudes . that is, the /high anxious/ mothers +obtained significantly higher scores on the hostility and control +factors measured by the pari . on the basis of the examiner's ratings of +the mother's personality traits, it was found that the women who were +highly anxious during pregnancy received much less favorable personality +ratings at the time of the 8-month assessment . moreover, there was a +significant difference in the proportions of mothers in the two groups +who received a favorable rating from the examiner on the basis of his +observation of the mother-child interaction during the session . in +studying the children of these mothers, it was found that the children +of the /low anxious/ mothers received a significantly higher +developmental quotient on the infant mental scale . in keeping with this +finding, they also obtained a higher developmental quotient on the motor +scale, although on this aspect of the intellectual assessment the +difference was not statistically significant . also, the children from +the /low anxious/ mothers tended to receive a score indicative of a more +favorable general emotional tone than did the offspring of the /high +anxious/ mothers . this difference between the two groups of children +was not statistically significant . in general, the findings were +consistent with the predictions that the children who were being reared +by women who had been highly anxious during pregnancy would fare less +well on tests of intellectual development and indices of emotional +adjustment . the findings also were in keeping with the prediction that +the highly anxious women during pregnancy would evidence less desirable +parental attitudes during their child's early development and that they +would present a less favorable personality picture at a time +approximately 8 months following pregnancy . +.I 99 +.W +maternal separation in the rhesus monkey . + the present study involved separation of eight monkey mother-infant +pairs for a period of two weeks and measurement of the behavior of the +infants before, during and after reunion with their mothers, and of the +mothers before and after reunion . all infants showed emotional +disturbance in response to separation and drastic decreases in play and +other complex social behaviors while separated . + it is clear that infant-mother separation produces emotional +disturbance in both human and macaque infants and that the patterns of +responses following separation are similar in both species . the results +obtained in studies of monkey infant-mother separation indicate that +sheer physical separation is the crucial aspect of maternal separation +for monkeys . undoubtedly other factors associated with separation from +the mother are vitally important for human children, and may account in +part for the absence or rarity of the detachment stage (as seen in human +response pattern) in separated monkey infants . the overall results show +considerable similarity in the responses of human children and infant +monkeys to separation from the mother . +.I 100 +.W +the ophthalmologist's role in the management of dyslexia . + dyslexia is a clinical entity characterized by subnormal reading +ability in a person of average or above average intelligence . + it is a disease which has different causes in different children . the +causes include brain damage in the /language area,/ hereditary +predisposition and such ophthalmic factors as hyperopia, muscle +imbalance, aniseikonia or visual immaturity . emotional disturbances, +educational immaturity and cerebral dominance may also play some role in +the etiology of this condition . + the universal symptom is poor reading ability . however, these cases +frequently have other associated symptoms such as poor writing, +difficulty in reading and writing numbers, inability to read or write +musical notes and disorientation for left and right . many of these +patients develop personality maladjustments . visual fields often reveal +a hemianopia . + in any group of poor readers, a large percentage will have ocular, +neurologic, psychiatric or psychologic abnormalities and/or a strong +hereditary tendency . the degree to which reading can be learned depends +upon the ability of the individual to adjust to the psycho-physiologic +needs that are present at the time he reaches /reading age/ in school . +if compensating abilities are present, and if the child's reaction is a +favorable one, he may read well in spite of unfavorable factors,. if +not, he may become a /poor reader/ . these children should be recognized +in their first year of school . + a complete medical work-up should be managed by an ophthalmologist . a +complete ophthalmic examination should first be performed and all +possible visual anomalies should be corrected . the ophthalmologist may +want a psychometric evaluation, a neurologic opinion to determine the +role of organic brain damage, psychiatric consultation for evaluation of +emotional disturbances, pediatric consultation for evaluation of the +status of the general health and/or consultation by an otolaryngologist +to determine the patient's hearing ability . with all the necessary +information at hand, the ophthalmologist will be able to recommend +corrective medical therapy and to advise the parents and teachers about +available remedial reading aids . + the prognosis is good for most patients since they are of average or +above average intelligence,. nearly all cases can be helped . +.I 101 +.W +unusual course of internal carotid artery accompanied by bitemporal +hemianopia . + a case is reported with bitemporal relative hemianopia, craniotomy +showing internal carotid arteries to have an unusual course, +corresponding to the carotid siphon, with resultant change in shape of +the optic nerves . + abnormalities of the carotid siphons could not be detected on +reviewing the carotid angiograms . evaluation of the optic nerve's +relationship, as can be measured on the pneumograms, indicated that the +optic nerves in this case were exposed to compression from the abnormal +arteries . +.I 102 +.W +frontal lobes and vision . + the influence of the frontal lobe on vision is discussed based on the +presentation of a rather unusual case . after the operation of a right +frontal brain abscess, which never had led to papilledema, there was a +pronounced diminution of the visual capacities of the patient,. +gradually these disturbances regressed to the point of return of full +visual acuity,. but there remained a hemianopic field defect . this and +psychological defects in the sense of a partial visual agnosia (which +latter are also regressing very well) prompted a discussion of those +neuroanatomical and neurophysiological observations pertinent to the +findings in this patient . the many data on the fronto-occipital +connections in subhuman primates point to the role of the frontal lobe +(area 8) in the development of visual disturbances in the sense of a +temporary hemianopia with partial visual agnosia and some intellectual +deficits . contrary to a single observation in an anthropoid ape, our +case would seem to indicate that the aforementioned combination of +symptoms may originate in the frontal lobe,. and we hope it will prompt +other long-term follow-up studies of similar patients . the continued +observation of this patient and perhaps of others will give a +possibility to gain insight into the role of the frontal lobe in vision, +as has been assumed for animals . +.I 103 +.W +physiologic bitemporal hemianopsia in pregnancy . + a severe case of bitemporal hemianopsia occurring late in pregnancy is +presented . the patient illustrated a typical rapidly progressive course +and rapid recovery with complete return of visual fields and visual +acuity after delivery was accomplished . the presumed pathologic +physiology of this entity is briefly reviewed . +.I 104 +.W +evoked response in visual disorders . + 1. erg and ver have been recorded from eyelid and lateral occipital +electrodes in response to diffuse stroboscopic stimulation . in 45 +normal subjects ver was found to be composed of an early triphasic +potential arising from the occipital region . wave i was present in 67 +percent of subjects, wave ii in 97 percent, and wave iii in 100 percent +later waves were inconstant and contained components from the vertex +reference . no overall asymmetry in ver from right to left was found in +normal subjects, although average asymmetry with smaller side compared +to larger was 19 percent 12.5 . on monocular stimulation the +contralateral ver was regularly larger than the ipsilateral reflecting +predominant retinal representation of the temporal field . + 2. a statistically determined criterion of 50 percent depression in +wave ii successfully identifies most patients with hemianopic defects +involving the central 10 percent of visual field on tangent screen +campimetry . + latency asymmetry of six msec. or more and grossly asymmetrical +aberrant wave forms are seen in some patients with diffuse cerebral +disease and hemianopic defects . + 3. severe or diffuse retinal disease is associated with alteration or +loss of erg and ver on stimulation of the involved eye . + 4. optic nerve disease is indicated by bilateral loss or suppression +of ver on stimulation of the involved eye . erg is normal . + 5. bilateral prechiasmal involvement is associated with complete +suppression of ver . if only waves i and ii are lost, disease is +probably, but not conclusively, demonstrated . + 6. involvement of nasal retinal fibres is indicated by reversal of the +normal contralateral preponderance of ver on monocular stimulation . +these changes are observed in chiasmal disease . + 7. retrogeniculate blindness is associated with loss of early ver and +preservation of late response . nonspecific projections are felt to +contribute to the late cortical response to photic stimulation . +.I 105 +.W +optokinetic nystagmus and occipital lesions . + six cases are presented to invalidate the rule that horizontally +symmetric optokinetic responses indicate a vascular etiology in patients +with occipital lobe type hemianopias . the converse of this rule is, in +our experience, still a valuable observation . that is, asymmetry of +horizontal optokinetic responses accompanying an occipital type field +defect is a strong indication of a mass lesion . optokinetic nystagmus +may be helpful, therefore, as corroborative evidence in diagnosing +occipital lobe tumor but not in ruling it out . +.I 106 +.W +anaphylactoid shock induced by oral penicillin and resulting in +gerstmann's syndrome . + an anaphylactoid reaction to oral penicillin in a 46-year-old woman is +described.. after hours of unconsciousness and weeks of confusion she +was left with a residual gerstmann's syndrome . these reactions are less +rare than is generally supposed . symptomatology, treatment, diagnosis, +and mechanism are discussed, and some of the relevant literature is +briefly reviewed . +.I 107 +.W +disturbances of the verbal body image.. a particular syndrome of sensory +aphasia . + 1. the pto syndrome of the dominant hemisphere varies according to the +extent and depth of the lesion in the angular and supramarginal areas . +the mildest clinical syndrome consists of a vague contralateral sensory +impairment associated with dyscalculia, dysgraphia, dyslexia and +difficulty in naming . a more extensive lesion is needed to cause the +wide variety of classical signs described in parietal lobe disease, +among them being gerstmann's syndrome, which is usually found in +association with other manifestations of parietal loss (case 1) . an +even more extensive corticosubcortical lesion in the area leads to +complete disintegration of naming and understanding of speech (cases 3, +4 and 5) . + 2. attention is drawn to the difficulties arising from lack of +differentiation between the concrete gnostic body image and the abstract +verbal body image in investigation of these patients . the aphasic +syndrome should be differentiated from disturbances of gnosis by +application of separate, non-verbal methods of testing to elicit the +impairment of the gnostic body image . the latter may be well +compensated for and it is apparently unimpaired in the presence of an +aphasic syndrome limited to the verbal body image . + 3. disturbances of speech in pto lesions if investigated along +quantitative scales of impairment of repetition, understanding and +naming, show a regular interrelation . nomination is the most affected, +understanding is less affected . repetition is the best preserved +function (cases 1-4) . the same interrelation of these functions is +found with regard to the verbal body image . however, understanding and +naming of parts of the body show far greater disintegration than +understanding and naming of any other categories of words (all cases +presented here) . if the aphasic syndrome is subsiding, finger aphasia +with some other minor disturbances of verbal body image associated with +acalculia may persist (case 1) . thus gerstmann's /finger agnosia/ may +represent a partial impairment of the verbal body image and be limited +to finger aphasia . + 4. it is assumed that the verbal body image differs from other +categories of verbal symbols owing to the mainly proprioceptive, +vestibular and tactile experience forming its specific physiologic +background . telereceptive experience is of minor importance in the +initial development of the understanding of words defining the body +image . + in the patients described here, the selectively worse aphasic +impairment of the verbal body image, as compared with other categories +of words, seem to confirm this assumption . +.I 108 +.W +chromosomal patterns in cancer patients during treatment . + radiation damages the chromosomes of human cells, and through +short-term cultures of white blood cells some of this damage can be +assessed . patients with cancer were selected for this study because of +the large portions of the blood-forming tissues irradiated in the course +of treatment . chromosomal damage may be quantitative with variations +from the normal number of 46, or qualitative, thereby showing structural +aberrations . counting the chromosomes in cells from cultures grown +prior to therapy and at intervals during treatment enables us to +determine the variation . + stained preparations examined microscopically allow us to recognize +these abnormalities which are apparent before, during, and after +radiotherapy . the damage appears to be largely random in the +chromosomes affected in the different cancers, and the specific +aberrations differ from cell to cell . however, there does seem to be +some correlation between the appearance of persistent aberrant +chromosomes and their frequency . while the peak incidence or /plateau/ +may remain unchanged, the frequency may change . +.I 109 +.W +a few interesting neurologic manifestations of migraine . + migraine is a complex vascular phenomenon presumably of genetic origin +which, through changes induced by either vasoconstriction or +vasodilitation, can produce interference with the neurologic system and +result in many bizarre and alarming clinical pictures . a few examples +of the more interesting neurologic manifestations have been shown . +.I 110 +.W +visual neglect . + clinical trainees in nursing and in psychology from boston college and +simmons college, boston, mass., collected data and observed patients +under the direction of the authors in a pilot program designed to +measure visual spatial neglect and to develop rehabilitative material . +these measurements and exercises might also be used by nurses in their +care of those patients who have had cerebral vascular accidents . + the diversity of daily activities in which the patient becomes +involved during his hospitalization should provide some indication of +the extent to which the compensatory visual neglect therapeutics have +been effective . more formal estimates can be obtained by +re-administering the battery of visual neglect tests at periodic +intervals . nursing personnel adopting a program of therapeutics such as +this must bear in mind that patients suffering cerebral insult are +usually less adaptive than their nonbrain-injured peers . they develop +new habit patterns slowly and regression often will follow apparent +fixation at a more adaptive level of response habituation(11) . however, +experimental inquiry has shown that the dimension of behavioral +difference between the brain-injured adults and normal adults is one of +degree rather than kind -dash a difference that skilled nursing can +often reduce(12) . +.I 111 +.W +respiratory changes after open-heart surgery . + patients who undergo cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation +develop significant alveolar-arterial oxygen tension differences and +venous admixture in the early post-operative period . up to 50 of this +abnormality is due to anatomical right to left shunting through the +lungs.. the remainder is most likely to be due to ventilation-perfusion +inequality . the changes appear to be completely reversible . the +cardiopulmonary bypass procedure may be responsible for initiating the +underlying pathology, since changes of this magnitude were not found in +cardiothoracic surgery patients in whom this technique was not required +.I 112 +.W +cardiac malformations associated with ventricular septal defect . + in this study, 46 necropsy-proved cases of ventricular septal defect +associated with another anomaly but not part of a recognized complex +were selected . + the associated anomalies were classified as (1) obstructive or +positional anomalies of the great vessels, (2) anomalies responsible for +additional shunts, (3) anomalies causing intraventricular obstruction +and (4) aortic valvular insufficiency . + clinical findings were often those of the ventricular septal defect, +and the findings related to the associated lesion were frequently +obscure . even with special studies, including cardiac catheterization +and angiocardiography, there was often failure to arrive at a complete +diagnosis . the findings which led to an erroneous or incomplete +diagnosis have been presented . when a complete diagnosis was made +preoperatively, the procedures leading to it have been outlined . while +the diagnostic approach varies with the malformations which may coexist +with ventricular septal defect, it was observed that aortography and +selective left ventricular angiocardiography were most commonly helpful +in identifying occult malformations associated with ventricular septal +defect . it is therefore recommended that complete studies, including +left-sided cardiac catheterization with left ventricular +angiocardiography and aortography, should be considered in all cases in +which the clinical, electrocardiographic, and right-sided cardiac +catheterization studies are not entirely typical for isolated +ventricular septal defect . +.I 113 +.W +anatomic types of single or common ventricle in man morphologic and +geometric aspects of 60 necropsied cases . + in 60 necropsied cases of single or common ventricle in man, four +major unrelated ventricular malformations were found.. (1) absence of +the right ventricular sinus, in 47 cases (78 percent), designated type +a,. (2) absence of the left ventricular sinus, in 3 cases (5 percent), +type b,. (3) absence or rudimentary development of the ventricular +septum, in 4 cases (7 percent), type c,. and (4) absence of both +ventricular sinuses and of the ventricular septum, in 6 cases (10 +percent), type d . + three types of relationship between the great arteries were present.. +a normal (solitus) interrelationship, in 9 cases (15 percent), +designated type 1,. d-transposition, the transposed aortic valve lying +to the right (dextro, or d), relative to the transposed pulmonary valve, +in 25 cases (42 percent), type ii,. and l-transposition, the transposed +aortic valve lying to the left (levo or l), relative to the transposed +pulmonary valve, in 26 cases (43 percent), type iii . in none was the +inversus interrelationship, type iv, displayed . + three types of visceral and atrial situs were found.. solitus, or +normal, in 50 cases (83 percent),. inversus, an exact apparent mirror +image of normal, in 2 cases (3 percent),. and heterotaxy, the uncertain +visceral and atrial situs associated with asplenia, in 8 cases (13 +percent) . + the 60 cases were classified segmentally, according to the anatomy of +the three cardiac segments.. the great arteries, the ventricular +sinuses, and the atria . + the classic single ventricle with a rudimentary outlet chamber was +found morphologically to be a large left ventricle with a right +ventricular infundibulum, the sinus of the right ventricle being absent +(type a) . + the myocardium of the right ventricular infundibulum, of the right +ventricular sinus, and of the left ventricular sinus was identified by +the distinctive gross morphologic characteristics of each . + the planes of the atrial and ventricular septa, and the relationships +between the great arteries at the semilunar valves, were measured as +projections upon the horizontal plane, relative to the anteroposterior +line . + an approach to cardiac anatomy is presented which is segmental, +morphologic and geometric . this approach has angiocardiographic, +electrocardiographic and embryologic applications . +.I 114 +.W +congenital heart disease in the adult . + events in the natural course of 310 adult patients with proved +significant congenital cardiac anomalies have been reviewed to determine +incidence, longevity, complications and cause of death . + atrial septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus were the most +frequently encountered lesions and comprised over one third of the +entire series . ventricular septal defect and pulmonic stenosis made up +almost a quarter of the group . twenty-two instances of the eisenmenger +syndrome secondary to a variety of shunting lesions are included . + bacterial endocarditis, sudden death and cardiac decompensation were +the greatest threats to these patients . symptoms were minimal until the +appearance of heart failure, which was the most common cause of death, +especially with older patients . sudden death occurred most often in +patients with ventricular septal defect . + although the clinical features are usually characteristic of a +congenital malformation, young adults with acyanotic congenital heart +disease are often misdiagnosed as rheumatic,. and in older patients, +presenting manifestations are frequently attributed to arteriosclerotic +heart disease . at times an associated acquired cardiovascular disorder +may alter the basic syndrome . + three quarters of the patients survive and continue under observation +the ability of many to live active, productive lives and to withstand +stress, surgery, both cardiac and non-cardiac, and pregnancy was +impressive . further observation of the patient with congenital heart +disease but without surgical intervention is essential for accurate +evaluation of the long term efficacy of cardiac surgery . +.I 115 +.W +a study of ventricular septal defect associated with aortic +insufficiency . + clinical, electrocardiographic, radiographic, and hemodynamic findings +in 12 children with the combination of a ventricular septal defect and +aortic insufficiency are presented . the left-to-right shunt was +determined to be small or moderate in all, and significant aortic +insufficiency was documented by aortography in 11 patients . clinical +indication of aortic insufficiency as manifested by an aortic diastolic +murmur first appeared at an average age of 6 years in 7 patients, with +concomitant widening of the pulse pressure in 4 . progressive left +ventricular hypertrophy was noted electrocardiographically, with +progressive cardiac hypertrophy and aortic dilatation on x-ray +examination in 2 patients . progression of the hemodynamic disability +does not appear to be common in childhood, however . +.I 116 +.W +ventricular septal defect and aortic regurgitation clinical, hemodynamic +and surgical considerations . + the clinical, hemodynamic, angiographic and anatomic findings in +fifteen patients with ventricular septal defect complicated by aortic +regurgitation are presented . in this combination of malformations the +aortic regurgitation is acquired and results from prolapse of an aortic +valve leaflet into the septal defect . the strategic location of the +septal defect in relation to the aortic leaflets appears to be more +important to the development of this complication than the size of the +defect or the magnitude of the shunt through it . the onset of aortic +regurgitation occurs during early childhood and, once present, tends to +become more severe . careful observation of patients with these defects +is indicated following the appearance of aortic regurgitation since +rapid progression to severe left ventricular failure is not uncommon . +ventricular septal defect and aortic regurgitation must be distinguished +from other cardiovascular abnormalities producing a wide pulse pressure +with a continuous or to-and-fro murmur . cardiac catheterization and +thoracic aortography are the diagnostic procedures most helpful in this +differentiation . the operative treatment of ventricular septal defect +and aortic regurgitation is reviewed and, on the basis of the present +and previously reported results, suggested plans for surgical management +are presented . +.I 117 +.W +current techniques in the surgical approach to aortic and mitral +valvular disease . + 1. the aortic and mitral valves can be operated upon successfully and +totally replaced with a prosthetic device of the ball-valve type with +good long-term results . seventy-four cases are reported . + 2. in aortic valvular disease the outcome in the immediate +postoperative period is influenced primarily by the presence of calcific +aortic stenosis as well as the presence or absence of disease in the +coronary arteries . + 3. we have significantly decreased the appearance of a low-output +syndrome postoperatively in patients who are suffering from severe +mitral disease by leaving the papillary muscle-chordae tendineae-mural +leaflet relationship intact . we feel this adds strength to each +contraction . + 4. there have been no late deaths in the follow-up period to date +(thirty months) in any patient with replacement of aortic or mitral +valves with the ball-valve prosthesis . +.I 118 +.W +effects of aortic regurgitation on left ventricular performance direct +determinations of aortic blood flow before and after valve replacement . + the volume of regurgitant blood flow and its effects on the +performance of the left ventricle were assessed at operation in 14 +patients with varying degrees of aortic regurgitation . instantaneous +forward and regurgitant flows in the ascending aorta were measured with +a sine-wave electromagnetic flowmeter simultaneously with left +ventricular and aortic pressures . in eight patients who had aortic +regurgitation without associated stenosis, 63 to 75 percent of the total +forward stroke volume regurgitated during the succeeding diastole . the +calculated regurgitant orifice areas ranged from 0.13 to 0.44 cm /m . +after replacement of the aortic valve with a starr-edwards prosthesis, +the absence of regurgitant flow was proved in every patient, and the +records of aortic blood flow closely resembled those seen in patients +with normal aortic valves . net forward blood flow increased by an +average of 60 percent, total left ventricular stroke volume fell 42 +percent, and the mean aortic pressure rose 29 percent . the pressure +work of the left ventricle was elevated preoperatively in five of the +eight patients (average 89 g-m stroke/m ) and fell significantly to an +average of 34 g-m stroke m after valve replacement . kinetic ventricular +work was high in seven of the eight patients and comprised 10 percent of +total work before replacement but only 4.8 percent afterward . + similar observations were made in five patients with aortic stenosis +and associated aortic regurgitation, ranging in severity from 24 to 72 +percent of total forward stroke volume . in four patients in whom the +valve was replaced, no residual regurgitation was present afterward, and +net forward flow rose an average of 49 percent . kinetic left +ventricular work was extremely high in every patient and averaged 26 +percent of total work preoperatively and 13 percent after valve +replacement . in this group, pressure work was variable both before and +after operation . + the studies described provide definitive information concerning the +effects of aortic valve disease on left ventricular performance in man +and document the favorable changes in flow, pressure, and left +ventricular work which immediately follow aortic valve replacement . +.I 119 +.W +the absorption and hepatic uptake of orally ingested radioactive vitamin +b in hepato-splenic bilharziasis . + the absorbed plasma radioactivity and hepatic uptake of orally +ingested vitamin b tagged with co were measured in 52 subjects, 26 +normals and 26 suffering from bilharziasis . + the results of the present work indicate that the absorption and +hepatic uptake of this vitamin are within normal limits in hepatosplenic +bilharziasis irrespective of the stage of the disease, the size of the +organs affected and the presence or absence of associated peripheral +neuritis . +.I 120 +.W +early effects of digitalis on central hemodynamics in normal subjects . + the intravenous administration of lanatoside c in 7 normal subjects +had the following effects.. + 1. an early significant reduction of heart rate . + 2. a significant transient reduction of cardiac output . + 3. a significant increase of the stroke volume initially accompanied +by a significant rise of the end-diastolic volume with unchanged +systolic rate of emptying . the increase of end-diastolic volume seems +to be related to the lengthening of the diastolic filling period . later +on, the systolic emptying rate increases, and the ventricular volumes +decrease, suggesting an inotropic effect of the drug . + 4. a significant increase of pulmonary blood volume, parallel to the +increase of the stroke volume, suggestive of a passive relation between +the two variables . +.I 121 +.W +measurement of pericardial fluid correlated with the i -cholografin and +ihsa heart scan . + in 23 patients undergoing open-heart surgery in whom the pericardial +contents were accurately measured, and in 11 additional patients +examined at autopsy or by pericardiocentesis, isotopic photoscans of the +heart were made and the results were correlated . + the most accurate means of diagnosis of pericardial effusion was found +to be the ratio of the maximum transverse cardiac diameters on scan and +roentgenogram . in patients with less than 100 cc of pericardial fluid +this ratio was greater than 0.80, and it was less than this in cases of +effusion of 200 cc or more . + measurement of the difference of these diameters, and visible +separation of the cardiac blood pool from the pulmonary vasculature and +liver aided in the diagnosis . + pericardial effusions of 200-300 cc or greater can be detected by +isotopic photoscanning . although cardiac dilatation and/or hypertrophy +decrease the sensitivity of the technique somewhat, a definite diagnosis +of pericardial effusion can be made even when cardiomegaly exists . +.I 122 +.W +aneurysm of the membranous septum . + 1. aneurysms of the membranous septum are relatively rare lesions +presumably developing on a congenital basis . these aneurysms originate +in the left ventricle immediately beneath the aortic valve and bulge +into the right ventricle, the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve or +into the right atrium . + 2. many of these aneurysms do not produce symptoms . others may cause +right ventricular outflow tract obstruction or may rupture and result in +a septal defect . the resulting shunt will be from the left ventricle +into the right atrium or ventricle . + 3. an aneurysm of the membranous septum may be an isolated abnormality +or be associated with other congenital cardiac defects, particularly +aortic valvular insufficiency . membranous septal aneurysms may be the +site of bacterial endocarditis or thrombus formation . + 4. aneurysms resembling those arising from the membranous septum may +occur as part of the complex of deformities produced by an endocardial +cushion defect . however, the angiographic features diagnostic of a +cushion defect can still be recognized . + 5. the presence of a septal aneurysm can be established only by +angiocardiography . the diagnostic features as seen on the left +ventricular angiocardiogram are presented . +.I 123 +.W +distribution of transfused tritiated cytidine-labeled leukocytes and red +cells in the bone marrow of normal and irradiated rat . + in normal rats and after total body irradiation with 550 r of x-rays, +the fate in the bone marrow of labeled nucleated and red cells of +transfused peripheral blood was observed autoradiographically . + labeled nucleated cells, most of which were lymphocyte-like cells, +readily migrated into the marrow parenchyma in normal animals (2 cells/ +1,000 parenchymal cells/hr.) . following irradiation to at least 27-51 +hr., this migration appeared to be relatively increased . beyond this +time, parenchymal areas were more difficult to be defined as such . + labeled red cells were rarely observed to enter parenchyma despite the +presence of nonlabeled erythrocytes within the parenchymal structure +after irradiation . + the vascular bed following irradiation increased greatly as the +parenchyma diminished to a minimum of less than 10 percent control at 75 +hr . despite these changes in the architecture of the marrow, the +average density of labeled cells per area of marrow corresponded to +values expected on the assumption of a free-flowing circulation . the +technique used at present did not allow us to distinguish, at all times, +between a free-flowing circulation through intact sinusoids or through +areas in which the sinusoidal wall, as such, was destroyed . +.I 124 +.W +factors limiting survival after circulatory occlusion under hypothermia +and hyperbaric oxygenation . + thirty minutes of circulatory occlusion with mild hypothermia and +hyperbaric oxygen ventilation resulted in a mortality of 83.3 percent in +animals . when coronary perfusion from a reservoir was added, the +mortality rate was 22 percent . ventricular fibrillation was much more +easily reversed after coronary perfusion . there was no evidence of +brain damage in survivors which leads to the conclusion that the brain +tolerates circulatory arrest better than the heart under these +conditions . +.I 125 +.W +the effect of hypothermia on circulatory reflexes in the human . + total circulatory occlusion and release result in hemodynamic +phenomena which provide an index of integrity of some cardiovascular +reflexes . these include carotid sinus and aortic baroceptors, +arteriolar vasomotor tone, and venomotor reactivity . + baroceptor depression appears at a more moderate level of cooling than +does the sympathetic, vasomotor, depression . below 28 degrees c. both +are significantly depressed, although probably not totally abolished . + the level of 28 degrees c. is a critical physiological level and may +represent an important limit in the clinical use of hypothermia . +.I 126 +.W +studies in perfusion hypothermia with special reference to /deep +hypothermia/ and circulatory arrest . + 1. perfusion hypothermia produces large temperature gradients within +the body since organs are cooled roughly in proportion to their basal +blood flows . the difference between the coldest and the warmest portion +of the body after 30 minutes of perfusion exceeds 25 c . + 2. the average body temperature, which provides a proper measure of +total body cooling, may be calculated from the arteriovenous temperature +difference and the extracorporeal flow rate . + 3. true /deep/ hypothermia is not obtainable by reasonable periods of +perfusion alone . + 4. an important rise of core temperatures occurs during circulatory +arrest in hypothermia because of relatively high average body +temperature . + 5. high average body temperatures lead to continuing production of +lactic acid in muscle tissue, whereas low core temperatures impair +lactic acid metabolism . thus metabolic acidosis is progressive in +prolonged perfusion hypothermia, and is accentuated by total circulatory +arrest . progressive acidosis may be minimized by uniform profound +cooling by combining external with perfusion hypothermia . + 6 diluents appear to have little effect on total body heat exchange +during perfusion cooling . + 7. perfusion warming has a differentially greater effect on core +organs . though these are readily brought to a normal range, much of the +animal may remain cold . +.I 127 +.W +application of the emission spectrograph to the analytical needs of the +industrial hygiene laboratory . + examples of unique applications of the principles of emission +spectroscopy to industrial hygiene problems are provided . a discussion +of qualitative, semiquantitative and quantitative methods of +spectrographic analysis is presented . these methods include +representative applications which are made for the analysis of the +metallic constituents of body tissues and fluids from human and animal +subjects, industrial process materials, ores, and environmental dusts +and fumes . brief descriptions of sample preparation techniques required +for successful analyses are also presented . +.I 128 +.W +nickel carbonyl.. its detection and potential for formation . + recent recommendations for control of nickel carbonyl exposures have +been considered in the design of a simple, sensitive field method for +sampling nickel carbonyl in air and process gases . the method involves +collection in dilute aqueous hcl, ph adjustment, nickel complex +development with alpha-furildioxime, and extraction with chloroform . +color intensity is compared visually (or for greater accuracy, +spectrophotometrically) with liquid standards . sensitivities on the +order of 0.001 ppm are obtainable . a detailed development of the +thermodynamics associated with the formation of nickel carbonyl is also +presented to show the maximum concentrations of nickel carbonyl that may +be formed over a wide range of co concentrations, temperatures and +pressures . +.I 129 +.W +polarographic determination of heavy metals in air samples . + the polarograph possesses the required sensitivity and specificity to +make it the method of choice for analysis for a variety of heavy metals +in air . two commercial polarographs are compared and both found +adequate on the basis of analysis for lead . determinations may be made +for antimony, copper, lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, +manganese, and others . +.I 130 +.W +the inorganic constituents of human teeth and bone examined by x-ray +emission spectrography . + x-ray emission spectrography has been applied to study of the +elemental composition of human teeth, enamel, dentine and bone . the +material consisted of eight crushed teeth, enamel and dentine powder +separated from eighteen teeth, and four pieces of buccal cortical +mandibular bone . the teeth did not have fillings . the whole material +contained nineteen elements, of which the main ones were calcium and +phosphorus . in all the samples of tooth material, there were found ca, +p, cl, fe, zn, sr and k, and the bone also contained ni . the time +needed for a semi-quantitative analysis compares very favourably with +that needed for other methods . +.I 131 +.W +a kinetic study of nickel(ii), complexes of sulfur-containing amino acid + the rate expression for the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (edta) +ligand exchange reaction with nickel(cysteine) is.. rate = k(complex) + +kedta (complex)(edta) . this two-term rate expression is characteristic +of square planar complexes and agrees with the square planar +configuration of ni(cysteine) reported on the basis of spectral studies +the edta-independent term of the rate expression is an acid-catalyzed +term and can be written k (h) (complex) . the value of kn is 2.5 x 10 m +sec while the value of kedta is only on the order of 10 -10 m sec . the +edta reaction with ni(cysteine) methyl ester) is very similar to the +reaction with ni(cysteine) . when the sulfur-containing amino acid +ligand contains a thiol ether, the kinetic differences are striking . + ligand exchange reactions of edta, triethylenetetramine, and +diethylenetriamine with nickel-methionine complexes are several orders +of magnitude faster and give products that are mixed-ligand complexes . +the results of this kinetic study of amino acid complexes containing +sulfhydryl and thiol ether sulfur groups support other studies at +equilibrium which suggest sulfur coordination and square planar +complexes for the sulfhydryl groups and octahedral complexes with no +sulfur coordination for thiol ethers . +.I 132 +.W +the action of metal ions on tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid . + added transition metal ions stabilize the secondary structure of +tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid (tmv-rna) as evidenced by a +reduction in the absorbancy change of heated nucleic acid solutions . in +spite of this stabilization of secondary structure, heating in the +presence of metal ions results in the loss of biological activity due to +the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds . thus, all heavy metal ions of +the iib and first-transition elements studied caused a rapid loss of +biological activity of tmv-rna at ph 6.5 and 65 . calcium and magnesium +ions, while not affecting secondary structure at 65 and ph 8.5, caused a +rapid loss of biological activity . at ph 5.8 and room temperature lead +ions catalyzed the hydrolysis of rna to i'(3')- mononucleotides,. on +long standing, nucleosides were formed . +.I 133 +.W +chromium, lead, cadmium, nickel and titanium in mice.. effect on +mortality, tumors and tissue levels . + about 700 mice were given throughout their lives 5 ppm cadmium, lead, +chromium, nickel or titanium in drinking water while fed a diet +deficient in cadmium and low in other metals . tissue concentrations +comparable to those of man were observed . sex differences appeared . +mortality of females was unaffected . mortality of males on cadmium, +lead and nickel was increased compared with that of the chromium group, +and of those on cadmium and lead compared with the controls . longevity +of the oldest 10 of both sexes was less in lead and titanium groups, and +of males in cadmium group, compared with controls . no metal was +carcinogenic,. incidence of tumors in males on cadmium and lead, and in +females given nickel was decreased . body weights at death were greater +in titanium, chromium and lead groups . large increments of titanium, +moderate increments of cadmium and nickel, and lesser increments of +chromium and lead were observed in 5 organs, compared with controls . +higher concentrations of cadmium and titanium occurred in younger mice +and the other metals did not increase markedly in tissues with age . all +metals except chromium exhibited one or more signs of innate toxicity . +.I 134 +.W +synergistic effects between antioxidants and selenium or vitamin e . + several antioxidants when fed to chicks at relatively high levels in +an experimental diet were ineffective in preventing the exudates and +mortality from a combined deficiency of selenium and vitamin e . some of +the compounds were toxic, as evidenced by sudden death or subcutaneous +hemorrhages . when amounts of either selenite or a-tocopheryl acetate, +which individually had little or no effect on symptoms, were given with +the antioxidants signs of deficiency and mortality were prevented, and +toxicity also was eliminated . +.I 135 +.W +the expression of urine analysis results -dash observations on the use +of a specific gravity correction . + urine analyses are very useful for measuring the extent of exposure to +certain toxic substances . the types of specimen obtainable from persons +employed in industry, and the effect of concentration variations are +discussed . in expressing the results of analysis it is shown that a +concentration correction is essential . the correction based on specific +gravity is the easiest to apply . the mean specific gravity for persons +resident in the u.k. has been found to be around 1.016, a figure +considerably lower than the mean of 1.024 used by many workers +(particularly in the u.s.a.) . the implications of this on the results +of urine analysis are indicated . +.I 136 +.W +activation and inactivation of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate hydroxylase . + 1. p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate hydroxylase (ec 1.99.1.14) is reversibly +inactivated by dialysis, storage, purification involving ammonium +sulfate fractionation, and treatment with oxidizing agents . the +inactive enzyme is reactivated by various reducing agents . + 2. metal-chelating agents inhibited enzyme activity . 1,10- +phenanthroline and 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (fe sensitive) +strongly inhibited, but 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (cu specific) +did not . 1,10-phenanthroline-treated p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate hydroxyl- +ase was reactivated specifically by fe in the presence of a reducing +agent, indicating a role for fe in enzyme activity . + 3. nonoxidative sulfhydryl reagents did not materially inhibit the +enzyme activity under various conditions . +.I 137 +.W +responses of b. subtilis (atcc 558) to streptomycin . + to observe in detail the influence of streptomycin on the growth of sm +dependent type, the author chose b. subtilis (atcc 558) and made +experiments on its responses to streptomycin, with special reference to +the relation of the sm concentration with spore formation of its sm +dependent type together with germination and outgrowth of the spores +formed . the results are as follows . + 1. among 18x10 cells of wild type of b. subtilis (atcc 558) about +3,200 cells of sm resistant and one cell of sm dependent are found as +its mutant . + 2. b. substilis (atcc 558) shows normal growth at sm concentration +below 10 r/ml, but the growth declines rapidly between sm 10 r/ml-20 r/m +l, and the growth stops entirely at sm concentration 20 r/ml . + 3. sm resistant type grows well between sm 0.1 r/ml-sm 2,000 r/ml, the +growth declines rapidly at about sm 10,000 r/ml . + 4. sm dependent type shows normal growth between sm 10,000 r/ml-20 r/m +l, the growth get worth below sm 10 r/ml, and the cell shape elongates +several times, at sm below 1 r/ml each cell becomes filamentous form and +has several ten times length of normal cell, as if the cells have +stopped to divide at low sm concentration . + 6. the germination and outgrowth of spores of the sm dependent type +slow down with decline of sm concentration, but the germinated spores +grow in normal forms until sm concentration reaches 7.8 r/ml, then the +germination becomes much slower, and the cells grow in filamentous forms +or irregular forms . at extremely low sm concentration both germination +and outgrowth nearly stop . +.I 138 +.W +phospholipids of the bovine, rabbit, and human lens . + the phospholipids of bovine, rabbit, and human lenses contain cephalin +lecithin, and sphingomyelin but their distribution differs with each +species . there is suggestive evidence that there may also be +plasmalogen in the lens, but, if so, it represents a minor phospholipid +component . the fatty acid composition of each phospholipid differs in +each species, with most of the differences centering around 16..0, +18..1, and 24..1 . +.I 139 +.W +surgical aspects of heart disease in pregnancy . + the ideal management of the pregnant woman with heart disease is +medical, if feasible . the operative experience with mitral valvulotomy +in pregnancy has expanded . this procedure is now indicated when +progressive cardiac disability develops during the first or second +trimester and when the proven dominant lesion is mitral stenosis . when +other lesions are present, especially those requiring pump oxygenator +perfusion, the risk must be carefully measured . damage to the fetus may +result from reduced placental blood flow . +.I 140 +.W +traumatic lesions of the optic chiasma.. a report of four cases . + case histories of four patients who suffered severe head trauma +resulting in complete bitemporal hemianopia are presented . the optic +chiasm was visualized in only one patient . it was markedly swollen and +disintegrated . this appearance was consistent with multiple minute +tears of the crossed fibres in the median sagittal plane . other +theories to explain the bitemporal field defect are discussed . +.I 141 +.W +lung cancer.. an evolutionary approach . + lung cancer is presented as an example of somatic mutation . in +contrast to previous theories the following are defined.. (a) the major +growth controlling mechanism,. (b) the mutation found in cancer,. and +(c) the environmental changes in the lungs of patients who smoke +cigarettes which can select this mutant . +.I 142 +.W +the effects of electrophoretically separated lens proteins on lens +regeneration in diemyctylus viridescens . + in the present study, lenses were removed from the eyes of adult +anesthetized newts, macerated in 0.03 m borate buffer at ph 8.6, and +separated by starch gel electrophoresis . upon staining with amido black +10-b, seven distinct staining areas appeared in the blocks . three bands +moved toward the anode, and three toward the cathode . in addition, a +seventh moiety represented by a smear of material moved toward the anode +one millimeter times five tenths millimeter plugs were removed from +each of these areas and were placed into freshly lentectomized eyes . +plugs from most strongly positive and most weakly negative proteins +inhibited lens regeneration . in addition, plugs from the area +containing the weakly negative protein induced either lenses with +aberrant polarity or double centered lenses with centers of opposed +polarity . all other protein bands had no significant effect on +regeneration . + in addition to the above experiments, homogenates and +proteinasedigested homogenates of lenses were injected into eyes +following lentectomy . three 5-ul samples were injected in each case +over a six day period . injection of the plain homogenate stimulated +lens regeneration markedly, while the proteinase destroyed the +stimulatory activity . + theoretical considerations of the above data are discussed . +.I 143 +.W +enzymic synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid xviii. the repair of +partially single-stranded dna templates by dna polymerase . + a partially single-stranded dna, prepared by limited digestion of each +strand with exonuclease iii, can be restored to its native, fully +double-stranded structure by escherichia coli dna polymerase . the rate +of synthesis observed in the repair of such a partially degraded primer +in the polymerase system is faster than that seen with a native dna . +the newly synthesized dna is covalently attached to the primer . the +fully repaired dna resembles the original native dna as judged by its +appearance in electron micrographs, cscl density-gradient analysis, +denaturability and genetic activity . dna synthesis which follows the +repair phase produces a structure that is not covalently linked to the +primer and resembles, in its nondenaturability, branched appearance, and +lack of genetic activity, the product obtained with a native dna primer +(schildkraut, richardson + kornberg, 1964) . +.I 144 +.W +on the mechanism of genetic recombination in transforming bacillus +subtilis . + the molecular fate of transforming dna in competent bacillus subtilis +has been studied . the physical differentiation of transforming dna and +the genetic material of recipient bacteria was effected by employing the +isotopes n and p . competent bacteria labeled with n and p were allowed +to incorporate n p-labeled transforming dna intracellularly . dna was +isolated from these recipient cells and centrifuged in cesium chloride . +analysis of drop fractions collected at equilibrium showed the presence +of radioactivity in a region of density corresponding to recipient dna . +material contribution from donor dna to the resident dna did not occur +when genetically inert bacillus cereus dna was substituted for +homologous dna . it was concluded that radioactivity appearing in the +unlabeled resident dna was not the result of degradation of input ( +p)dna and subsequent incorporation by normal metabolic processes . since +single-stranded dna of donor origin was not detected, nor was there +evidence for the non-specific aggregation of donor and recipient dna, it +was concluded that the observed physical association of transforming and +recipient dna occurs as a result of genetic recombination in transformed +b. subtilis . +.I 145 +.W +physical and biological studies on transforming dna . + bacillus subtilis transforming dna prepared by the method described, +has an average molecular weight of 11.6 million . the dna is +heterogeneous, as judged by chemical composition, thermo-spectral and +pyenographic properties . these properties have been used to fractionate +some of the biologically active molecules which show higher specific +activities in transforming respective auxotrophs . +.I 146 +.W +comparison of mutation and inactivation rates induced in bacteriophage +and transforming dna by various mutagens . + inactivation and mutation rates were measured for t4 phages and +bacillus subtilis transforming dna treated by low ph, nitrous acid, or +hydroxylamine at different temperatures . the frequency of mutants +increased linearly with time for all three agents, whereas the logarithm +of survival gave a linear plot only for nitrous acid and low ph . an +arrhenius plot showed the same slopes for both inactivation and mutation +rates after treatment with low ph or nitrous acid,. for the latter agent +the slope remained unaltered even when the dna was treated in the +denaturated state . in contrast, mutation rates obtained after the +exposure to hydroxylamine differed greatly for native or denatured dna, +phage t4 being intermediate . + treatment by low ph or nitrous acid interrupted the genetic linkage +between tryptophan and histidine, the interrupting hits being about 1/3 +as frequent as lethal hits, independent of the temperature . +.I 147 +.W +autolysis of bacillus subtilis by glucose depletion . + in cultures in minimal medium, rapid lysis of cells of bacillus +subtilis was observed as soon as the carbon source, e.g. glucose, had +been completely consumed . the cells died and ultraviolet-absorbing +material was excreted in the medium . the results suggest that the cells +lyse because of the presence of autolytic enzymes . in the presence of +glucose the damage to the cell wall caused by these enzymes is repaired +immediately . +.I 148 +.W +plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and 17-oxosteroids in patients with +breast cancer and in normal women . + (1) 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-ohcs) and 17-oxosteroids were +measured in the plasma of normal women, patients with early breast +cancer and in patients with advanced metastatic disease . + (2) the mean plasma 17-ohcs level was found to be normal in the early +stages of the disease but was raised in the advanced disease . in both +groups of patients the variance was significantly greater than in normal +women . + (3) the mean plasma 17-oxosteroid level in both early and advanced +breast cancer was not significantly different from the normal level but +the variance was increased . + (4) there is a significant correlation between the plasma 17-ohcs and +17-oxosteroids in normal women which was not found in the cancer +patients . + (5) in patients with advanced breast cancer, the levels of plasma 17- +oxosteroids were significantly correlated with the amounts of 11-deoxy- +17-oxosteroids found in the urine . there was no correlation between +plasma and urinary 17-ohcs . + (6) the physiological significance of these findings is discussed . +.I 149 +.W +hormone therapy in metastatic breast cancer.. clinical response and +urinary gonadotrophins . + the total urinary gonadotrophin output of a group of post menopausal +women with metastatic breast carcinoma undergoing hormone therapy, which +in every case initially consisted of treatment with diethylstilboestrol, +des (ca. 20 mg/d), has been studied for periods varying from seven +months to 31/2 years . + no correlation between gonadotrophin output and clinical response was +found, except that in all cases showing objective regression urinary +gonadotrophin remained low throughout the remission period . a low level +of gonadotrophin output was not, however, necessarily indicative of a +good clinical remission . following withdrawal of des, and independent +of the period of therapy, recovery to pre-treatment levels was the rule +rather than the exception . + a small group of patients maintained on a lower dose of des (3-5 mg/d) +showed the same degree of suppression of urinary output as those +receiving 20 mg/d, and several of these exhibited objective remissions . + the study has emphasised the importance of site specificity in the +response to hormone therapy, and underlines the difficulties of relating +the clinical response of the patient as a whole to changes in hormonal +environment . +.I 150 +.W +plasma androgens in women i. normal and non-hirsute females, +oophorectomized and adrenalectomized patients . + 1. in a group of 20 normal non-hirsute females age 17 to 38, 18 non- +hirsute patients with varied genito-urinary disorders, 8 oophorectomized +and or adrenalectomized patients plasma testosterone was measured by the +method of finkelstein et al. (1961) . conjugated androsterone and +conjugated dhea were determined by a modified method of migeon + plager +(1955) . + 2. mean baseline values in normal females were .11 .06 ug/100 ml +testosterone, 11.8 5.5 ug/100 ml conjugated androsterone, and 29.5 15.5 +ug/100 ml conjugated dhea . no significant response to hcg could be seen +dexamethasone affected the conjugated dhea significantly, but did not +seem to affect conjugated androsterone or testosterone . + 3. the non-hirsute patients showed essentially the same pattern . an +effect of dexamethasone on the levels of conjugated androsterone was +demonstrated . + 4. oophorectomized women had baseline values for the conjugates in the +range of normals . testosterone, however, was low with an average of + .016 ug/100 ml . in the adrenalectomized patients no androgens were +detectable . +.I 151 +.W +oophorectomy and cortisone treatment as a method of eliminating +oestrogen production in patients with breast cancer . + the urinary excretion of oestrone, oestradiol-17b, oestriol, and 17- +hydroxycorticosteroids has been estimated in 55 premenopausal and 91 +postmenopausal women with breast cancer at various stages of the disease +before therapy . the depletion of oestrogen excretion caused by +oophorectomy combined with cortisone treatment was studied in the +patients with metastasising breast tumours (32 premenopausal and 56 +postmenopausal subjects) . + patients with disseminating breast cancer excreted significantly +larger quantities of oestriol than healthy women of the same age, +whether pre- or postmenopausal . the excretion of oestrone and +oestradiol-17b was similar in cancer patients and healthy women of +corresponding age . + oophorectomy reduced the oestrogen excretion not only in premenopausal +subjects but also in quite a number of postmenopausal patients, +particularly in those who were still excreting significant amounts of +oestrogens . this decrease in the oestrogen output was transient and was +followed by a compensatory increase, possibly of adrenal origin . + cortisone administered within a month after the oophorectomy at a +dosage of 50 mg per day rapidly depressed the secondary rise in the +oestrogen output to a level of about 4 to 5 ug/24 h irrespective of the +age of the patient . this excretion level was unchanged as long as +cortisone was given in an adequate dose, but increased rapidly when the +cortisone treatment was discontinued . + oophorectomy combined with adequate cortisone treatment seems to offer +an alternative to the extensive surgical porcedures undertaken to +eliminate oestrogen production in breast cancer patients . +.I 152 +.W +some reactions of cytotoxic antibodies against previously unknown mouse +isoantigens . + the antiserum produced in c3h/he against c3h/st lymphosarcoma 6c3hed +contains a mixture of at least two antibodies of different properties +and specificities . anti h-5a is a hemagglutinating antibody removed by +absorption with red cells and many tissues . anti v is a cytotoxin +reacting with c3h/st tissue and 6c3hed but not with red cells. + the reciprocal antiserum c3h/st anti c3h/he sarcoma mc1m is more +complex . it contains the hemagglutinin anti h-6a and a variety of +cytotoxins . one appears to be specific for c3h/he tissues and the + tumor mc1m . another reacts with antigens on the c3h/go carcinoma +bp8. two additional cytotoxins may also be present . + immunization between sublines of the same inbred strain can result in +the production of a variety of antibodies directed against unrelated +antigens present on even long transplanted cells . the significance of +.I 153 +.W +on the value of thymectomy in adult mice as a means of potentiating the +immunosuppressive action of melphalan (l-phenylalanine mustard) . + thymectomy has been found to be ineffective as a means of potentiating +the immunosuppressive action of melphalan in adult cba-p mice challenged +with a-strain mammary carcinoma transplants . this was true when the +thymectomy was performed 2 days, 4 weeks or 7 weeks prior to injection +of a single dose (15 mg/kg body weight) of melphalan, administered 24 +hours prior to tumour transplantation, and also when thymectomy was +combined with multiple doses of melphalan given before and after tumour +transplantation . these findings are discussed . +.I 154 +.W +studies on the kinetics of transplantation immunity . + using the parameter of the number of tumor cells necessary to produce +s.c. tumors in allogeneic animals at varying intervals after antigenic +stimulation, immunity was found to be in force as early as 2 days after +primary antigenic stimulation . it reached a peak at 8-10 days and had +largely subsided by the end of a month . this method was also applied to +the quantitative study of the onset, degree, and duration of immunity +elicited by skin grafts . the results obtained with inocula of large +numbers of tumor cells (10 percent) were comparable to those obtained +with massive skin grafts . + the differences in the degree of antigenic stimulation resulting from +different routes of inoculation were studied . it was found that the +intradermal (i.d.) route of inoculation resulted in a more intense +antigenic stimulation than the s.c. route . when both routes of +inoculation were used simultaneously the pattern of growth of the s.c. +tumor was influenced by the i.d. inoculation.. an i.d. inoculum given 24 +or 48 hr earlier caused marked suppression of growth of the s.c. tumor, +while when an i.d. inoculation was preceded by an s.c. inoculation, +although there was an appreciable effect on the growth size, the growth +curves of the 2 tumors were always parallel . + there was no correlation between cytotoxic activity and the degree of +immunity in force at a given time . +.I 155 +.W +evidence for an immunological reaction of the host directed against its +own actively growing primary tumor . + cells isolated from primary benzo(a)pyrene-induced fibrosarcomas in +rats of a pure line were tested for their ability to grow as autografts +when injected back into the autochthonous host . the autograft did not +take if the primary tumor had been removed but grew occasionally in +animals in which the major part of the tumor was left . in every +instance the sarcoma cells grew when injected into syngeneic recipients +in these recipients the growth of the sarcoma cells was prevented or +retarded when they were mixed in vitro, prior to injection, with spleen +cells from animals that had been immunized against the tumor . +autochthonous spleen cells taken from the animal with the tumor behaved +in this test like those from immunized animals as long as the spleen was +taken 3 weeks after removal of the tumor . when the spleen and tumor +were removed at the same time, however, autochthonous spleen cells did +not behave like spleen cells from immunized animals and did not +interfere with the growth of the tumor . the results of both the +autograft and spleen cell experiments suggest that rats react actively +against their own growing primary tumors, but that the tumor exhausts +the supply of lymphocytes responsible for this reaction . after the +tumor is removed, the concentration of antitumor lymphocytes in the +spleen builds up and the animals can reject an autograft .-j nat cancer +inst 36.. 29-35, 1966 . +.I 156 +.W +a comparison of the cytologic effects of leurosine methiodide and +vinblastine in tissue culture . + comparison of the degree and duration of arrest of metaphases in +tissue culture cells by leurosine methiodide and vinblastine was made,. +colchicine and demecolcine were included for reference purposes . all +four drugs produced a similar cytologic effect, but vinblastine was most +active and remained active for the longest period of time . +.I 157 +.W +comparison of central aortic and peripheral artery pressure curves . + brachial artery and central aortic pressures were compared in 50 +consecutive patients subjected to retrograde left heart catheterization +in order to re-emphasize the fact that the two pressures are not +necessarily identical . in 43 cases the systemic systolic pressure peaks +exceeded those in the central aorta while in seven these pressures were +equal . the average pressure difference was 22.6 mm. hg . the greatest +differences occurred in cases of aortic regurgitation and could be +extreme, the brachial artery systolic pressure exceeding that in the +aorta by more than 100 mm. hg in some instances . the least differences +occurred in cases of aortic stenosis but significant differences +occasionally existed, leading to erroneous estimation of valve orifice +size if the systemic rather than the aortic systolic pressure was used . +.I 158 +.W +changes in sphingosine and fatty acid components of the gangliosides in +developing rat and human brain . + rat brain increases in weight after birth in three stages.. (i) +rapidly for the first 2 weeks, (ii) at a lower rate from 2 to 5 weeks, +and (iii) at a still lower rate from 5 weeks to 5 months . during the +succeeding period, designated iv, it maintains constant weight up to 1 +year of age . brain ganglioside content increased linearly during i and +ii, more slowly during iii, and diminished during iv . the appearance of +measurable amounts of brain sphingomyelin and cerebroside succeeded that +of ganglioside . + ceramide with c -sphingosine and c fatty acid was found in a large +proportion of all three sphingolipids upon their first appearance in +measurable quantity . c fatty acid in cerebroside rapidly declined to a +negligible level, while in gangliosides and sphingomyelin it declined +slowly but remained the major fatty acid component . + cerebrosides and sphingomyelin contained c -sphingosine almost +exclusively at all stages of rat brain growth . gangliosides contained c +-sphingosine almost exclusively at birth, but subsequently accumulated c +-sphingosine until they had nearly equal quantities of each base type . + changes in human brain gangliosides resemble those in rat . in +tay-sachs disease, gangliosides have c -sphingosine predominantly, and a +high content of c fatty acid . +.I 159 +.W +studies of the generalized shwartzman reaction induced by diet vi. +effects of pregnancy on lipid composition of serum and tissues . + pregnancy induced profound alterations in the lipid composition of +serum and tissues . (1) there is an elevation of total serum lipid, +phospholipid, triglyceride, free fatty acid and cholesterol,. (2) while +the total lipid of the liver and kidney are increased, that of the depot +fat is decreased,. (3) palmitate and oleate are increased in serum and +liver,. (4) arachidonate and stearate are decreased in serum and liver,. +and (5) placentas contain more stearate than the other organs of the +pregnant rat and also have a higher water content . the decrease in +depot total fat,. elevation of serum, liver and kidney total fat,. and +elevation of serum free fatty acids suggest that pregnancy induced +mobilization of depot fat . the increase in proportion of liver and +serum palmitate suggests that pregnancy induces increased lipogenesis +from the acetate pool . the appearance of an increased amount of +long-chain fatty acids in the liver may be due to the increased intake +of dietary fat . the decrease in arachidonate and stearate in serum and +liver suggests a relative decrease in mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis +.I 160 +.W +electron microscopy of the bovine lung.. the normal blood-air barrier . + lungs of 20 healthy, mature cattle were fixed in oso , embedded in a +polyester resin, and studied via electron microscopy . the blood-air +barrier was widely variable in thickness and consistency . there was a +continuous epithelial alveolar lining . the cytoplasm of some of the +epithelial cells contained membrane-bound aggregates of granules which +may be secretory structures . the epithelium rested on a basement +membrane, which in turn was continuous with or rested on an adjacent +capillary endothelial basement membrane, or continued into merging +connective tissue . the capillary endothelium was not fenestrated,. it +was a continuous cellular membrane . both the epithelium and endothelium +contained numerous caveolae and pinocytotic vesicles . cells of the +alveolar wall included fibroblasts, lymphocytes, macrophages, and an +occasional mast cell . very little elastin was observed . +.I 161 +.W +a sensitive and specific fluorescence assay for tissue serotonin . + a sensitive and specific method for the estimation of serotonin in +biological materials is described . in this method, serotonin is reacted +with ninhydrin to form a product whose fluorescence is eight times more +intense than the native fluorescence of serotonin in strong acid +solution . with this method it is possible to measure serotonin in +organs in which endogenous serotonin had not been previously detected +and to study the subcellular distribution of this amine in the rat +pineal and adrenal glands . +.I 162 +.W +effects of ruminal insufflation on cerebral circulation and metabolism +in the goat . + the effects of nitrogen insufflation of the cannulated rumen were +studied in 10 goats . parameters which were measured included cerebral +blood flow, mean carotid arterial pressure, pressure in the confluence +of sinuses, cerebrospinal fluid pressure, blood oxygen and carbon +dioxide contents, packed cell volume (pcv), and hemoglobin concentration +values for cerebrovascular resistance and cerebral o utilization were +calculated . + increased ruminal pressure had little effect on cerebral blood flow +and cerebrovascular resistance . cerebral o utilization was decreased +when the intraruminal pressure was increased . this decrease was caused +by a reduction in arterial o content and a consequent decrease in +cerebral arteriovenous o difference . mean arterial, venous sinus, and +cerebrospinal fluid pressures were increased as the intraruminal +pressure was increased . increases in pcv and hemoglobin concentration +were not related to the elevated intraruminal pressure . + central nervous system signs in goats with acute ruminal tympany may +be caused by cerebral hypoxia . the nature of the hypertensive changes +associated with increased ruminal pressure were demonstrated, but due to +the influence of multiple factors on fluid compartments, no conclusions +could be made about the mechanism of these pressure responses . +mechanical factors, however, may be involved . +.I 163 +.W +a comparison between inhaled dust and the dust recovered from human +lungs . + experiments on the loss of dust particles during breathing indicate +total deposition in the respiratory tract,. subjection of the results to +qualitative arguments may give information about alveolar deposition . +measurements of insoluble dust recovered post mortem from human lungs +give the absolute retention of dust which was deposited in the alveoli +and subsequently shifted, probably to a large extent, to the lymphatic +vessels of the lungs . + experimental results for total deposition and absolute retention are +discussed in connection with the health risk due to inhaling insoluble +particles, such as plutonium dioxide . +.I 164 +.W +dual cation activation of bovine lens autolysis . + the autolytic activity of bovine lens extracts at 55 c. and ph 7.4 has +been shown to be markedly influenced by the simultaneous presence of +mono- and divalent cations . of the cations tested, na at 2.5 to 5 mm . +and mg at 5 to 10 mm. produce the best activation . the stimulation is +synergistic . on the basis of results obtained here and in other +laboratories, the suggestion is made that this combination of cations +may be required for activation of the neutral proteinase of the lens . +in the presence of mg and average physiologic lenticular levels of both +na and k , autolysis is suppressed to the basal level obtainable in the +presence of mg alone . +.I 165 +.W +nucleic acid metabolism in the lens iii. effect of x-radiation . + a previous communication reported an increased in vivo incorporation +of p-32 into the albuminoid rna fraction of the rat lens 6 hours after +the animal had been exposed to x-radiation (1,500 r) . + in the present study, the in vitro uptake of p-32 and c-14-adenine by +albuminoid, ribosomal, and soluble rna fractions of normal and x- +irradiated rat lenses was measured . the rna fractions were extracted by +sodium dodecyl sulfate in 0.9 per cent nacl . the specific rna fractions +were also hydrolyzed, chromatographed (on paper), and the activity of +the individual nucleotides (as well as the specific rna fractions) was +determined . an experiment was also performed in which the capsules were +removed (after the 3 hour incubation period) and the activities +determined in the nucleic acids extracted from the capsules and in the +three rna fractions of the remaining lens matter . + the results of these experiments indicate that the incorporation of +p-32 and c-14-adenine into albuminoid rna was markedly stimulated 1 hour +after 1,500 r whole body radiation . there was no significant effect on +ribosomal or soluble fractions . + the effect of formaldehyde and heating on x-irradiated albuminoid rna +was much less than on the albuminoid rna derived from control animals . +.I 166 +.W +changes in dna, rna, and protein synthesis in the developing lens . + lens cell dna, rna, and protein synthesis in the developing mouse eye +were studied with the use of tritium-labeled thymidine, uridine, and l- +leucine and autoradiographic techniques . in the mouse embryonic lens, +epithelial cells undergoing dna synthesis were found over the entire +anterior lens surface . from birth and until the eyes opened the +percentage of epithelial cells undergoing dna synthesis rapidly +decreased . later the percentage of epithelial cells undergoing dna +synthesis was nearly constant as the germinative zone became localized +in the lens equator region . rna synthesis occurred in all nucleated +cells of the developing lens from the embryonic stage until the eyelids +opened . with lens maturity the h uridine was incorporated into the rna +of only the more superficial cells . a similar pattern of tritium +incorporation was seen with h l-leucine . +.I 167 +.W +amino acid transport in the lens in relation to sugar cataracts . + the steady state distribution of free amino acids between the lens and +aqueous humor is significantly reduced in diabetic rabbits and also in +rats fed rations containing high concentrations of xylose or galactose . + the reduction in the level of amino acids in the lens is apparently a +direct effect of the high concentration of sugars, but it is doubtful +whether it is related to cataract formation . +.I 168 +.W +visco-elastic properties of the lens . + the dynamic visco-elastic properties of human, monkey and rabbit +lenses have been measured with a dynamic rheometer . the value for the +apparent elastic modulus (young modulus) of the lens was found to be 10 +-10 dyne/cm in humans and 10 -10 dyne/cm in monkeys and rabbits . the +value for the loss tangent was 0.3-0.4 in the human lens and 0.3-0.6 in +rabbit and monkey lenses . + elastic moduli and loss tangents of the lenses showed poor dependence +on temperature at 15 -55 c and on frequency of oscillation at 0.01-25 c/ +s . the lenses showed linear visco-elasticity when the amplitude of +oscillation was below 0.02 mm, and they showed nonlinear visco- +elasticity when the amplitude exceeded 0.03 mm . +.I 169 +.W +carbonic anhydrase distribution in rabbit lens . + the distribution of carbonic anhydrase activity in the mature rabbit +lens was determined . the activities in nucleus, cortex, epithelium with +anterior capsule, anterior capsule, and posterior capsule were, +respectively, 2484 ( 256), 1571 ( 87), 545 ( 93), 159 ( 39) and 65 ( 49) +moles co /kg wet tissue wt per hr at 0 c . it was concluded, on the +basis of the available evidence, that carbonic anhydrase cannot play a +primary role in the cation transport system of the lens . +.I 170 +.W +changes in weight and adenosine triphosphate content in the lens of the +xylose-fed rat . + xylitol and sorbitol accumulated in the lens of the xylose-fed rat two +days before loss of adenosine triphosphate, and cataractous changes, +were apparent . the maximum degree of cataract occurred when the level +of the polyols was at its highest . regression of cataract was +accompanied by decrease in polyol concentration and restoration of the +level of atp . the lens of the xylose-fed rat did not usually increase +in weight . +.I 171 +.W +identification of species-specific and organ-specific antigens in lens +proteins . + the species-specific and organ-specific antigens of lens were +investigated by gel diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis techniques . it +was found that rabbit antiserum to bovine lens showed cross reaction +with other bovine tissues . these cross-reacting antigens were the b- - +and y-crystallins . there were two major and a minor organ-specific +antigen in lens . both the major antigens had a mobility and were +identified as the a-crystallin of lens . +.I 172 +.W +an electron microscopic study of wolffian lens regeneration in the adult +newt . + changes in the morphology of cells during the regenerative tissue +transformation of the pigmented epithelium of the iris into lens in the +adult newt triturus viridescens were studied in ultrathin sections using +the electron microscope . in addition, quantitative analyses with +electron micrographs were performed . the cells of the normal iris are +characterized by an abundance of melanin granules, an extensive smooth-- +surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, and irregular indentations of the +nuclear membrane . after lens removal, the first visible changes are +detected in nuclei of the mediodorsal iris cells and involve an increase +in the number of primary nucleoli . later, the nuclei enlarge and become +spherical, and prominent nucleoli appear . these nucleoli can be +distinguished from the normal nucleoli by the presence of the granular +cortex surrounding the fibrous core . the pigment granules seem to be +completely extruded into the intercellular spaces and subsequently taken +up by leucocytes . the endoplasmic reticulum disintegrates gradually and +finally almost disappears . there is a significant increase of ribosomes +in the cytoplasm . later, the cytoplasmic matrix also acquires fibrous +elements (about 50 a wide) of low density, probably corresponding in +nature to the main components of a normal lens cell . these and other +changes in the transforming cells are discussed . +.I 173 +.W +growth of several human cell lines in newborn rats . + when injected intravenously into newborn rats, eight human +tissue-cultured cancer cell lines -dash h.ep. 2, detroit 6, j-111, rp +41, rp 212, adeno cx 1, ovary 2, and mac 21 -dash grew progressively in +lung and other organs of more than 50 per cent of the animals and +commonly caused death after 5-8 weeks . two other human cell lines -dash +the carcinoma h.ep. 1 and the presumably normal amnion b -dash grew less +frequently and rarely caused death or illness . +.I 174 +.W +the human tumor-egg host system iii. tumor-inhibitory properties of +tenuazonic acid . + the fermented broth of a culture of alternaria tenuis auct. inhibited +the growth of the human adenocarcinoma (h.ad. 1) in the embryonated egg +with the aid of studies in the egg-tumor system the active agent was +isolated and identified as tenuazonic acid . tenuazonic acid was +produced by a number of alternaria isolates and by an aspergillustamarii +and a phoma sp . compared with tenuazonic acid, on a molar basis, about +20 times as much hadacidin or 6-mercaptopurine, 2 times as much +azaserine, but only 1/20 as much triethylenemelamine (tem) were required +to achieve the same inhibition of h.ad. 1 tumor growth in the egg . +tenuazonic acid was more effective against h.ad. 1 than against another +transplantable human tumor, a-42 . tenuazonic acid, compared with +puromycin, more specifically inhibited tumor growth in the egg-tumor +system . +.I 175 +.W +the occurrence of biologic crystals in tumor and nontumor cultures of +c3h/hej mice . + crystalline structures of various types have been found in primary +tissue cultures of neoplastic and non-neoplastic tissues from c3h/hej +mice . all of the cultures of mammary carcinoma tissue contained the +crystals . the crystals were found in varying incidence in the cultures +of several other tissues with the exception of those from the kidney . a +'dialysis compartment' was not essential for the formation of the +crystals . the development of the crystals was accelerated by a +modification of the culture medium . +.I 176 +.W +a comparison of the fine structure of cultured mac-21 and hela cell . + the fine structure of a cultured mucoid adenocarcinoma cell of human +lung (mac-21) is described and compared with the fine structure of the +hela cell . the differences in fine structure between the two strains +are primarily quantitative . the mac-21 cell differed, however, in the +following respects.. a spindle-shaped cell with larger nucleus and +increased nuclear membrane invaginations, and considerably larger +amounts of perinuclear golgi apparatus . the cytoplasm contained areas +of low density, undefined by a limiting membrane, which are thought to +be accumulations of mucin . + the two cell strains contained numerous multivesicular bodies, some +with lamellae in various stages of development, suggesting that these +organelles may be involved in the formation of the lipide-rich, +myelinated structures observed in both hela and mac-21 cells . the +number of myelinated bodies was found to be inversely proportional to +the ph of the medium . +.I 177 +.W +effect of parathyroid and other human tumors and tissues on bone +resorption in tissue culture . + mouse calvaria were grown in tissue culture in combination with single +or multiple fragments of a variety of human tumors and glandular tissues +to determine their capacity to enhance bone resorption . single +fragments of parathyroid adenoma tissue consistently enhanced resorption +in both the frontal and the parietal bones . except for one squamous-- +cell carcinoma of the lung which had some activity all other tissues +tested as single fragments had no enhancing effect . on the other hand, +all human tissues enhanced resorption when multiple fragments were +placed in a halo around the calvarium, suggesting the presence of lesser +amounts of resorption-enhancing factors in other human tissues . +.I 178 +.W +limited growth period of human lung cell lines transformed by simian +virus 40 . + summary--infection of human cell strains with simian virus 40 induced +virus replication and cell transformation with the changes in morphology +and cytology described by previous investigators . although +transformation greatly enhanced growth potentials of the strains, only 2 +of 23 transformed cultures appear to have attained autonomous growth.--j +nat cancer inst 33.. 227-236, 1964 . +.I 179 +.W +bacteriophages that lyse mycobacteria and corynebacteria, and show +cytopathogenic effect on tissue cultures of renal cells of cercopithecus +aethiops.. a preliminary communication . + bacteriophages isolated from sputum and resection specimens of pa- +tients suffering from carcinoma of the lung were found to lyse coryne- +bacteria and mycobacteria, and to produce a cytopathogenic effect on +certain cells in tissue cultures . from the same and other patients with +neoplastic disease, bacteria were isolated and described as coryne-my- +cobacteria because of bacteriological features they shared with both +species . these bacteria, which either were sensitive to mycobacterio- +phages and corynebacteriophages or were phage-immune lysogenic bacteria, +could be induced to produce lytic particles with phagolytic activity on +corynebacteria and mycobacteria and a cytopathogenic effect on hela +cells and on the renal cells of cercopithecus . +.I 180 +.W +gel filtration of the soluble proteins from normal and cataractous human +lenses . + the soluble proteins of normal and cataractous lenses were separated +according to their molecular size on the polysaccharide gel sephadex +g-100 . in cataractous as well as in normal lenses 4 different compo- +nents were obtained . during the evolution of cataract there is a pre- +ferential decrease of the low molecular weight proteins of the lens . +these disappeared completely in mature and hypermature cataract . on the +other hand, the proteins of high molecular weight (e.g., -crystallin) +are very resistant to the pathological process . the electrophoretic +pattern of the low molecular weight proteins in the normal lens revea- +led several fractions distributed over a large mobility area . after +immunoelectrophoresis, 3 different precipitin lines were obtained . +.I 181 +.W +the insoluble proteins of bovine crystalline lens . + the insoluble lens proteins, the albuminoids, of the adult bovine lens +cortex can be rendered soluble by raising the ph of their washed +suspension in 0.9 nacl to 10.5 and then reducing it again to ph 7.4 . +the sedimentation constant of the dissolved protein is 10.8 s,. its +molecular weight is estimated to be 360,000 12,000 . the amino acid +composition is approximately the same as that of the soluble -crysta- +llin fraction, a kinship which is also apparent from their immunochemi- +cal properties . it is suggested that the initial insoluble protein is a +molecular aggregate of -crystallin, which is dissociated in alkaline +solutions to molecules exhibiting a sedimentation constant of 10.8 s . +.I 182 +.W +glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase +in lens and blood of different species . + the activities of glucose 6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydro- +genase were measured in the lens and erythrocytes of man and several +other species . there is a wide variation between individuals of the +same species, but there seemed no correlation between the activity of +either enzyme in the lens and their activity in the erythrocytes of the +same species . there is a wide range of activity of both glucose 6-phos- +phate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in the lens and +in the blood of different species . several species had glucose 6-phos- +phate dehydrogenase activity in erythrocytes below the level considered +/deficient/ in man . the sorbitol content of the lens was not correla- +ted with glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity . +.I 183 +.W +nucleic acid metabolism in the lens iii. effect of x-radiation . + a previous communication reported an increased in vivo incorporation +of p-32 into the albuminoid rna fraction of the rat lens 6 hours after +the animal had been exposed to x-radiation (1,500 r) . + in the present stody, the in vitro uptake of p-32 and c-14-adenine by +albuminoid, ribosomal, and soluble rna fractions of normal and +x-irradiated rat lenses was measured . the rna fractions were extracted +by sodium dodecyl sulfate in 0.9 per cent nacl . the specific rna +fractions were also hydrolyzed, chromatographed (on paper), and the ac- +tivity of the individual nucleotides (as well as the specific rna frac- +tions) was determined . an experiment was also performed in which the +capsules were removed (after the 3 hour incubation period) and the +activities determined in the nucleic acids extracted from the capsules +and in the three rna fractions of the remaining lens matter . + the results of these experiments indicate that the incorporation of +p-32 and c-14-adenine into albuminoid rna was markedly stimulated 1 hour +after 1,500 r whole body radiation . there was no significant effect on +ribosomal or soluble fractions . + the effect of formaldehyde and heating on x-irradiated albuminoid rna +was much less than on the albuminoid rna derived from control animals . +.I 184 +.W +an investigation of mitotic control in the rabbit lens epithelium . + a water soluble substance which inhibits mitosis in the rabbit lens +epithelium has been found to be present in young and old rabbit lenses . +it has a high molecular weight and is relatively stable at room tempera- +ture . the inhibitory factor is associated with the y-crystallin frac- +tion and exists throughout the young lens, although the activity in the +nuclear region (on a wet weight basis) is less than half that of the +cortex and epithelium . +.I 185 +.W +the identification of lysosomal enzymes in bovine lens epithelium . + biochemical studies are described for the isolation of lysosomes +(identified as such by the activities of their enzymes) in the cells of +the bovine lens epithelium . the various fractions assayed for lysosomal +enzymes showed contamination of mitochondrial and soluble cytoplasmic +material in the two isolation procedures employed . +.I 186 +.W +protein synthesis and polyribosomes in the calf lens . + a cell-free system capable of incorporating amino acid into protein +has been isolated from calf lens . polyribosomes have been shown to be +present in the ribosomal fraction and to be responsible for most of the +protein-synthesizing capacity of this fraction . the polyribosomes have +been examined by electron microscopy and appear to be composed of long +strands of ribonucleic acid, ranging from 7,000 a to 20,000 a, and con- +taining a large number of ribosomes with an average diameter of about +140 a . +.I 187 +.W +measurement of oxygen tensions in cerebral tissues of rats exposed to +high pressures of oxygen . + brain and cerebrospinal oxygen tensions have been measured in rats +breathing air or in various high pressures of oxygen (ohp) . addition of +5 percent co2 to the inspired oxygen raised cerebral oxygen tensions +when rats were exposed to 2 atm abs or above . inhibition of 75 +hemoglobin saturation by para-aminopropriophenone lowered cerebral po in +rats breathing air, but not in rats exposed to ohp . the rate of rise of +cerebral po to a steady level after rapid compression was found to be +faster than the rate of fall to a steady level following decompression . +addition of co to the inspired gas mixture increased the rate of rise of +cerebral po . the anesthetics urethane and pentobarbital sodium did not +affect cerebral po in rats breathing air or oxygen at 4 atm . the +results are discussed in relation to factors contributing to oxygen +poisoning at high pressures . +.I 188 +.W +release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue obtained from newborn +infants . + summary the role played by mobilization of free fatty acids (ffa) from +adipose tissue in producing the typically high serum ffa levels of human +infants has been studied . ffa concentrations in the serum and subcuta- +neous adipose tissue from the gluteal region were determined during +postnatal development . a maximum level was reached within 24 hr after +birth, after which there was a gradual fall . in serum the ffa level at +the end of 12 months was still higher than that in adults, while the ffa +level in adipose tissue was lower at 3 months than in adults . + incubation of small pieces of adipose tissue in krebs-ringer phosphate +buffer containing 4 albumin led to release of ffa into the medium . this +release could be suppressed by the addition of glucose (200 mg/100 ml) +for tissue from all age groups except the youngest (0-15 hr after birth) +.I 189 +.W +detection of pericardial effusion by radioisotope heart scanning . + a marked difference between the cardiac silhouette on the six-foot +chest roentgenogram and the cardiac blood pool, determined by radioiso- +tope scanning, has been shown to be consistent with pericardial effusion +and/or thickening . it has also been observed that the cardiac blood +pool is separated from the liver margin by the interposition of peri- +cardial fluid and/or thickening . this separation was not demonstrated +in the presence of a normal pericardium . to appreciate these features, +400 c. of radioiodinated human serum albumin and 50 c. of colloidal +radiogold were used for scanning . the former outlined the blood pool +and the latter demonstrated the position of the liver . +.I 190 +.W +on the mechanism of erythropoietin-induced differentiation iv. some +characteristics of erythropoietin action on hemoglobin synthesis in +marrow cell culture . + some of the characteristics of the erythropoietin stimulation of hemo- +globin synthesis by rat marrow cells in culture have been studied . the +relationship between cell number and rate of hemoglobin synthesis at va- +rious levels of erythropoietin is sigmoid rather than linear suggesting +a cooperative action among the sensitive cells . the magnitude of the +erythropoietin effect on the cells increases with time of contact with +the hormone,. at the time of one-half maximal effect there is no discer- +nible loss of erythropoietin from the culture medium . a previously des- +cribed lag time in the response to erythropoietin appears to be largely +due to the conditions of culture and disappears when the cells are pre-- +incubated for 9 h . replacement of a large fraction of the medium at +24-h intervals enabled the cells to continue hemoglobin synthesis for an +additional 24 h . +.I 191 +.W +the occurrence of megakaryocytes in the peripheral blood of dogs . + a study of megakaryocytes in buffy coat smears from 26 dogs revealed +that no unusual characteristics were consistently associated with appea- +rance of megakaryocytes in the peripheral blood . +.I 192 +.W +moderate hypothermia in man.. haemodynamic and metabolic effects . + studies were performed on four patients undergoing intracranial opera- +tion during the induction and reversal of surface hypothermia to 30 c . +oxygen uptake decreased an average of 26 per cent from 34 to 30 c to a +mean value of 48 per cent of predicted basal uptake . at the same time, +cardiac output decreased only 11.5 per cent, resulting in a consistent +rise in calculated mixed venous oxygen saturation from a mean of 76 to +81 per cent at 30 c . as a result of this and the effect of cooling on +oxygen dissociation, the estimated tension of oxygen in mixed venous +blood remained virtually unchanged . when shivering was allowed to occur +in two patients, oxygen uptake increased approximately 50 per cent +without any concomitant increase in cardiac output . observed right +atrial and svc oxygen saturations correlated well with calculated mixed +venous oxygen saturations with regard to direction and magnitude of +change with change in temperature . +.I 193 +.W +the spectrum of lupus nephritis . + fifty cases of sle have been collected over a ten year period and the +incidence and clinical picture of ln reviewed in the light of other +published data . + lupus nephritis, like sle, has a variable pattern of its own with a +wide spectrum of renal involvement -dash evaluation of therapy and +prognosis will have to be conducted against this background . + lupus nephritis may present as a renal syndrome only, without any of +the other manifestations of sle . + renal involvement in sle is common, but this does not necessarily +indicate a poor short-term prognosis . in the peter bent brigham +hospital series a sustained raised blood pressure and the onset of renal +insufficiency influenced the prognosis adversely . +.I 194 +.W +comparison of ultraviolet sensitivity of bacillus subtilis bacteriophage +spo2 and its infectious dna . + deoxyribonucleic acid extracted from a clear plaque mutant of the +temperate phage, spo2, was infectious when incubated with competent +cultures of bacillus subtilis 168 m . the relationship between numbers +of infectious centers and dna concentration was linear . + the sensitivity of the infectious dna to ultraviolet light was much +greater than that of the free phage when b. subtilis 168 m was used as +host . acriflavin, which inhibits host cell reactivation, increased the +rate of ultraviolet inactivation of the free phage so that it approached +the inactivation rate of the phage dna . acriflavin had little effect on +the survival curves of the infectious dna . + non-host reactivating mutants (hcr ) of b. subtilis 168 m were +isolated . the survival curves of spo2 phage were much steeper when the +hcr mutant was used as a host than those obtained when the hcr parental +strain was used as a host . + ultraviolet sensitivity of the phage dna was still greater than that +of the free phage even when b. subtilis hcr was used as host, but the +difference in sensitivity was much less than the difference obtained +with b. subtilis hcr as a host . + possible explanations for the greater ultraviolet sensitivity of the +infectious dna are discussed . +.I 195 +.W +the isolation and morphology of some new bacteriophages specific for +bacillus and acetobacter species . + the best natural habitat for bacteriophages is probably a semi-solid +medium containing actively dividing host bacteria . such conditions are +provided for bacillus and acetobacter species in rotting grass and +apples, respectively . the bacillus phages found included one with a +large head and a contractile tail, and also a so-called killer particle, +which had a 350 a head and a long contractile tail . this particle had +the property of killing but not multiplying within a sensitive cell . a +new morphological type of virulent bacillus phage was also isolated,. +its head was oblong and the tail consisted of a short needle and a plate +the one acetobacter phage found resembled coliphage t3 but was of +particular interest because of the prominence of the head capsomeres and +the three-pronged tail . +.I 196 +.W +characterization of bacillus subtilis bacteriophages . + brodetsky, anna m. (university of california, los angeles), and w. r. +romig . characterization of bacillus subtilis bacteriophages . j. +bacteriol. 90..1655-1663. 1965.--a group of six phages, sp5, sp6, sp7, +sp8, sp9, and sp13, which use the marburg strain of bacillus subtilis as +host was characterized . these phages, referred to as group 1, were +examined for the following properties.. host range, plaque morphology, +stability, adsorption kinetics, one-step growth characteristics, calcium +requirements, serum neutralization, thermal inactivation, and +inactivation by ultraviolet irradiation . five unrelated b. subtilis +phages, sp3, sp10, pbs1, sp alpha, and sp beta, were included in the +studies . when first isolated, none of the group 1 phages was able to +replicate efficiently on b. subtilis sb19, a mutant of the /transforming +/ b. subtilis 168 . host range mutants capable of growth in sb19 were +isolated for all of the group 1 phages except sp13, and are designated +the /star/ phages (sp5 through sp9 ) . for characterization, sb19 was +used as host for the star phages, and another b. subtilis mutant, 168b, +was host for sp13 . +.I 197 +.W +transduction in bacillus subtilis . + (i) comparative examinations have shown that the temperate subtilis +phages can be divided into two groups . b. subtilis strain nrs 231 was +an adequate common host sensitive to all the examined temperate phages . + owing to certain technical advantages this strain was found suitable +for the titration subtilis phages . + (ii) some cultural differences have been revealed among substrains of +b. subtilis 168 ind auxotrophs maintained in various laboratories . +cells in one of these cultures were partly capable and partly incapable +of using ammonia . ammonia assimilation was transducible to ammonia +negative bacteria . + (iii) after mitomycin c or ultraviolet ray induction the examined b. +subtilis strains liberated /bacteriocin/-like principles . this finding +is probably analogous to that of seaman et al. concerning pbsx defective +phages . on the basis of bacteriocin production the examined strains +were divided into two groups . + (iv) several temperate phages isolated in our laboratory were +presumably identical with phage pbs 1 . phage sp 10 differed from these +agents both in antigenic structure and in host range . + (v) transduction by some lysates of pbs 1-type phages was observed at +frequencies of the order of 10 . considerably more and less effective +phage materials were yielded by some lysogenic transductants . thus +transducing phages active in the order of 10 were prepared . + (vi) transduction frequency, in addition to the properties of the +phage, was influenced by the physiological condition of bacteria . + (vii) transduction of indole and histidine loci was studied by use of +his derivatives of strain 168 ind . +.I 198 +.W +the carrier state of bacillus subtilis infected with the transducing +bacteriophage sp10 . + bacteriophage sp10 may infect bacillus subtilis to form a carrier +system . the infected bacteria give rise to infected organisms after six +or more successive single-colony isolations . about 60 of the spores +derived from such an infected culture yield clones that produce phage, +and such spores retain their ability to produce phage even after +treatment with antiserum and heating at 80 . four hours' incubation of +carrier spores in nutrient broth yields cultures having more than 10 +infective centers per bacterium . cultivation of infected organisms in +medium containing sp10 antiserum leads to loss of phage and loss of +immunity to phage infection . dna with a density characteristic of viral +dna can be detected in infected bacteria . extracts of infected bacteria +contain a phage-induced deoxyribonuclease activity which attacks both +phage and bacterial dna in vitro . the phage-bacterial complex is +therefore best described as a carrier state . + the dna of the phage and of b. subtilis are chemically different . +enzymatically prepared complementary virus rna has no homology with +bacterial dna . the lack of homology of this transducing phage dna with +the dna of its host and the failure to form a truly lysogenic +relationship reinforce previous conclusions that transducing bacterial +dna is incorporated into the sp10 virus particle without any +recombination between viral and bacterial dna . +.I 199 +.W +infectivity of dna isolated from bacillus subtilis bacteriophage, sp82 . + sp82, a newly isolated bacteriophage of bacillus subtilis, is +described . sp82 is closely related to sp8, but differs from sp8 in the +density of its denatured dna and in its plating effciency on b. subtilis +strain sb-1 . + dna isolated from this phage can be recovered in molecular weight +equivalent to the amount contained in a single phage (approximately 130 +x 10 daltons) . dna of this molecular weight, but not half pieces, is +infective in competent b. subtilis . the response of plaque-forming +ability to dna concentration suggests that four whole molecules are +required to initiate an infective center . recombination studies with +mixed dna's of two non-allelic temperature-sensitive mutants confirm the +existence of an obligatory co-operative infective process . a second +infective procedure that utilizes extracted phage dna is described . in +this system, low concentrations of wild-type dna are exposed to the +cells . at these concentrations the multiple-event nature of phage dna +infection precludes the formation of unaided plaques . however, by +subsequently superinfecting the dna-infected cells with a +temperature-sensitive mutant and plating under selective conditions, +genetic rescue of the infecting dna is accomplished and detected . +infective centers elicited by this /marker rescue/ phenomenon are +directly proportional to dna concentration . the time of attainment of +dnase resistance by phage dna infective centers that have irreversibly +adsorbed dna can be measured . phage dna infective centers require at +least 13 minutes to become totally dnase resistant . the reasons for the +failure of single phage dna molecules to carry out an infection are +discussed in terms of a specific breakage-reunion +.I 200 +.W +psychology of children's dental treatment . + the communication deals with influences involved in the development of +the child's attitude to dental treatment . they are extrinsic +(educational etc.) and intrinsic (constitutional and hereditary) . their +understanding helps to determine the correct psychological policy for +the management of the child in the surgery . + the aim of psychology applied in dentistry is to discover a mode of +treatment procedure which would ensure that the child will not be +subject to any psychic traumatization (psychophylaxis) . its second aim +is the management of the so called difficult child and his treatment . + to understand better the child's frame of mind during dental treatment +the situation in the surgery is dealt with step by step as the child +experiences it through his senses and his psyche . beside the basic +senses -dash hearing and seeing -dash others are also affected.. touch +(pressure sensation), smell and taste . + children during dental treatment are nearly always in a state of +raised emotional tension and are susceptible to anxiety reactions . +according to the degree of fear which they manifest children may be +classed into categories of cooperating and difficult patients . the +psychological procedure for the treatment of children of both groups is +based on the principles summarized in the section 'psychophylaxis in +dentistry' . in difficult children it is often necessary to employ yet +other psychological measures-psychotherapy, suggestion etc . in +extremely exacting cases premedication helps sometimes to find contact +with the child . + the experimental part of the work demonstrates the following findings + 1. dental treatment consists of a series of interdependent +traumatizing impulses . many of them appear only after a close analysis +of the situation . 2. the adverse response similar to that elicited by +pain may be due also to sensory impressions with a negative emotional +background . 3. psychic traumatization of the child during dental +treatment can be prevented by relatively simple psychological measures . +.I 201 +.W +relation of emotional changes during pregnancy to obstetric +complications in unmarried primigravidas . + this study was designed to assess the psychological changes +experienced by white unmarried primigravidas during pregnancy, the +relationship between manifest anxiety and clinical factors such as labor +time and mean birth weight, and the personality differences between +/normal/ and /abnormal/ obstetric cases . the kent egy intelligence +scale, the taylor manifest anxiety scale, and the mmpi were administered +to 160 obstetric patients at the beginning of the third trimester of +pregnancy, with the mmpi and taylor being readministered post partum . +reliable group personality changes observed from pre- to postdelivery +supported the contention that pregnancy is a time of emotional upset . + following delivery, each patient was classified as normal or abnormal +dependent on the clinical course of parturition, delivery, and condition +of the offspring . there were no significant differences between these +groups with respect to age or intelligence . reliable differences were +found, however, for manifest anxiety and total labor times . in +addition, a positive relationship was found between manifest anxiety and +birth weights . personality differences found at predelivery between the +subgroups were largely attributable to the abnormal group's greater +neuroticism, anxiety, and use of the ruminative ego defenses . + post partum, the personality characteristics of the subgroups were +quite similar . both groups showed greater personality stability +following delivery, with the most striking changes from predelivery +demonstrable in the abnormal group . the magnitude of these changes were +interpreted as emotional lability and related to obstetric complications +by activation of various physiological regulator systems . +.I 202 +.W +stranger and separation anxiety in infancy . + anxiety responses to strangers and to separations from mother were +studied longitudinally in 19 infants between the ages of three and 23 +months by direct observations and by interviews with the mother . +benjamin's hypotheses concerning the differentiation and immediate +dynamics of infantile stranger and separation anxiety were supported by +the findings . differences in onset, period of highest intensity, +termination, and ratios in individuals were found between the two +anxieties . tests of the relationship between the two anxieties were +supportive of deductive predictions made by benjamin . sex differences +in intensity of the two anxieties were found . +.I 203 +.W +mental retardation related to hypercalcaemia . + for more than 20 years a number of retarded children and adolescents +have been observed who show points of striking similarity . we recognise +in them a well-defined type that is clearly distinguishable from other +forms of mental deficiency . they are therefore described in detail . +some of the children have had infantile hypercalcaemia but it is assumed +that other aetiological factors are also involved . + there is a characteristic facies and usually congenital heart disease +ordination is poor . there is a constant failure to thrive in infancy, +with episodes of vomiting, often with constipation . mentally the +children also show great similarities . their iq is about 40-50 but they +show outstanding loquacity and a great ability to establish interper- +sonal contacts . this stands against a background of insecurity and +anxiety . +.I 204 +.W +psychological effects of circumcision . + in order to evaluate the psychological effects of circumcision, a +small study was arranged in which twelve children, from average and low +socio-economic level, were given goodenough dam test, cat, rorschach and +two sets of stories, prior to the operation and following it . the +results of the tests showed that circumcision, performed around the +phallic stage is perceived by the child as an act of aggression and +castration . it has detrimental effects on the child's functioning and +adaptation, particularly on his ego strength . by weakening the +controlling and defensive mechanisms of the ego, and initiating +regression, it loosens the previously hidden fears, anxieties, and +instinctual impulses, and renders a feeling of reality to them . what is +expressed following the operation is primitive, archaic, and +unsocialized in character . as a defensive control and protection +against the surge of the instinctual forces coming from within and the +threats coming from outside, the ego of the child seeks safety in total +withdrawal, thus isolates and insulates itself from disturbing stimuli . + the results of the study raised some questions concerning certain +psychoanalytic formulations, for which further research was suggested . +possibilities for future research were also discussed . +.I 205 +.W +changes in children's behavior after hospitalization some dimensions of +response and their correlates . + changes in 387 children's behavior following hospitalization were +evaluated by means of a questionnaire sent to parents a week after +discharge . factor analyses revealed that children's responses to +hospitalization and illness were of six types.. (i) general anxiety and +regression, (ii) separation anxiety, (iii) anxiety about sleep, (iv) +eating disturbance, (v) aggression toward authority, and (vi) +apathy-withdrawal . scores for these six factors (types of responses) as +well as a total score, were analyzed by univariate and, in most cases, +multivariate analyses of variance . four variables -dash sex, prior +hospitalization, degree of pain experienced during hospitalization, and +birth order -dash were essentially unrelated to any type of response by +any analysis . age, duration of hospitalization, and occupational status +were each significantly related to one or more types of responses . +comparison of the mean factor and total scores for the full sample with +the levels indicative of no overall change indicated that the +combination of illness and hospitalization is a psychologically +upsetting experience for children in general, resulting in increased +separation anxiety, increased sleep anxiety, and increased aggression +toward authority . +.I 206 +.W +isozymes of lactic dehydrogenase.. sequential alterations during +development . + applications of isozymes in various biological contexts have been +reviewed . diagnosis of several disease states has been facilitated by +examination of the serum isozyme pattern which has been shown to +correlate in some conditions with the isozyme pattern of pathologically +involved tissues . physico-chemical studies of human ldh isozymes have +revealed differences among isozymes in affinity for a given substrate . +comparative studies of ldh isozymes within the erythrocyte from various +vertebrate species demonstrated a marked species variation in the number +of ldh isozymes, in the distribution of total ldh activity among them, +and in their electrophoretic mobilities . during development of chick, +rabbit, and human tissues characteristic sequential alterations in the +ldh isozyme pattern occurred and consisted for liver and muscle in loss +of the most rapidly migrating anodal bands and increased activity in the +cathodal bands and slower migrating anodal bands . in heart the reverse +changes were observed . if high enough ldh activities of early fetal +tissue extracts were applied to the gel the full complement of ldh +isozymes was observed,. however, in lower concentrations the cathodal +bands, which in the starch gel disappear more rapidly on dilution than +do the anodal bands, were not observed . a species-specific isozyme +pattern is obtained in long term culture of rabbit, chick, and human +cells . independently of the tissue of origin, there occurs in cells in +culture a sequential series of isozyme alterations characterized by +decreased intensity of rapidly migrating anodal bands . the shift toward +prominence of cathodal isozymes during both fetal development and tissue +culture can be explained by postulating the increased activity of the +gene producing one of the subunits of ldh with a concomitant decrease in +the activity of the gene producing the second subunit . practical +applications of the study of isozymes in tissue culture were discussed . +.I 207 +.W +establishment of a cell line in vitro from a case of human lung cancer . + 1) one cell line has been established from the pneumonectomized +specimen of a case with lung cancer, which was diagnosed as +undifferentiated cell carcinoma and partially adenocarcinoma by its +histological findings and was characterized with intracytoplasmic fat +droplets in them . + 2) the morphological changes of the cells were repeated but they have +been stabilized to their epithelial shapes after the 35th transfer . the +cell atypy of the culture was remarkable . phagocytosis of the cell line +has not been observed . it was characterized that the intracytoplasmic +droplets found in the original cancer cells have been maintained in the +cultured cells, even in their mitotic stage, throughout the cultural +course . + 3) concerning the chromosomal constitution diploid cells were only 15 +per cent . the range of chromosome number did not show sharp peak, +forming two groups of near diploid and near tetraploid ranges . + 4) transplanting the cell to cheekpouches of golden hamsters, the +implanted cells grew from the inoculum of 10 cells in conditioned animal +but did not show the invasiveness to neighbour tissue and metastasis to +other organs . +.I 208 +.W +factors influencing development of tumors in frogs . + (1) study of 75 spontaneous tumors of vermont frogs showed three +pathological grades of malignancy present.. aggressive renal +adenocarcinoma in some 30 per cent, medium adenocarcinoma in 50 per +cent, and lower grade mixed with tumors of undetermined origin in the +remaining 20 per cent . + (2) correlation with parasite infections (trematodes) was demonstrable +in only few cases in the kidney . hyperplasias and neoplasias grading +into lung primary carcinoma have been found in the lung in r. pipiens . +temperatures below 15 c. protected animals from lung as well as kidney +disease . higher temperatures disturbed the host-parasite relationships +and led to higher incidence of malignancy . in the bullfrog, precancer +was clearly associated with the worm attachment discs . + (3) other histological types of tumors in vermont frogs included +lymphosarcomas, liposarcoma, mesothelioma, epithelioma, and adrenal and +cartilage tumors of uncertain malignancy . + (4) improved methods of obtaining tumor filtrates allowed greater +probability of inducing malignancy with direct renal injection . in 106 +frogs 37 per cent developed histologically provable cancers in the +ranges of three to seven months . twenty-six per cent showed some +pre-cancer response and 43 per cent were negative . within the series +receiving filtrate from high malignancy donors one group yielded 100 per +cent positive, the others 50 and 38 per cent, respectively . + (5) among animals injected with /low/ malignancy filtrate, fewer +tumors resulted . some of these were clearly vesicular carcinomas and +could be classed as lung tumors . + (6) improved tissue culture methods allowed explants to live in liquid +media under perforated cellophane up to one year . slower growth, aided +by lower temperatures (16 c.) improved the microecology of cell types +and allowed detailed daily observations of each cell's intranuclear and +intranucleolar physiology for extended time-lapse cine-photography . + (7) mechanisms for malignant transformation are related to increased +activity and production of nucleolar dna and rna . the infective dna +hypothesis is not classical virus theory, but it does offer detailed +support . +.I 209 +.W +mitotic lymphocytes in primary tissue cultures of normal and neoplastic +human lung . + normal and tumor tissue explants from 33 resected human lungs were +studied in vitro . lymphocyte mitoses were observed in tissue cultures +derived from 12 of the lungs . the ability of lymphocytes to undergo +mitotic division in human lung tissue culture has not been reported +previously . in the autologous systems used lymphocyte mitoses were much +more common in cellular outgrowths derived from non-neoplastic tissue +than they were in the outgrowths derived from cancer-bearing explants . +no differences were observed in the total number of nondividing +lymphocytes present in the non-neoplastic and neoplastic preparations . +the in ritro systems employed are promising tools for further +contributions to an already well established clinicopathologic +relationship between lymphocytes and cancer cells . + phase contrast and time-lapse cinephotomicrographic records were +obtained of the mitotic process and special attention was paid to the +structural details . certain findings were of particular interest, +namely the formation of a dense chromatin ring during telophase, the +variable occurrence of cytoplasmic bubbling, and the death of +lymphocytes during early metaphase (/exploding/ metaphase) . an +elaboration and discussion of these findings have been presented . +.I 210 +.W +studies on transformation of syrian hamster cells by simian virus 40 +(sv40).. acquisition of oncogenicity by virus-exposed cells apparently +unassociated with the viral genome . + lines of syrian hamster lung and liver cells originally exposed as +primary cultures to large doses of sv40 exhibited increased growth rate, +high plating efficiency, morphological transformation, and, in some +instances, oncogenic potential after unusually long intervals . in at +least two lines acquisition of oncogenic potential occurred +independently of morphological transformation . in none of a total of 11 +cell lines studied in detail was conclusive evidence for the presence of +the sv40 genome obtained . +.I 211 +.W +eye and kidney tissue reactions to heterologous anti-uveal antibodies . + the uvea, lens capsule and kidney glomerulus in the albino wistar rat +have a common antigenic component(s) . the uvea and lens capsule in the +pigmented bovine eye also have a common antigenic component(s) . these +results were demonstrated by the immunofluorescence technique . the +common antigenic sites in the uvea were assumed to be the basement +membrane surrounding the vascular trees in the tissues . the possibility +of the basement membrane participation as an antigenic source for +inducing sympathetic ophthalmia is discussed . +.I 212 +.W +experiments dealing with the role played by the aqueous humor and retina +in lens regeneration of adult newts . + 1. these three groups of experiments involve approximately 140 eyes of +adult newts, triturus v. viridescens . they were devised to examine +what, if any, role the aqueous humor plays during lens regeneration from +the dorsal iris . + 2. many daily injections of aqueous humor from normal eyes were made +in lentectomized eyes for as long as 96 days in some cases . as controls +some lensless eyes were daily injected with holtfreter's solution . in +others aqueous humor was merely withdrawn . + 3) procedures for the injection experiments are difficult to control . +however, the most successful cases showed varying degrees of inhibition +and retardation of lens regeneration . + 4. pairs of eyes were united at large adjacent wound openings to +provide a common reservoir of aqueous humor bathing both lenses and +dorsal irises . in some cases the eyes were placed on the side of the +body . in others more successful unions were made by fusing a +transplanted eye to the right eye of a host . + 5. approximately three months after operation one of two large lens +regenerates in a pair of perfectly fused eyes was removed . six weeks +later a new large lens regenerate reappeared in most of the +lentectomized units in the presence of the intact lens of the other unit + 6. there is a strong possibility that the more than normal amount of +neural retina present provided a more powerful retinal factor for lens +regeneration than the inhibiting influence of the intact lens in the +environment . +.I 213 +.W +correlation between the mast cells and histamine content of the eye in +cattle . + the authors have examined the mast cell content of the eyes of cattle +and have established that most of the mast cells are contained in the +conjunctiva, the optic nerve and the ocular muscles,. fewer occur in the +sclera and iris, and least in the ciliary body and choroid . cornea, +lens and retina do not contain mast cells . the histamine content of the +ocular tissues and their mast cell contents generally run parallel . +however, the cornea is exceptional in that its histamine does not occur +in a bound state but in some form which is readily available to a mild +process of extraction (tyrode solution at 4 c) . +.I 214 +.W +studies in sickle cell anemia xxi. clinico-pathological aspects of +neurological manifestations . + neurologic manifestations are frequent in patients who have sickle +cell disease . these manifestations may be the earliest presenting signs +and symptoms and they are so variable that the patient may be +erroneously diagnosed as having conditions such as meningitis, +poliomyelitis, subdural hematoma, neoplasm, subarachnoid hemorrhage, +lead encephalitis, subacute bacterial endocarditis, and congenital +malformations of the brain . furthermore, development of these +manifestations cannot be predicted on the basis of the type of crisis +involved . + prognosis following neurological involvement is unpredictable, but +recurrent episodes, together with abnormal electroencephalographic +readings suggest a poor outcome . such patients die or are the victims +of rather severe neurological deficits . + neurological examination of these patients suggests diffuse +involvement of the cerebral hemispheres . examination of the +pathological material, however, often fails to reveal thromboses . the +striking findings are infarcts in the white matter and perivascular +hemorrhages . + the thesis that the abnormal neurological findings in these patients +are actually due to sickle cell disease is supported by the fact that +all such symptoms appear in association with clinical circumstances +known to induce sickling . these include surgery and anesthesia, fever +and infection . +.I 215 +.W +attenuation curves of the human eye under normal and pathological +conditions . + a method is described which allows the determination of /attenuation +curves/ of the human eye . those curves are obtained by plotting the +critical depth of modulation (cmd) as a function of the critical fusion +frequency (cff) . routine experiments were carried out for a 2 test +field showing a sinusoidal periodical variation of its luminance, +surrounded by an extensive area with a luminance equal to the average +luminance of the test field . attenuation curves were obtained for +normal observers under different experimental conditions and for a +number of patients . it is shown that this method affords us information +which cannot be obtained by means of the classical methods for measuring +the cff . +.I 216 +.W +central nervous system manifestations of periarteritis nodosa . + in the 114 cases of pathologically proved periarteritis nodosa +reviewed, 53 patients (46 percent) had symptoms and signs of central +nervous system or cranial nerve involvement . thirty-nine patients had +both cerebral manifestations and neuropathy, 38 had neuropathy alone, +and 14 had only cerebral symptoms and signs . + the most common cerebral manifestation was that of mental derangement, +usually an organic psychosis or confusional state . headache, +convulsions, blurred vision, vertigo, and sudden unilateral visual loss +were the most common symptoms referable to the central nervous system . +the most common abnormalities on examination were retinopathy, +hemiparesis, and signs of a brainstem lesion . there was no difference +in duration of life, after onset of disease, in those with and those +without central nervous system involvement . +.I 217 +.W +see-saw nystagmus an unusual sign of lesions near the third ventricle . + a case of see-saw nystagmus in a child with craniopharyngioma and +bitemporal hemianopsia is described, and reference is made to previous +case reports . the basis for this curious sign is not clear, but the +site of the lesion must be considered to be in the region of the third +ventricle, since bitemporal hemianopsia is a necessary part of the +syndrome . the sign is not common but when present points to a lesion +near the third ventricle . +.I 218 +.W +implications of gerstmann's syndrome . + of 465 consecutive patients subjected to a standardized battery of +neuropsychological tests, 111 had one or more components of gerstmann's +syndrome . each of these 111 patients had some evidence of organic brain +dysfunction in addition to gerstmann components . as the number of +gerstmann components increased, the responsible brain lesions tended to +be larger, more highly destructive of tissue, and to cause greater +neurological impairment . every patient with four gerstmann components +had associated evidence of severe impairment of brain functions and the +lesion or underlying disease was likely to compromise survival of the +patient . the syndrome is not to be regarded as an autonomous entity, +but merges with numerous other neurological deficits, notably dysphasia +in agreement with benton, we find no justification for singling out +the four gerstmann components as a separate syndrome, unless one is also +prepared to recognize that any other arbitrary groups of concurrent +deficits are also separate syndromes . + in at least three of 23 patients with all four gerstmann components, +the angular gyrus, as shown by necropsy examination, was not involved by +the lesion . however, the probability that the left hemisphere contained +a lesion increased with the number of gerstmann components, and the +probability of involvement of the left posterior parasylvian area also +increased with the increase in the number of gerstmann components . with +two, three, or four gerstmann components, the lesions were never +restricted to the angular gyrus but tended to spread widely over the +parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes . as to localizing significance, +gerstmann's syndrome has approximately the same degree of cogency as +dysphasia . +.I 219 +.W +alterations of visual evoked response in the presence of homonymous +visual defects . + the visual evoked response (ver) was studied by means of computer +averaging in 32 normal subjects, nineteen patients without visual +disorder but with unilateral cerebral lesions, and 30 patients with +homonymous visual field defects . an early negative-positive-negative +complex was recorded between laterally placed occipital electrodes and a +vertex reference . latencies were prolonged in the hemianopic patients . +some amplitude asymmetries were noted in the brain-damaged controls but +were more pronounced in patients with visual defects . the recordings in +the hemianopic patients were differentiated from those in both control +groups by the presence of aberrant wave forms (2 cases),. prolonged +latencies (3 cases),. and amplitude depression of greater then 50 per +cent of the positive wave on the abnormal side (16 cases) . pathologic +verification was obtained in three patients and demonstrated a +correspondence between alterations in the ver and the presence of +lesions of the geniculocalcarine system . +.I 220 +.W +cerebro-vascular lesions and livedo reticularis . + extensive livedo reticularis has been observed in one man and five +women who have suffered from a series of cerebrovascular lesions . the +neurological disabilities have included aphasia, homonymous hemianopia +and hemiplegia but have been remarkable for the degree of recovery which +has occurred . it is presumed that the livedo which has been found in +only one patient without neurological lesions is related to the +cerebrovascular incidents . investigations have failed to show any +evidence of polyarteritis nodosa, disseminated lupus erythematosus and +thrombocythaemia and an arteritis of unrecognized type is suggested as +the etiology . +.I 221 +.W +seesaw nystagmus case report elucidating the mechanism . + the eighth recorded case of see-saw nystagmus is reported . features +in this case are analyzed and evidence to suggest that this form of +nystagmus is ocular rather than central in origin is offered . see-saw, +nystagmus, unlike true vertical nystagmus, is not of itself indicative +of a brain stem lesion . +.I 222 +.W +supratentorial paratransversal meningiomas . + the author describes 6 cases of supratentorial paratransversal +meningioma . clinically, the development of these tumours is slow and +the chief neurological signs are.. homonymous hemianopia, contralateral +hemiparesis and speech disorders when the tumour is on the dominant side +radiologically, carotid angiography permits identification of these +tumours easily . surgically, the tumours were removed completely and, +although in 2 cases the transverse sinus had to be resected, this caused +no damage . one patient, who was operated on twice and whose +histological specimen on the second occasion showed that the meningioma +was malignant, died seven months after the second operation . the other +patients are well and free of neurological deficits from 1 to 12 years +after operation . +.I 223 +.W +life span and lymphoma-incidence of mice injected at birth with spleen +cells across a weak histocompatibility locus . + newborn cogenic c h mice receiving injections across a weak (h-i h-i ) +histocompatibility barrier exhibited life-shortening and a high +incidence of lymphomatous disease during mid-adult life . in control +experiments (h-i h-i ) lymphomatous disease developed much later life . +both mouse strains when not given injections as new-borns manifest only +a negligible incidence of lymphoma or leukemia . these findings are +variably interpretable in terms of oncogenic virology, and of the +immunologic theories of aging and cancer by analogy with transplantation +disease mechanisms . +.I 224 +.W +the heterogeneity of rheumatoid factors and the genetic control of +polypeptide chains of globulin . + (1) evidence is presented that most rf proteins are heterogeneous in +their antigenic composition although occasional ones are homogeneous and +thus resemble the paraproteins . + (2) studies pointing out some of the difficulties encountered with +currently available preparations of polypeptide chains in the genetic +mapping of globulin are described . +.I 225 +.W +progynon, a depot preparation with oestrogenic action, in the treatment +of prostatic carcinoma . + a derivative of a natural oestrogen -dash oestradiol undecylate, +progynon-depot -dash was given in depot form by injection to a group of +patients with prostatic carcinoma . the study showed progynon-depot to +reduce the excretion of androgen metabolites in the urine . the results +suggest that the preparation reduced the testicular production of +androgens but probably not that of the adrenal glands . the depot effect +and clinical action of the preparation are described briefly . +.I 226 +.W +/urinary 17-ketosteroid excretion study in radiation induced menopause +in carcinoma breast./ . + (1) urinary 17-ketosteroid estimation results are given in 11 patients +subjected to radiotherapeutic sterilisation . + (2) a high dosage level was used in all these cases . + (3) results indicate some suppression of ovarian function within 2 +weeks of sterilisation . +.I 227 +.W +prostatic cancer of a young person with primary hypogonadism . + the prostatic carcinoma of a 34 years old man with primary +hypogonadism was presented . endocrine environment of relative +estrogenic excess is suspected to have played the leading part in +pathogenesis of this case . +.I 228 +.W +urinary excretion of neutral 17-ketosteroids and pregnanediol by +patients with prostatic cancer and benign prostatic hypertrophy . + urinary neutral 17-ketosteroid fractions and pregnanediol excreted by +21 patients with prostatic cancer, 17 patients with benign hypertrophy, +and 59 clinically well subjects were assayed to determine whether +differences exist . + patients with prostatic cancer and those with benign hypertrophy +excreted significantly less androsterone than the clinically well +subjects . a disproportionately lower level of androsterone than +etiocholanolone resulted in a significantly lower +androsterone/etiocholanolone ratio in both groups . + the specificity of the findings is discussed . the lower levels of +androsterone excreted by patients with benign hypertrophy were +associated with an extended period of hospitalization . patients +hospitalized less than 5 days excreted androsterone at levels not +significantly different from the clinically well subjects . + lower levels of androsterone excreted by patients with prostatic +cancer were not explained by the presence of metastasis, the duration of +hospitalization, loss of appetite, or other definable differences, when +each was considered singly . the possible interrelationships of clinical +differences prevent assigning lower excretion levels to the cancer state +alone . +.I 229 +.W +i. urinary excretion of neutral 17-ketosteroids and pregnanediol by +patients with breast cancer and benign breast disease . + urinary levels of neutral 17-ketosteroid fractions and pregnanediol +excreted by 114 women, 56 premenopausal and 58 postmenopausal, were +determined . subjects studied were included in 4 premenopausal groups +(breast cancer 6, benign breast disease 18, sick control 8, well control +24) and 3 postmenopausal groups (breast cancer 21, sick control 17, well +control 20) . + levels of androsterone and etiocholanolone excreted by premenopausal +patients with breast cancer were significantly less than levels excreted +by other premenopausal groups, and they did not differ significantly +from levels excreted by postmenopausal patients with breast cancer . + disproportionately lower levels of the 11-desoxy-17-ketosteroids than +11-oxy-17-ketosteroids excreted by premenopausal patients with cancer +resulted in significantly lower ratios than those found in other +premenopausal groups . ratios associated with premenopausal patients +with cancer did not differ significantly from those of postmenopausal +patients with cancer . + lower levels of androsterone and etiocholanolone were not explained by +debilitation . +.I 230 +.W +the morphologic demonstration of an alveolar lining layer and its +relationship to pulmonary surfactant . + the presence of an alveolar lining layer was histologically +demonstrated in animal lungs by ultraviolet microscopy . this layer +appeared as a thin fluorescent line at the air-tissue interface . + the fluorescent lining layer could be abolished from lung sections by +extraction with chloroform..methanol and was diminished by digestion +with cl.welchii a-toxin lecithinase, suggesting that the structure was a +lecithin-containing lipid . an alveolar lining structure was also +identified by the use of phosphatide and polysaccharide stains, +suggesting that the lipid was a phosphatide, but that a +mucopolysaccharide component might also be present . + bilateral cervical vagotomy resulted in diminution or loss of the +fluorescent alveolar lines and abnormal surface tension properties of +lung extracts . this suggested that the presence of the fluorescent +material was associated with the surface activity of the lung . + alveolar lining structure could not be demonstrated by electron +microscopy, even with special staining techniques . +.I 231 +.W +experimental emphysema basis, review, and critique . + normal lung structure has been described as a rich capillary bed in a +finely partitioned airspace with unique surface-active effects . +morphologic criteria of the lesions of human pulmonary emphysema include +evidence of destruction, residual vascular remnants, the absence of +significant amounts of fibrosis, and altered conducting airways without +anatomic obstruction . + experimental studies relating to the pathogenesis of emphysema have +been reviewed and critically evaluated . stress has been placed on the +necessity to control the biologic factors influencing the action of any +specific etiologic agent . +.I 232 +.W +alveolar lining cells and pulmonary reticuloendothelial system of the +rabbit . + complete freund's adjuvant was injected intravenously into rabbits and +the cellular response in the lungs was investigated . the population of +cells within the alveolar spaces was contributed to by monocytes of the +circulation, mesenchymal cells of the alveolar walls and epithelial +lining cells of the alveoli . the abnormal epithelial lining during the +proliferative phase was the result of an increase in size and number of +the cells that line the normal alveoli . as healing progressed, a +structurally normal alveolar lining was found . +.I 233 +.W +time course of changes in surface tension and morphology of alveolar +epithelial cells in co2-induced hyaline membrane disease . + atelectasis and hyaline membranes produced by exposure of guinea pigs +to 15 percent co2 were found to be associated with disappearance of +lamellar bodies in the large alveolar lining cells (granular +pneumocytes) and an associated decrease in surfactant as indicated in +the rise of minimal surface tension of the lungs . this process is +limited to the uncompensated phase of respiratory acidosis and is +reversed during the compensatory phase . the parallel time course in +changes of surface tension and alterations of lamellar bodies in the +granular pneumocytes provides additional evidence for the identification +of the latter as the cells responsible for the secretion of surfactant . +.I 234 +.W +cortisone and atypical pulmonary /epithelial/ hyperplasia further +studies including electron microscopy, tissue culture, animal +transplantation and long term observations . + previous work in rabbits showed that there was a proliferation of +cells within pulmonary alveoli following intratracheal injection of +nitric acid and that the proliferation was greatly enhanced by the +administration of cortisone to the animals . + electron microscopic observations indicated that these were +morphologically large alveolar lining cells . tissue culture studies of +damaged and normal lung with and without cortisone showed no evidence +for a direct effect of the drug on the proliferation of these cells . + this observation, together with the knowledge that fibrosis was +delayed in the cortisone treated animals, support the thesis that the +cortisone effect is an indirect one . transplantation of damaged lung +tissue to hamster cheek pouch failed to reveal evidence of growth . +within the period of observation (99 to 420 days) there was evidence +that the proliferation subsided considerably and no neoplasms developed +.I 235 +.W +some observations on myelin-glial relationships and on the etiology of +the cerebrospinal fluid exchange lesion . + the present paper presents cytological observations from developing +kitten spinal cord and from spinal cord white matter reacting to injury +it also presents some recent experiments on the mechanism of etiology +of the csf exchange lesion . drawing on these various sources, the +authors propose specific functions for some of the cell types present in +spinal cord white matter . +.I 236 +.W +lactate and pyruvate in the brain of rats during hyperventilation . + experiments on anesthetized and curarized rats under artificial +ventilation show that during hyperventilation lactate and pyruvate are +markedly increased both in blood and in brain . the lactate/pyruvate +ratio which remains in blood the same as in control conditions, is +systematically decreased in brain . during hypoxia (ventilation with 7 +oxygen in nitrogen) lactate rises markedly in blood and in brain . the +lactate/pyruvate ratio which is strongly increased in blood shows a +small rise in brain . these observations could indicate that a different +mechanism is responsible for the rise of lactate in brain during hypoxia +and hyperventilation . the important augmentation of lactate in brain +during hyperventilation can give an explanation for the delayed rise +which is seen in the lactate level in cerebrospinal fluid in these +conditions . +.I 237 +.W +cisternal fluid oxygen tension in man . + using a beckman micro-oxygen-electrode we have studied the oxygen +tension simultaneously in the cisterna magna, the internal jugular vein +and in arterial blood under various conditions . the results suggest +that the cisternal oxygen tension to some degree reflects the average +oxygen tension of the surrounding brain tissue and besides reflecting +the available free oxygen to the brain it registrates changes of short +duration in the cerebral blood flow . +.I 238 +.W +ventricular septal defect with prolapsed aortic valve and outflow tract +obstruction . + a case of ventricular septal defect combined with aortic valvular +lesion and infundibular pulmonic stenosis is described . the right +coronary cusp of the aortic valve, protruding through the ventricular +septal defect, was demonstrated by right ventricular angiocardiography +as a polyp-like mass in the right ventricular outflow tract . cardiac +catheterization and angiocardiography showed progressive right +ventricular outflow obstruction . +.I 239 +.W +functional adaptations of the right ventricular outflow tract in +congenital heart disease . + functional adaptations in the right ventricular outflow tract have +been discussed in relation to the development of acquired /pulmonary +stenosis/ . + it is concluded that physical forces as well as structural +abnormalities may greatly influence both the clinical picture and the +life history of many patients with congenital heart lesions . + the importance of further serial haemodynamic studies to provide a +fuller understanding of the natural course of many lesions is stressed, +so that better advice about prognosis and the optimal time for surgical +treatment may be given . +.I 240 +.W +mitral atresia associated with pulmonary venous anomalies . + pulmonary venous anomalies were observed in 5 among 29 specimens with +mitral atresia . in 4 of these 5 the anomalous pulmonary veins took the +form of anomalous pulmonary venous connexion . in the remaining case the +pulmonary venous anomaly was represented by cor triatriatum . in 3 +(group i), mitral atresia and premature closure of the foramen ovale +coexisted . the anomalous pulmonary venous connexions in this group +provided collateral routes for the flow of pulmonary venous blood, and +can be understood as developing en response to obstruction at the +foramen ovale when the mitral valve is atretic . in the remaining 2 +(group ii) no such causative factor could be invoked . in one of the +latter group total anomalous pulmonary venous connexion coexisted with a +common atrium . in the other, cor triatriatum coexisted with a patent +foramen ovale . + pulmonary venous obstruction occurred in each of the 5 cases . +.I 241 +.W +basal metabolic rate after cardiovascular surgery . + the basal metabolic rate and respiratory equivalent of patients were +determined during 8 days of convalescence from cardiovascular surgical +operations performed with or without cardiopulmonary bypass . the +results were compared in patients who had undergone operation for +different diseases . metabolic rate in the majority of cases was +increased but was commensurate with body temperature . some patients, +particularly those requiring open operation on the aortic valve, had +raised metabolic rates which could not be explained solely by pyrexia . + all types of patients in this series had elevated respiratory +equivalents which persisted throughout convalescence . these equivalents +were greater in patients treated with cardiopulmonary bypass than in +patients treated without bypass . +.I 242 +.W +surgical treatment of ventricular septal defect . + the surgical technique of closure of ventricular septal defects in 80 +cases (37 cases of isolated defects and 43 cases of tetralogy of fallot) +is discussed in the light of the follow-up results . the use of a patch +for closure has reduced the incidence of recurrence to 4 percent, com- +pared with 18 percent when direct suture was performed . the incidence +of heart block also decreased from 15 percent, when direct suture was +used, to 4 percent with a patch . the transatrial approach is preferred +for isolated ventricular septal defects,. the ventricular approach is +preferred for cases with tetralogy of fallot . in cases combined with +aortic insufficiency only small defects are closed through the aorta . +larger defects are closed in the usual way at a first stage operation, +and a total valve prosthesis is introduced at a second operation . there +was an operative mortality of 6 percent in isolated ventricular septal +defects, compared with 27 percent in cyanotic patients with tetralogy of +fallot . +.I 243 +.W +some hemodynamic observations in congenital heart disease with special +reference to pressure curves in ductus arteriosus . + hemodynamic observations in 100 congenital heart disease cases are +made based on data in the department of pediatrics, kyoto university +between may 1961 and december 1963 . we have classified these 100 cases +according to the malformation from the hemodynamic view point . our +cases were classified into the following groups . + (1) ventricular septal defect 35 cases + small ventricular septal defect 20 + moderate ventricular septal defect 9 + marked ventricular septal defect 4 + ventricular septal defect with pulmonary stenosis 2 + (2) patent ductus arteriosus 21 + (3) atrial septal defect 19 + atrial septal defect 14 + atrial septal defect with pulmonary stenosis 5 + (4) pulmonary stenosis 5 + (5) tetralogy of fallot 14 + (6) aortic stenosis 3 + (7) aortic insufficiency 3 + aortic insufficiency with ventricular septal defect 2 + aortic insufficiency with pulmonary stenosis 1 + in sonre small ventricular septal defect, we tried the vasoactive +drugs . phenylephrine was injected slowly into the right ventricle via +the catheter, a rapid rise in femoral arterial pressure associated with +bradycardia and intensiffication of the systolic murmur was observed . +after the administration of amyl nitrite, a rapid fall in femoral +arterial pressure associated with tachycardia and softening of the sys- +tolic murmur was observed . + in patent ductus arteriosus, when the cardiac catheter is withdrawn +slowly from the aorta into the pulmonary artery, the outstanding +pressure curve is recorded in ductus arteriosus . the systolic pressure +curve in the ductus arteriosus is the same as the systolic pressure in +the aorta and the diastolic pressure curve in the ductus arteriosus has +a diastolic dip followed by a late diastolic pressure peak . + in patent ductus arteriosus, when the cardiac catheter is withdrawn +from the left pulmonary artery to the right ventricle, the pressure +curve reveals a considerable characteristic rise in pulmonary arterial +pressure which is regarded as an effect of the transmission of systemic +pressure through the ductus arteriosus . +.I 244 +.W +a study on the direction of inscription of the vectorcardiographic +t-loop in left and right ventricular hypertrophy . + (1) frank lead vectorcardiogram was recorded in 30 normal persons and +in 323 cases with hypertension and acquired and congenital heart disease +the t-loop was classified into 8 types according to the directions of +inscription in 3 planar projections . frequently observed types were +examined with the direction of the maximal t vector . + (2) in majority of normal cases, the t-loop was inscribed +counterclockwise in horizontal and clockwise in sagittal planes . + (3) in left ventricular hypertrophy, abnormal inscription of the +t-loop was observed with abnormal rightward and superior deviation of +its maximal vector and the t-loop oriented more than 120 in horizontal +plane was usually accompanied by abnormal inscription . percentage of +abnormal inscription was higher in cases with cardiac complaints . + (4) in right ventricular hypertrophy, directional change of the t-loop +was relatively small but changes in inscription of it were common . the +t-loop was always inscribed abnormally in cases with abnormal +inscription of the qrs-loop . + (5) the concept of the polar vector was found to be valuable in +studying the inscription and the direction of the t-loop . significance +of changes in inscription of the t-loop was discussed . +.I 245 +.W +pulmonary vascular plexiform lesion pathogenetic studies . + an attempt was made to test the theory that in pulmonary arterial +hypertension, the plexiform lesion is a jet lesion beyond points of +arterial stenosis resulting from nonspecific intimal thickening . + in 39 subjects with such congenital communications as are associated +with pulmonary arterial hypertension, the lungs were studied +histologically . in each, there was an additional element of pulmonary +venous obstruction . it is likely that in the absence of pulmonary +venous obstruction, adult patients with only the congenital +communication would have developed plexiform lesions . + in the three adult patients in the study, no plexiform lesions were +identified . among the 36 infants or children, one subject showed +plexiform lesions, a 53-day-old girl with mitral atresia, ventricular +septal defect, and patent ductus arteriosus . + while the findings in the three adult subjects support the theory +regarding the genesis of plexiform lesions, the findings in the one +infant with plexiform lesions appear to contradict it . +.I 246 +.W +renal hemosiderosis (blue kidney) in patients with valvular heart +disease . + anatomic evidence of intravascular hemolysis, i.e., renal +hemosiderosis, was found at necropsy in 4 of 132 patients who died of +severe valvular heart disease . the aortic valve in each of these 4 +patients was heavily calcified, immobile, and portions of the calcific +deposits were in direct contact with the blood . hemolysis in each +patient was attributable to direct trauma to erythrocytes traversing the +stenotic valve, and the frequency of trauma was increased by an +associated regurgitant flow . renal hemosiderosis was not observed in +any patient with isolated mitral valve disease, or in those with +combined mitral and tricuspid valve malformations . +.I 247 +.W +tumor scanning with radioactive cesium . + fourteen patients with cancer were scanned 10 minutes to 48 hours +after injection of radioactive cs. and satisfactory scans of the tumors +were obtained in seven . positive scans were obtained in large, +superficial tumors, in a pulmonary lymphoma, and in a carcinoma of the +upper third of the esophagus . the negative scans were all in abdominal +tumors . correlations were made with data obtained from external +counting and by well scintillation counting of biopsy specimens . two +modes of uptake are suggested.. (a) early uptake due to vascularity and +probably not proportional to stable cesium content.. and (b) a later +uptake based upon greater alkali metal content of tumors than of normal +tissue . +.I 248 +.W +lung scanning with colloidal risa . + the use of colloidal risa injected intravenously in a particle size of +10.50 microns followed by lung photoscanning offers a practical, +atraumatic method of visualizing pulmonary artery occlusions in the dog +the fact that the particles have a relatively short biological +half-life appears to decrease the radiation dose delivered and the +duration of occlusion of pulmonary capillaries as compared to ceramic +microspheres . work is in progress to apply this technique to the study +of pulmonary artery occlusion in the human . +.I 249 +.W +multivariate comparison of results of treatment in chronic lymphocytic +and chronic granulocytic leukemia . + the results of several clinical trials have been analyzed by +multivariate procedures which rely completely on laboratory findings and +do not involve scoring specific changes or subjective evaluations . +statistically significant differences among drugs after three months of +therapy were demonstrated . a relationship between the multivariate +method and the subjective evaluation was demonstrated which indicates +that if the subjective evaluation is an estimate of the physiologic +state or prognosis of the patient, then so are the completely objective +techniques used here . +.I 250 +.W +oxacillin--apparent hematologic and hepatic toxicity . + bone marrow depression and hepatocellular dysfunction developed in an +allergic woman receiving 3.0 gm. of sodium oxacillin by mouth daily for +nearly three months . discontinuing the drug and administering +corticosteroids and antibiotics resulted in apparent recovery . the +toxic potentialities of oxacillin should be appreciated . +.I 251 +.W +drugs and neonatal jaundice . + this paper is not intended as an exhaustive review of bilirubin +metabolism nor of the many factors which may result in exaggerated +physiologic jaundice.. for such a review the interested reader is +referred to the excellent articles by zuelzer and brown . brief mention +has been made of the mechanism by which certain drugs may contribute to +the development of hyperbilirubinemia . a few drugs, the water-soluble +vitamin k derivatives, sulfasoxazole (gantrisin), the salicylates, and +novobiocin have been unequivocally shown to affect adversely the newborn +infant's ability to handle bilirubin . in time other compounds will +definitely be incriminated . + it is important to remember that the administration of a drug to a +mother just prior to delivery may result in appreciable concentrations +of the compound in the infant's serum, and that drugs administered to +the nursing mother may be excreted in breast milk and thereby absorbed +by the infant . careful consideration of the drugs given not only to the +newborn but also to the mother is therefore essential if we are to avoid +what may be termed iatrogenic hyperbilirubinemia . +.I 252 +.W +amputation in patients over 80 years of age . + although patients over 80 years of age can be expected to have poor +physical reserve and many co-existing diseases, our observations show +that nevertheless they can be subjected to surgical procedures without +undue mortality . the mortality rate can be maintained at a minimum if +the surgeon considers the factors that contribute to its increase in the +elderly . this necessitates.. 1) careful evaluation of the patient and +treatment of any pre-existing or co-existing disease, 2) proper control +of electrolytes, 3) avoidance of infection, 4) prompt correction of any +postoperative hypotension, 5) postoperative pulmonary ventilation and +tracheal cleansing, and 6) avoidance of prolonged surgical procedures . + a group of 26 patients past the age of 80 years underwent amputation +of a lower extremity, without undue mortality (9 deaths) . + lumbar sympathectomy is not considered advisable in these aged pa- +tients . + the standard mid-thigh operation can be questioned in the younger +patient, but it is the procedure of choice for removal of a gangrenous +extremity in patients over 80 years of age . +.I 253 +.W +radical operation for ventricular septal defect in infancy . + ventricular septal defect is the most common congenital anomaly of the +heart in infancy, and has a poor prognosis . we have operated upon 18 +infants all under one year of age for ventricular septal defect . there +has been successful repair in 16 cases . + at present, hypothermia with a surface cooling method has proved to be +superior to the artificial heart-lung machine because of the simplicity +and the good operative results with its use . in addition, early +operation during the infantile period will cause less psychological +impact on infants . these advantages are sufficient for us to advocate +radical operation of ventricular septal defect in infancy, even +including the severely ill children . +.I 254 +.W +specific suppression of tumor growth by isolated peritoneal macrophages +from immunized mice . + methods were presented by which macrophages may be isolated from the +peritoneal cell population of mice . these cells, and for comparison +peritoneal lymphocytes and lymph node cells, were tested for immunologic +activity by injecting a mixture of the test cells and tumor cells +subcutaneously into irradiated mice . each cell type, when obtained from +immunized mice, was capable of suppressing the growth of the specific +tumor cells . the results are discussed with respect to a possible +specific immunologic function for macrophages in graft rejection . +.I 255 +.W +effect of heterologous antiserum and complement on glycolysis of tumor +cells . + the effect of heterologous antiserum and complement on glucose +metabolism of rat ascites tumor cells was examined to clarify the +mechanism of the cytotoxic effect of antibody . + 1. lactate-production of the target cells was inhibited by the +cooperation of antiserum and complement, while no inhibition was +observed when the cells were subjected to either antiserum or complement +alone . the inhibition of lactate-production was observed under both +acrobic and anacrobic conditions . no effect of the antiserum and +complement was observed on the oxygen consumption of the cells . + 2. the amount of antiserum necessary for the inhibition of +lactate-production of the cells was determined in the presence of a +definite amount of complement, and it was found that the degree of +inhibition was not in parallel with the concentration of antiserum +beyond a certain threshold . on the other hand, a parallelism was +observed between the amount of complement and the rate of inhibition of +lactate-production when different amounts of complement were added to a +definite amount of antiserum . + 3. similar inhibitory effects of the antiserum and complement on +lactate-production of the cells from glucose, fructose-1, 6-diphosphate, +and pyruvate suggested that the inhibition occurred toward the final +step of glycolytic process of the cells . +.I 256 +.W +soluble tissue antigens in human brain tumor and cerebrospinal fluid . + an a-2 globulin antigen present in human glioblastomas and +immunologically identical with antigens present in human brain, liver, +spleen, and metastatic carcinoma cyst fluid has been described . this +protein antigen is not present in plasma, wbc, or normal csf . it has +been demonstrated in the csf of three of 27 patients with tumors of the +central nervous system . when present, it may represent a specific +tissue protein fraction contributed by either the tumor itself or the +adjacent cns tissue . the major protein components of normal and +abnormal csf are derived from, or, at least, antigenically identical to, +the plasma proteins . +.I 257 +.W +the apparent immunofluorescence of tissue mast cells . + both rat mast cells and rat cosinophils exhibited fluorescence in blue +violet light after treatment with fitc-conjugated rabbit anti-rat +g-globulin and in each cell this fluorescence was immunologically +nonspecific . + whereas cosinophils fluoresced after treatment with fluorescein alone, +mast cells fluoresced only after treatment with a protein conjugate +containing g-globulin . + the phenomenon was observed in cells from different organs and the +fluorescence was seen to be associated with the cytoplasmic granules +normally present in these cells . +.I 258 +.W +the determinants of cerebrospinal fluid po2 the effects of oxygen and +carbon dioxide breathing in patients with chronic lung disease . + the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid po2 of some hypoxemic hypercapnic +patients with chronic lung disease is the same as that of patients +without chronic lung disease . breathing 95 oxygen with 5 carbon dioxide +increased lumbar cerebrospinal fluid po2 more than breathing 95 oxygen +with 5 nitrogen . the change in cerebrospinal fluid po2 is closely +related to the change in arterial pco2, and this relationship is similar +to the relationship between arterial pco2 and cerebral blood flow in +patients with and without hypercapnia . interpretation of these +observations must be qualified by the following.. cisternal +cerebrospinal fluid po2 differs from lumbar cerebrospinal fluid po2 in +its response to breathing oxygen with carbon dioxide,. regulation of +blood flow to the spinal cord and nerve roots is not known to be +comparable to that of the brain,. and factors other than blood flow may +have contributed to the changes of cerebrospinal fluid po2 . +.I 259 +.W +the behavior of lymphocytes in primary explants of human lung cancer in +vitro . + the activity of lymphocytes within outgrowths from explanted tissue +fragments of 20 human lung cancers has been studied . the study included +cancer-bearing tissue explants from all cases and noncancerbearing lung +tissue from 4 of the 20 cases . five major categories of lymphocytic +behavior were derived from the study, namely.. (1) emigration and +migration of lymphocytes from the explant,. (2) clustering of +lymphocytes around /target/ cells,. (3) ameboid transformation of +lymphocytes,. (4) lymphocytic congregation,. and (5) emperipolesis . +criteria for these different lymphocytic activities have been amplified +or introduced . + findings of particular interest were.. (1) the frequency of both via +ble and nonviable lymphocytes within the vacuoles of other cells . this +observation is considered to be an absolute criterion for the recogni- +tion of emperipolesis . a subsequent /inclusionbody/ appearance of the +dead lymphocytes has been observed . (2) the intimate relationship of +ameboid forms of lymphocytes to selected cells, resulting in a +juxtanuclear and frequently unipolar crowding of one cell by numerous +lymphocytes while nearby cells were totally devoid of ameboid +lymphocytes . reasons are given to support the impression that this +phenomenon is re lated to sensitization . there is also the possibility +that the phenomenon may indicate that the lymphocyte is /conditioned/ . +(3) the apparent entry of the lymphocyte into the cell has been recorded +by timelapse cinematography . + a lymphocyte relationship to cancer cells was infrequently found +although explants of 15 of the 20 cases produced identifiable cancer +cells and lymphocytes emigrated from the explants of all 20 cases . it +is not apparent from this limited study whether this is a significant +finding . +.I 260 +.W +ventricular septal defect with aortic insufficiency a clinical and +hemodynamic study of 18 proved cases . + eighteen patients with the combination of ventricular septal defect +and aortic insufficiency were studied . nine also had infundibular +pulmonary stenosis . seventeen were treated by open-heart operations . + the physical findings were those of a typical ventricular defect +murmur and thrill together with an aortic insufficiency blow and a wide +pulse pressure . a systolic murmur at the upper left sternal border with +thrill is strongly suggestive of the additional lesion of infundibular +pulmonary stenosis, but the presence or absence of infundibular +pulmonary stenosis was indicated most accurately at cardiac +catheterization and on inspection at operation . it was not of +sufficient severity for signs of additional right ventricular +hypertrophy to appear on the electrocardiogram . + retrograde aortography serves to demonstrate the severity of the +aortic regurgitation . + the problem of the surgical correction of these lesions will be the +subject of a separate communication . +.I 261 +.W +radioisotope photoscanning as a diagnostic aid in cardiovascular disease +a safe, simple method for diagnosing pericardial effusion and aneurysm . + radioisotope scanning is a safe, simple, and useful method for the +diagnosis of pericardial effusion and aortic aneurysm . the whole-body +radiation dose, approximately 25 millirads from 300 of i 131-sodium +iodipamide, is no greater than the dose received from a standard +posteroanterior chest roentgenogram or a blood volume determination . +there are no side effects or complications from the procedure, and it is +well tolerated by the patient . the scan can be repeated at intervals to +assess progress of the disease or response to treatment . cardiovascular +scanning with radioactive isotopes can be recommended as a useful and +safe diagnostic tool . +.I 262 +.W +studies of hematology and bone marrow morphology in vitamin e-deficient +pigs . + forty-four pigs were used in two experiments whose purpose was to +produce a deficiency of vitamin e . the anemia and changes in bone +marrow morphology occurring in the vitamin e-deficient state are +described . the hematologic disorders include low hemoglobin and +hematocrit values, leucocytosis and granulocytosis . nuclear +abnormalities were observed in the erythroid precursors in the bone +marrow, many of the cells being multinucleated . giant multinucleated +cells of megakaryocyte type were frequently found . +.I 263 +.W +significance of blood groups in homotransplantation of marrow in the dog + ten dogs were given 1,500 r whole-body irradiation and an infusion of +allogeneic marrow from a donor matched with respect to six erythrocyte +antigens . methotrexate was given to reduce secondary syndromes . four +dogs survived . in a similar experiment with 10 dogs, in which no effort +was made to match donors and recipients, three dogs survived . it was +concluded that matching of donor and recipient for these six red cell +antigens did not increase significantly the longterm survival rate of +lethally irradiated dogs with allogeneic marrow grafts . +.I 264 +.W +radioautographic studies of bone marrow lymphocytes in vivo and in +diffusion chamber cultures . + radioautography with tritiated thymidine has been utilized to examine +the turnover rate and origin of small lymphocytes in the bone marrow of +the guinea-pig . + very few marrow lymphocytes were initially labeled by a single +injection of tritiated thymidine, but thereafter the number of labeled +lym phocytes rapidly increased to high maximum levels at 3 days . +analysis of the labeling curves and grain counts indicates that the +population of marrow lymphocytes is maintained in a dynamic steady state +with an average turnover time of 3 days or less . + suspensions of bone marrow cells were isolated from the circulation +within intraperitoneal diffusion chambers after short-term labeling with +tritiated thymidine in vivo . although very few small lymphocytes were +labeled when introduced into the diffusion chambers, a considerable +percentage became labeled during the subsequent culture period . + tritiated thymidine was also administered intravenously whilst +excluded from one hind limb by the application of an occlusive +compression bandage for 20 minutes . very few labeled small lymphocytes +were found after 72 hours in the tibial marrow of the initially occluded +limb, whereas the normal high percentage was labeled in the control +tibial marrow . + these experiments do not demonstrate any large-scale influx of small +lymphocytes from the blood stream into the marrow parenchyma . they +suggest that newly formed small lymphocytes appear in the marrow as a +result of the division of locally situated precursor cells, but the +mechanism of intramedullary lymphocytopoiesis is uncertain . +/transitional/ cells, intermediate in morphology between blast cells and +small lymphocytes, synthesize dna and are actively proliferative, but +they do not appear to account fully for the rate of lymphocyte +production . + certain large, undifferentiated labeled cells appeared in the bone +marrow as a result of hematogenous migration . some implications of +these findings are discussed . +.I 265 +.W +autoradiographic study on the origin and fate of small lymphoid cells in +the dog bone marrow.. effect of femoral artery clamping during in vivo +availability of h3-thymidine . + the origin and fate of small lymphoid cells in the dog bone marrow +were studied autoradiographically by observing the effect of clamping of +the femoral artery during in vivo availability of h3-thymidine . heavily +labeled small lymphoid cells appeared in the bone marrow of the clamped +leg 3 hours after injection of the tracer and increased in number up to +6 days . the labeling indices of these cells, however, were +significantly lower than those of control marrow . a possible +interpretation is that dog bone marrow contains two populations of small +lympho id cells, one migrating into the marrow via the blood stream, the +other originating from local precursor cells within the marrow . there +was no evidence for a transformation of migrated small lymphoid cells +into erythroblasts during the first 48 hours after injection of +h3-thymidine . +.I 266 +.W +the lymphocyte in guinea-pig bone marrow . + the structure and distribution of lymphocytes in the bone marrow of +normal 400 g guinea-pigs have been studied by means of light microscopy, +electron microscopy, and radioautography . the study of structural +organization by all three techniques confirms the morphological identity +of the marrow small lymphocytes with small lymphocytes in other +situations and affords added proof of the presence of a series of cells +transitional in appearance between small lymphocytes and blast cells . +unlike the small lymphocytes, transitional cells show evidence of dna +synthesis . marrow small lymphocytes and transitional cells are +diffusely scattered throughout the parenchyma, often situated in close +proximity to the sinusoidal endothelium . they are also found +characteristically concentrated within some of the sinusoids,. this is +termed /lymphocyte loading/ . + the findings are discussed with particular reference to the possible +origin, interrelationship and fate of these cells . +.I 267 +.W +surgical treatment of atrial septal defect under hypothermia . + the technique of inflow occlusion under 30 c. hypothermia was adopted +for direct visual correction in 133 consecutive cases of atrial septal +defect of the secundum variety and the associated anomalies . + the use of extracorporeal circulation combined with hypothermia was +reserved for the repair of two cases of ostium primum defects . + the over-all operative mortality was 4 . + post-operative evaluation showed that the results have been good in +almost all patients, including those with pulmonary hypertension . + since an ostium primum defect requires cardio-pulmonary bypass for its +closure, the pre-operative recognition of the defect is highly desirable +in the selection of patients for operation and in planning the procedure +itself . + the information derived from the clinical examination and appropriate +diagnostic studies has been found to be consistently accurate in the +pre-operative differentiation of the primum from the secundum defect . +therefore, the unexpected discovery of a primum defect at operation was +not a problem . + in our experience, open-heart surgery under 30 c. hypothermia for the +repair of an atrial septal defect of the secundum type and the +associated anomalies is a safe and practical technique and effectively +corrects the anomaly with minimal risk . +.I 268 +.W +internal cooling for general hypothermia . + a further presentation is offered on the advantageous use of +intragastric temperature control as an adjunct in general hypothermia . +a device is described which accomplishes this end with no encountered +deleterious side effects, minimal technical involvement, and minor +expense . observations are recorded on rates of temperature change +according to sex, weight, and type of surgery performed . +.I 269 +.W +late effects of regional renal hypothermia . + in summary, one can safely conclude that no deleterious effects were +created in dogs observed over a period of 3 years following renal +ischemia of 6 hours' duration protected by hypothermia . the blood +pressure failed to climb, there was no evidence of azotemia, and careful +microscopic studies failed to reveal histological evidence of renal, +vascular or cardiac damage . renal function, as demonstrated by +creatinine and pah, was preserved and there was no delay in wound +healing . +.I 270 +.W +mesenteric vascular response to hypothermia . + 1. total and segmental resistances were studied in the mesenteries of +37 dogs, and the effects of hypothermia, changes in blood viscosity and +epinephrine on these resistances were compared . + 2. cooling to 15 c. caused an increased mesenteric resistance in 94 +per cent of animals with approximately 90 per cent of the resistance +rise contributed by the arterial segment . small vessel resistance +increased in 52 per cent . there was no evidence of venous constriction + 3. blood viscosity appeared to play a minor role . + 4. it is suggested that hemorrhagic necrosis of the bowel wall is due +to intense vasoconstriction in the precapillary vessels with subsequent +distal anoxia and cellular damage . +.I 271 +.W +the response of dogs to perfusion and arrest of circulation at near zero +cerebral temperatures . + 1. twenty-six dogs were cooled by a whole body, closed chest perfusion +technique to end perfusion brain temperatures of 14.1 to 0.2 c. +inclusive . + 2. there were no deaths in the group of six dogs in which the end +perfusion brain temperature was 10.0 c. or higher . + 3. in the 17 dogs cooled to brain temperatures of 5.0 c. or less there +were nine deaths, of which five occurred quickly from cardiovascular +failure, while four resulted from gross neurologic disturbances . + 4. there was no evidence of aortic incompetence during whole body, +closed chest hypothermic perfusion . + 5. the lower the temperature of the brain at the end of the cooling +perfusion, the greater was the passive transfer of heat from the +environment . +.I 272 +.W +effects of graded hemorrhage on cardiopulmonary functions of hypothermic +dogs . + experiments were conducted on anesthetized dogs subjected to moderate +hypothermia (28 c.) and then bled in percentages of the estimated blood +volume . respiratory work was not influenced by the degree of hemorrhage +pulmonary ventilation, respiratory rate and tidal volume were not +influenced significantly as a result of blood withdrawal . physiologic +dead space as a percentage of tidal volume increased with hemorrhage . +oxygen consumption decreased as the hemorrhage was made more severe, +whereas carbon dioxide production was unchanged, indicating a shift in +the respiratory exchange ratio . cardiac output decreased 78 per cent +from control level when 35 per cent of the estimated blood volume was +withdrawn . systemic arterial pressures decreased markedly but heart +rate was not changed as a result of blood withdrawal . comparison of +responses to hemorrhage in hypothermia and normothermia is discussed . +.I 273 +.W +hypothermia in management of acute renal failure . + 1. prolonged hypothermia begun in the period immediately following the +infusion of epinephrine into the renal artery appears to give partial +protection against renal damage . + 2. shorter periods of hypothermia do not appear to be beneficial . + 3. prolonged hypothermia at 28 to 30 c. has a mortality rate of 50 +percent +to 60 percent . +.I 274 +.W +2803. effect of dosage on endotoxin-induced changes in the reticuloendothelial +system of rabbits +tissues were removed from rabbits 4 +and 24 hr. following an i.v. injection of 5, +25, or 200 ug of endotoxin. explants of +tissues from normal and injected animals +were grown in a coagulated plasma medium +and in medium containing 1 ug/ml of +endotoxin. the migration and growth of cells +were observed during the following week +of incubation. the inhibition or stimulation +of cells of the reticuloendothelial system +(res) at different host sites after endotoxin +administration depended on the dosage +and on the known capacity of different organs +to take up circulating endotoxin. macro- +phage migration was suppressed in cultures +of spleen removed 4 hr. after a dose of +hibited by 200 ug, but macrophages in +lymph node, testis, and thymus showed an in- +crease in numbers, in extent of migration +and in phagocytic activity. widespread +res stimulation was seen in tissues removed +24 hr after the largest dose. in ad- +dition to the restoration of re cell activity in +spleen and lung there was a marked +increase in the migration of large phagocytic +cells from bone marrow, as well as +other organs. macrophages from endotoxin-injected +animals were as sensitive as +normal macrophages to added endotoxin in vitro. +.I 275 +.W +3075. vaccinia pneumonia in mice. a light and electron microscopic and viral +assay study +swiss white mice between 2 and 4 days of age +developed generalized vaccinia viral +infection 2 to 7 days after intranasal inoculation. +gross and histologic evidence of +pneumonia was seen in more than 80% of +approximately 300 mice. virus was re- +covered in relatively high titers from the +lungs (10 pfu per g) during the per- +iod when pneumonia developed; viremia +was also present, but virus titers in the +blood stream remained much below those +in the lungs. histologically, vaccinia +pneumonia was characterized by large swollen +mononuclear cells giving rise to +marked widening of alveolar septa. only +scattered neutrophils were noted, usually +in association with cell necrosis. exudation +of edema fluid and red cells into al- +veoli was considered the result of viral +replication and cytopathic effect on cells +comprising alveolar septa. various forms +of vaccinia virus were observed by elec- +tron microscopy within both 'type i' and +'type ii' alveolar lining cells, capillary +endothelial cells, and interstitial cells +within alveolar walls. these infected inter- +stitial cells were probably derived from +fixed macrophages and were noted also +around bronchioles. virus particles were +similarly observed in bronchiolar epi- +thelium and surrounding smooth muscle +cells. the earliest pathologic ultrastruc- +tural change noted in virus infected cells +was intracellular edema, evidenced by +low electron density of the background +cytoplasmic material and dilatation of the +endoplasmic reticulum. more extensive +changes resulted in cell necrosis with +release of virus particles into the extracellular space. +.I 276 +.W +1161. electron microscopy of the bovine lungs lattice and lamellar structures +in the alveolar lumen +in an electron microscopic study of samples +from the lungs of 20 normal cattle, +and from 4 with high mountain disease, lattice +and lamellar structures were obser- +ved free in the alveolar lumens in 25% of the +normal cattle and in 100% of those with +high mountain disease. in one specimen, a +lattice and lamellar structure was ob- +served in a vacuole within an alveolar epithelial +cell. all others were extracellular. +the shape and dimensions of these lattice and +lamellar structures were similar to +those described by other workers in experiments +involving intratracheal injections +of silicon and oleic and linoleic acid. this is the +first report of the structures free +in the alveolar lumens of apparently normal cattle. +.I 277 +.W +1162. electron microscopy of the bovine lungs the blood-air barrier in acute +pulmonary emphysema +electron microscopic studies of experimentally +induced acute pulmonary emphy- +sema in 2 cows yielded the following findings +alveolar epithelial edema and cyto- +lysis, endothelial 'thinning' and cytolysis, +excessive elastic and collagenous alveo- +lar wall fibrosis, hyperplasia of alveolar +wall smooth muscle, numerous intra- +alveolar lattice and lamellar bodies, hyaline +membrane formation, hypertrophied +endothelial perikaryons, numerous alveolar +macrophages, and alveolar epithelial +secretion of an electron-dense amorphous mass. +it was postulated that the lattice +and lamellar bodies were a result of degenerating +alveolar epithelial cells. +.I 278 +.W +1560. the ultrastructure of the lungs of lambs. the relation of osmiophilic +inclusions and alveolar lining layer to fetal maturation and experimentally +produced respiratory distress +the lungs in 69 fetal and newborn lambs +were studied. osmiophilic inclusion bodies +first appeared at about 121 days gestation +and their total number increased with +maturation. normal surface activity of +lung extracts was detectable a few days +following the appearance of inclusion +bodies. the excretory nature of the type ii +alveolar epithelial cell, the phospholipid +nature of the inclusion body content, the +decrease in the number of inclusion +bodies and their loss of density associated +with respiratory distress and with the +loss of normal surface activity of lung ex- +tracts provide strong evidence that +inclusion bodies are the source of pulmonary +surfactant. a dense osmiophilic alveolar +lining layer in mammals is described. +since the presence of such a layer is +well correlated with surface tension values +and the number of inclusions, it is +suggested that this layer consists of surface +active substances. the difficulty in +detecting such an osmiophilic layer in other +mammals is thought to be, at least +in part, due to species differences in the compo- +sition of materials constituting the +pulmonary surfactant. cytologic immaturity +exists until lamb fetuses reach 135 +days gestation. this is considered to be the +basis for the susceptibility of immature +lambs to respiratory distress. fibrin with +230 a periodicity is a component, +although a small one, of hyaline membranes in +lambs. in view of the fact that mature +fibrin appearing as bundles of fibrils is rare- +ly found, it is suggested that the bulk +of the hyaline membrane is not a mature fi- +brin, but probably consists of polymers +of fibrinogen and serum protein. +.I 279 +.W +1685. differentiation of exfoliative broncho-alveolar disease from desquamative +interstitial pneumonia +three cases are presented of the pulmonary +disease described by liebow and asso- +ciates and named by them desquamative +interstitial pneumonia. the cases support +the existence of the entity and the contention +that it had not been previously described. +a differential diagnosis between exfoliative +bronchoalveolar disease and desquamative +interstitial pneumonia is submitted. clinical, +roentgenologic and histopathologic mani- +festations are tabulated for each condition +and the differences between them are em- +phasized. additional symptoms, changes +and phenomena not previously recorded are +introduced. the most distinctive differences +between the 2 diseases were found in +the histopathologic manifestations. +.I 280 +.W +3831. lysosomes in the rat sciatic nerve following crush +peripheral nerves undergoing degeneration +are favorable material for studying the +types, origins, and functions of lysosomes. +the following lysosomes are described +(a) autophagic vacuoles in altered schwann +cells. within these vacuoles the myelin +and much of the axoplasm which it encloses +in the normal nerve are degraded (wal- +lerian degeneration). the delimiting +membranes of the vacuoles apparently form +from myelin lamellae. considered as +possible sources of their acid phosphatase are +golgi vesicles (primary lysosomes), lysosomes +of the dense body type, and the endo- +plasmic reticulum which lies close to the vacuoles. +(b) mebranous bodies that accu- +mulate focally in myelinated fibers in a zone extending +2 to 3 mm distal to the crush. +these appear to arise from the endoplasmic reticulum +in which demonstrable acid +phosphatase activity increases markedly within 2 hours +after the nerve is crushed. +(c) autophagic vacuoles in the axoplasm of fibers +proximal to the crush. the break- +down of organelles within these vacuoles may have +significance for the reorganization +of the axoplasm preparatory to regeneration. +(d) phagocytic vacuoles of altered +schwann cells. as myelin degeneration begins, some +axoplasm is exposed. this +is apparently engulfed by the filopodia of the schwann +cells, and degraded within the +phagocytic vacuoles thus formed. (e) multivesicular +bodies in the axoplasm of myelina- +ted fibers. these are generally seen near the nodes of ranvier. +.I 281 +.W +2431. histochemistry of surface epithelial and pleural mucins in mammalian +lung. the demonstration of sialomucin in alveolar cuboidal epithelium +sialo- and sulfomucins have been demonstrated +histochemically in the surface +layer of the lung and pleura from rabbit, +syrian hamster, guinea pig, mouse, and +man. sialomucin predominates in the distal +bronchial tree and covers the alveolar +epithelial surface. the possible significance +of these observations is discussed. +.I 282 +.W +617. maturation of postnatal human lung and the idiopathic respiratory distress +syndrome +maturation and pathologic alterations of the lung +in 19 newborn infants who died of idiopathic respiratory +distress syndrome were studied by light-and electron +microscopy. normal lungs from 6 fetuses and 11 new- +borns served as controls. in all infants with idiopathic +respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory bronchio- +les and alveolar ducts usually presented the histologic +pattern of mature lungs, i.e. they were predominantly +lined by type i cells, which also formed the epithelial +component of most blood-air barriers. well expanded +alveoli exhibited a similar pattern, whereas collapsed +alveoli were lined by numerous type ii cells which par- +ticipated in the formation of poorly developed blood-air +barriers. the capacity of type ii cells to produce in- +clusion bodies seemed to increase with survival beyond +the 14th hr of age. secretion of inclusion bodies and +presumably surfactant into alveolar spaces did occur +but only in the lungs of infants older than 2 days. how- +ever, this process was not accompanied by reduction +in the number of type ii cells per alveolus as in the nor- +mal lung. the distribution of pathologic changes in idio- +pathic respiratory distress syndrome appeared to be +determined by the degree of maturity of the air sacs. +structurally mature air sacs were associated with da- +mage of epithelial lining and hyaline membrane forma- +tion. in contrast, collapsed alveoli revealed an intact +epithelial lining and marked septal edema but were free +of hyaline membranes. the findings of this study sug- +gested that transudation of plasma through well develop- +ed blood-air barriers was responsible for epithelial +damage and hyaline-membrane formation in air sacs. +they also suggested that alveolar collapse and presuma- +bly lack of surfactant were related to abnormal matura- +tion of the epithelial lining and to septal edema. +.I 283 +.W +903. lattice structures and osmiophilic bodies in the developing +respiratory tissue of rats +osmiophilic inclusions have been observed in the +lungs of rats particularly in the 20-day rat embryo and +newborn up to 3 days post partum. these inclusions +are present in the large alveolar cells as dense lamin- +ated structures of variable size and configuration. they +generally consist of concentrically arranged membranes +and have the appearance of myelin figures, usually with +a dense center. these osmiophilic inclusions are fre- +quently seen in direct contact with the cell membranes +and the alveolar space. the alveolar space contains +numerous osmiophilic myelin figures which are thought +to originate from the intracellular osmiophilic inclu- +sions. they may extrude through a channel formed in- +side the cell or by rupture of the cell membrane. secre- +tion materials may occasionally be seen in the cyto- +plasm of the large alveolar epithelial cells. these cells +appear to be in the process of degeneration. their cell +surfaces are disrupted and the cytoplasm is continuous +with materials in the air space. the lattice structure +in the alveolar space may originate from the cytoplas- +mic secretion material. the cytoplasmic secretion ma- +terial in the cell and the lattice structures in the air +space disappear after the rats are 3 days old. (i,t*) +.I 284 +.W +454. xanthogranuloma (xanthoma) of choroid plexus. the origin of foamy +(xanthoma) cells +a case of a 3-month-old infant with intense pro- +liferation of choroidal epithelium with foamy cells, a +second similar case in a 9-month-old infant with gener- +alized glycogen storage disease and a case of a 51-year- +old male with bilateral xanthogranuloma of choroid +plexus and proliferation of the choroidal epithelial cells +are discussed. the pathogenesis of the foamy xanthoma +cells in the stroma of the choroid plexus, particularly, +is discussed. the authors believe that the origin of foamy +cells and the mode of formation of such a xanthogranuloma +can be explained by the proliferative capability and the +phagocytic activity of the choroid epithelium. choroidal +epithelial cells can be regarded as fixed macrophages +which becomes wandering phagocytes after detachment. +disintegration of these foamy cells then releases the +lipid content into the interstitium and provokes a re- +sponse of macrophages and multinucleated giant cells +of the foreign-body type. hemorrhage is also considered +as a factor involved in the formation of xanthogranuloma. +.I 285 +.W +4. mixed hematopoietic and pulmonary origin of 'alveolar macrophages' as +demonstrated by chromosome markers +the origin of alveolar macrophages was investiga- +ted in mouse chimeras in which the hematopoietic cells +could be identified by marker chromosomes. by chro- +mosome analysis it was found that in both normal lungs +and in lungs exposed to an irritant, approximately two- +thirds of the dividing cells which could be recovered by +lung washing arose from the hematopoietic system and +one-third were of pulmonary origin. +.I 286 +.W +632. pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. a study using enzyme histochemistry, +electron microscopy, and surface tension measurement +lung biopsies from 4 patients with pulmonary al- +veolar proteinosis were studied using histochemical me- +thods, electron microscopy, and surface tension mea- +surement. the lipid-rich intraalveolar fluid contained +material with the staining reactions and ultrastructure +of phospholipid. although many alveoli were lined by +enzymatically active, secreting granular pneumonocy- +tes, extracts of proteinotic tissue were not surface +active, and, in fact, inhibited normal surfactant. some +of the cells free in the intraalveolar material were de- +generating sloughed granular pneumonocytes. at the +margins of the lesions were lipid-filled macrophages +which appear to play a role in the removal of the mate- +rial. these observations indicate that alveolar protein- +osis is not a primary overproduction of surfactant and +are consistent with the concept that the alveolar clear- +ing process is defective in this disease. +.I 287 +.W +1688. surface phenomena in lungs in health and disease +in summary, the authors have attempted +to bring together the multiple observations +which seem germane to the understanding +of surface phenomena in lungs in health +and disease. to this end, the contributions +of anatomists and pathologists on the +fine structure of alveolar cells and their +lining are fundamental. the concepts of +alveolar stability required the special +insights of physiologists who were concerned +with the causes of bubble stability as +they related to the particular problems posed +by a lung of several millions of bubbles +arranged in parallel. soon the contributions +of the chemists became significant as +methods of identification and assay of the al- +veolar lining material were of interest. +clinicians asked what relevance these studies +had to atelectasis as it occurs in disease, +and soon the question of when the surfac- +tant appeared in development occurred to +those concerned with premature infants. +students of metabolism began to focus on +the lung as a site of phospholipid synthesis, +and their tools seem most promising at +this time in unearthing possible errors in +metabolism which may express themselves +in disease. surgeons who undertake per- +fusion of the isolated lung ask the +requirements of that organ with respect to the +nutrients and environment of the alveolar +cells, and anesthesiologists inquire into +the possibilities of mechanical injury +to the alveoli during artificial respiration. +the problems posed to the reviewers +of a subject which touches so many disciplines +are obvious. doubtless some pertinent +studies have been omitted although uninten- +tionally; others may have been +misinterpreted through lack of qualifications as spe- +cialists in all specialties. the +authors hope they have provided evidence that the +forces of surface tension cannot +be ignored in an organ with an air-liquid interface +of some 70 m2. they further hope +they have described some of the properties of +the film at the alveolar-air interface +which operate to produce stability of the alveoli. +they hold the belief that study of the +metabolism of the alveolar lining layer will +further their understanding of a number +of disease processes in which it may be +altered. and lastly, they hope for much +closer communication between workers in +many disciplines who can elucidate this +remarkable subject best through cooperative +studies. +.I 288 +.W +1689. alterations in pulmonary surface active lipids during ex- +posure to increased oxygen tension +the syndrome of progressive respiratory +distress, pulmonary edema, and increased +pulmonary surface tension was induced in +8 dogs by exposure to oxygen tensions +greater than 550 mm hg for 44.5 and 52 +hours. pulmonary surfactant was extracted +by endobronchial washing for measurement +of lipid composition and surface activity. +five dogs developed respiratory distress +without pulmonary edema. in these dogs +endobronchial wash surface tension was +normal or slightly increased, and total +lipid distribution was essentially normal. +esterified fatty acids in the lecithin frac- +tion were consistently altered with a +reduction in palmitate and total saturated fatty +acids. three dogs developed pulmonary +edema with increased surface tension, in- +creased total lipid and protein, and +relatively decreased total phospholipid in the +endobronchial washings. esterified +fatty acids in the lecithin fraction were marked- +ly altered with palmitate levels about +1/3 normal. esterified arachidonate was pre- +sent that was attributed to intra-alveolar +plasma. electron micrographs of the lung +after oxygen exposure showed thickening +of alveolar basement membrane and altera- +tions in the structure of the lamellar bodies +of the type ii alveolar epithelial cells. +.I 289 +.W +3805. cisternal fluid oxygen tension in man +measurement of cerebral oxygen tension +in man has been hampered by technical dif- +ficulties. the authors present a method +in which a beckman microelectrode was +introduced into the cisterna magna and +oxygen tension measured, the hypothesis +being that measurement of oxygen tension +in a fluid which equilibrates with the +average cerebral oxygen tension should +give reliable measure of cerebral oxygen +tension. in their subjects, inhalation of +pure oxygen produced an increase in the +oxygen tension in the cisternal fluid as +well as in the arterial blood without any +alteration of the oxygen tension in the +bulb of the internal jugular vein, whereas +inhalation of 95% oxygen and 5% carbon +dioxide increased the oxygen tension in the +cisternal fluid as well as in the arterial +and venous blood. 5% carbon dioxide in +air produced an increase in the cisternal +oxygen tension; a fall in arterial blood +pressure associated with the introduction +of the suboccipital needle was accom- +panied by a decrease in cisternal oxygen +tension which then rose simultaneously with +the increase in arterial blood pressure +that followed infusion of dextran. intravenous +injection of xanthinol niacinate induced +in all patients a more or less pronounced fall +in arterial blood pressure and at the +same time the cisternal oxygen tension fell; +administration of aramine was associated +with a rise in arterial blood pressure +plus a rise in cisternal oxygen tension. +.I 290 +.W +4181. cerebrospinal fluid in man native to high altitude +csf ph was shown in a prior report to +remain essentially constant during 8 days +of acclimatization to 3,800 m. in order +to further evaluate the possible role of +csf acid-base equilibria in the regulation +of respiration, 20 peruvian andean na- +tives were studied at altitudes of 3,720-4,820 m. +in 10 subjects at 3,720 m, means +were csf ph 7.327, pco, 43, hco3-21.5, +na+136, k+2.6, cl-124, lactate 30 mg/ +100 ml. arterial blood ph 7.43, pco, 32.5, +hco3-21.3, na+136, k+4.2, cl-107, +hematocrit 49, sao, 89.6. in 6 subjects at +4,545 m and 4 at 4,820 m csf values +were not significantly different; mean arterial +pco, was 32.6 and 32.3, respectively. +the only significant variations with altitude +were the expected lowering of pao, to +47 and 43.5 mm hg, and of sao, to 84.2 and +80.7, and increase of hematocrit to +67% and 75%, respectively. the natives +differed from recently acclimatized sea- +level residents in showing less ventilation +(higher pco,) in response to the ex- +isting hypoxia, and less alkaline arterial +blood. the difference appears to relate +to peripheral chemoreceptor response +to hypoxia rather than central medullary +chemoreceptor. +.I 291 +.W +1116. na, k, ca, mg, and cl concentrations in choroid plexus fluid +and cisternal fluid compared with plasma ultrafiltrate +in 7 cats the concentrations of na, +k, ca, mg, and cl were measured in plasma +ultrafiltrate, newly formed choroid +plexus fluid, and cisterna magna fluid. the +choroid plexus fluid did not differ +from plasma ultrafiltrate in cl and k concentra- +tion but contained higher na, markedly +higher mg, and lower ca concentrations +than the ultrafiltrate. cisterna magna +fluid differed from the ultrafiltrate with +respect to all 5 electrolytes, containing +higher concentrations of cl, na, and mg +and lower concentrations of k and ca. +it differed from choroid plexus fluid in con- +taining a higher concentration of cl but +lower concentrations of k, ca, and mg. +hco3-concentration, calculated on the +basis of the charge balance, was 7 mm/kg +h2o higher in choroid plexus fluid than +in cisterna magna fluid, suggesting an ele- +vated ph at the former site. without +measurement of the potential difference be- +tween the csf and plasma, definitive +conclusions could not be drawn as to which +cations were actively transported. the fact +that the distribution ratio between cerebro- +spinal fluid and ultrafiltrate of one divalent +cation was in the opposite direction +from that of the other, and that this was +also true of the monovalent cations, was +taken as evidence that the mechanisms +involved in cation transfer are quite selec- +tive. though not proven, active transport +was considered the most likely explana- +tion of these findings. the data suggest +that these specific transfer mechanisms +subserve a homeostatic function with +regard to mg and k in the cerebrospinal fluid. +.I 292 +.W +3230. cerebral hemodynamics, blood gases, and electrolytes +during breath-holding and the valsalva maneuver +continuous recordings of arterial and +internal jugular blood oxygen tension, oxy- +gen saturation, carbon dioxide tension, +ph, sodium and potassium, together with +peco2, blood pressure, and +electroencephalogram were obtained to compare the +effects of inspiratory and expiratory +breath-holding and the valsalva maneuver on +the cerebral circulation and cerebral +oxygen availability in man. during the inter- +val of tolerated breath-holding for +69 seconds or less, jugular venous oxygen tension +was increased owing to increased +cerebral blood flow resulting from an increase +of arterial carbon dioxide tension. +there was a statistically significant correlation +between changes in jpo2 and paco2, +which proved to be more or less linear for +both increases and decreases of paco2 4 mm. +above and below control levels. no +threshold was found for changes in paco2 +altering effective cerebral perfusion and +cerebral venous po2, extremely small +changes in paco2 (less than 1 mm. hg) +altered cerebral oxygen availability within +10 to 20 seconds. during the valsalva +maneuver a consistent reduction of jugular +oxygen tension was found associated +with the sudden fall in arterial blood +pressure and reduction of arterial carbon +dioxide tension. the rapid changes in +cerebral hemodynamics and cerebral oxy- +gen availability during the procedure +are briefly discussed. +.I 293 +.W +2344. respiratory and cardiovascular changes during rapid spon- +taneous variations of ventricular fluid pressure in pa- +tients with intracranial hypertension +in patients with intracranial hypertension +the ventricular fluid pressure (vfp) +curve is characterized by 3 main forms +of spontaneous variations. two of these +forms are of a rhythmical nature, and +are here called 1-per-minute waves and 6- +per-minute waves, respectively, in +accordance with the dominating frequency. +the third form - irregularly appearing +waves of large amplitude and duration - +is called plateau waves in accordance +with the usual shape of the fluctuations. +respiratory and cardio-vascular changes +accompanying these variations of the vfp +were studied by simultaneous recording, +in various combinations, of the vfp, the +pulmonary ventilation, the pco2 of the +expiratory air, the arterial and the venous +blood pressure, and the pulse frequency. +it was found that the rhythmic vfp vari- +ations of the 1-per-minute type occurred +synchronously with the respiratory peri- +ods in cheyne-stokes breathing. +synchronously appearing variations in systemic +blood pressure, in pulse frequency, +as well as in consciousness and in muscular +tone of the limbs were also noted. the +respiratory midposition shifted towards the +inspiratory side during the periods of +hyperpnoea. the 6-per-minute waves were +entirely synchronous with variations +in the systemic arterial blood pressure of the +traube-hering-mayer type. long +sequences of these waves were observed only +when the vfp level was considerably +elevated. the plateau waves were not accom- +panied by corresponding elevations of +the arterial or venous systemic blood pres- +sure. simultaneously with the crests +of the plateau waves sudden changes often +occurred in the pulse frequency (from +bradycardia to tachycardia), and in the res- +piratory pattern, sometimes also in the +degree of consciousness and in the muscu- +lar tone. there were also long sequences +of 6-per-minute waves. the deep, irre- +gular breathing seen in this stage induced +a considerable hypocapnia preceeding +the final critical fall in the vfp ending the +plateau wave. in most instances, how- +ever, this fall did not begin until several +minutes after the appearance of the hypo- +capnia. +.I 294 +.W +82. central nervous system lesions in rats +exposed to oxygen at high pressure +adult female rats paralyzed by repeated exposures +to oxygen at high pressure were found to have cns le- +sions of 2 types (1) focal necrosis of individual neurons +within certain nuclear groups, and (2) complete or partial +necrosis of nuclear groups with frequent damage to mye- +lin, axons, and glia in the area involved. both types +were usually bilateral and symmetrical. lesions of the +first type were found consistently in the superior olivary +complex, ventral cochlear nuclei, and nuclei of the spinal +tract of cranial nerve v. lesions of the second type were +found consistently in the substantia nigra and globus pal- +lidus, were frequent in the rhinencephalon, and never +occurred in the neocortex. +.I 295 +.W +747. electrode size and tissue po2 measurement in rats exposed +to air or high pressure oxygen +a comparison has been made of values of +po2 recorded in several rat tissues with +60-u or 330-u flexible gold electrodes. +although qualitatively both sizes of elec- +trodes give similar results, the quantitative +values of po2 differ. such large differ- +ences as are found in some cases between +electrodes varying only in physical di- +mensions are thought to reflect the amount +of trauma caused in the tissue under in- +vestigation due to electrode insertion. +errors in po2 estimations due to tissue da- +mage are considered to outweigh any other +errors such as those due to electrode +calibration. soft, highly vascular tissues, +such as liver, kidney and spleen, which +show macroscopic bruising over quite a +large area when electrodes are inserted, +show the greatest difference in estimations +of the po2 value. recordings of tissue +po2 were made while animals breathed air +and when compressed to 4 or 5 atm. in +pure oxygen, and the pattern of response of +tissue po2 to such exposure of the ani- +mal to high pressures of oxygen is described. +.I 296 +.W +3384. adrenergic effects in splenic po2 of rats in air or oxygen +at 5 atmospheres +oxygen tensions have been measured +in the spleens of rats breathing air and during +exposure of the animals to 5 atm abs +of oxygen (hpo). the response of splenic po2 +to compression was complex, usually +reaching a peak value immediately after com- +pression, then falling to a lower value. +this form of response has been termed a +hump response. after adrenalectomy +or bretylium tosylate injection the hump res- +ponse of po2 after compression was +almost abolished, and the values of splenic po2 +at 5 atm were considerably higher +than in control animals. a combination of adrena- +lectomy and bretylium tosylate also +markedly reduced the number of hump responses, +but unexpectedly significantly lowered +splenic oxygen tensions, both when the ani- +mals were under ambient conditions +or at 5 atm of oxygen. cardiac rate and blood +pressure were studied in an attempt +to find the explanation of this latter effect, and +while blood pressure was the same +in adrenalectomized rats and control rats after +bretylium injection, adrenalectomy +potentiated the bradycardia produced by brety- +lium tosylate. +.I 297 +.W +10642. the effects of antioxidants on high pressure oxygen toxicity +several commonly used antioxidants have +been tested for their effect against poison- +ing due to high pressures of oxygen (ohp). +the tests used were preconclusive pe- +riod and survival time of mice at 5 atm +absolute oxygen, lung damage in rats ex- +posed to 5 atm oxygen for 1 hr., and post +ohp paralysis in rats following deep +pentobarbital-na anesthesia and ohp at 4 +atm for 30 min. 2,5-bis (1,1-dimethyl- +propyl) hydroquinone gave excellent +protection against ohp toxicity in all tests, +and several other antioxidants also +protected against ohp toxicity but their potency +and effectiveness varied for the +different criteria of oxygen poisoning tested in the +experiments. +.I 298 +.W +3716. glycolytic control mechanisms. i. inhibition of glycolysis +by acetate and pyruvate in the isolated, perfused rat heart +acetate or pyruvate had similar effects +on the over-all metabolism of glucose. gly- +colytic flux was decreased in both the +presence and absence of insulin, glucose +oxidation was greatly decreased, and +the conversion of glucose to glycogen and lac- +tate was promoted. glucose phosphorylation +was decreased in the presence but not +in the absence of insulin. hexokinase, +phosphofructokinase, glyceraldehyde phos- +phate dehydrogenase, and pyruvic kinase +are far displaced from equilibrium, while +the other enzymic steps of glycolysis +are maintained either at equilibrium or fairly +close to equilibrium. in different metabolic +situations, glycolytic flux may be affec- +ted by those steps which are far displaced +from equilibrium. increased levels of +the hexose monophosphates, and decreased +levels of the other glycolytic inter- +mediates between fructose 1,6-diphosphate +and pyruvate after the addition of 10 mm +acetate indicate that glycolytic flux was +decreased by inhibition of phosphofructo- +kinase. after the addition of 10 mm pyruvate, +fructose 1,6-diphosphate, and triose- +phosphate accumulated as a result of an +inhibition of either glyceraldehyde phosphate +dehydrogenase or phosphoglyceric kinase. +acetate had little effect on the total con- +tent of oxidized or reduced di- or +triphosphopyridine nucleotides, but slightly de- +creased the ratio of nad to nadh2 +in the cytoplasm, as estimated from the ratios +of lactate to pyruvate and a-glycerophosphate +to dihydroxyacetone phosphate. pyru- +vate increased the total content of nadh2 +and nadph2 as shown both by an increase +of fluorescence in the intact heart, and by +tissue analyses, but the ratio of nad to +nadii2 in the cytoplasm was greatly +increased. these results demonstrate com- +partmentation of pyridine nucleotides +between cytoplasm and mitochondria in the +intact cell. after the addition of acetate, +citrate was the only intermediate of the +citric acid cycle which increased greatly +in amount, while oxaloacetate levels de- +creased. after the addition of pyruvate, +the levels of citrate, a-ketoglutarate, ma- +late, and oxaloacetate were all greatly +elevated. the glutamic-oxaloacetate trans- +aminase reaction as measured from the +total contents of the reactants in the tissue +remained close to equilibrium. changes +in the concentrations of the adenine nu- +cleotides were insufficient to account for +the inhibition of phosphofructokinase, but +the results are consistent with control at this +step being mediated by citrate. +.I 299 +.W +244. oxygen tension in human malignant disease under hyperbaric +conditions +oxygen tensions were recorded continuously +in tumours and normal tissues of 34 pa- +tients pressurized in pure oxygen to 4 atmospheres +absolute. mean rises to 620 mm. +hg and 320 mm. hg for tumours and normal tissues +respectively were recorded. +with patients breathing air at atmospheric +pressure 22/90 (24%) of tumour elec- +trodes registered po2values of less than 4 mm. hg +compared to only 2/39 (5%) of normal +tissue electrodes. the results obtained +suggest that oxygen polarography as a meth- +od for determining po2 in 'solid' tissues +in vivo is complicated by many artefacts - +particularly tissue damage due to electrode +trauma - which reduce its value to clin- +ical research concerned with accurate +information of absolute po2 values in intact +tissues. +.I 300 +.W +7839.cortical ph and the blood-brain barrier +a method was described for measuring +the ph, dc and ac potentials concurrently +on the cerebral cortex of the adult cat, +under conditions of controlled ventilation. +kittens and rabbits were also studied. +the cortical ph response to i.v. nahco3 +was acidic and was accompanied by a +dc negativity, while the blood became alkaline. +such an acidic response was present in +the rabbit and kitten. it was not present +in a number of other tissues in the cat, +including the dura. the cortical acidic +response was not affected, qualitatively, +by i.v. acetazolamide, prolonged hypoxia +or 10% (v/v) co2. it was reduced reversibly +by 20% (v/v) co2. it was not affected +by removal of the arachnoid membrane. +the cortical ph response to an i.v. nh4+ +salt solution was complex. nh4c1 did not +produce an alkaline response. the cortical +ph response to an alkaline or an acidic +sodium phosphate solution was augmented +but not changed in its direction following +treatment of the cortex with n-butanol. +the results were interpreted in terms of +a restriction of hco3- by the blood-brain +barrier, through which co2 can pass. this +restriction is probably non-specific for +inorganic ions, and perhaps for other +substances. it does not appear to be related +to a low cerebral extracellular space, +and is independent of substantial oxidative metabolism. +.I 301 +.W +7083. brain damage and paralysis in animals exposed to high pressure oxygen - +pharmacological and biochemical observations +single exposures of high pressure oxygen +(ohp) at 30-66 gauge pressure caused +cns damage and paralysis in rats and mice +but guinea-pigs, rabbits, and man did +not show such sequelae. the cns damage +in rats was greatly increased by cns-de- +pressant drugs (pentobarbital, paraldehyde, +n2o and phencyclidine) given before ex- +posure to ohp. the cns lesions were also +potentiated by raised respired pco2, by +acetazolamide and by nh4c1, whilst protection +was afforded by methaemoglobinae- +mia by tham, by 2 4-dinitrophenol and by +serotonin against the barbiturate and +co2 potentiation of ohp brain damage. +ohp-induced brain damage was not modified +by hypothermia (cp2), electroconvulsive +shock treatment during ohp, cerebral x- +irradiation, adrenalectomy or cortisone, +slow decompression rates, spinal block +with local anaesthetic, 'conditioning' of +rats to ohp, hyper- and hypoglycaemia, or +alterations in tissue histamine levels. +the results are discussed in relation to pos- +sible biochemical mechanisms and +theories of oxygen poisoning. +.I 302 +.W +8914. the effect of hypoxia on oxygen consumption of cerebral +cortex, liver slices and of diaphragm in vitro during post- +natal development of the rat +oxygen consumption of slices from the liver +and cerebral cortex and of the cut dia- +phragm was determined in rats aged 5, 10, +14, 20 and 25 days and in adult animals. +under hypoxic conditions (gas phase 10% +oxygen, 90% nitrogen) oxygen consumption +of liver slices and diaghragm is decreased +by about 25% in all age groups. hypoxia, +however, did not affect oxygen consumption +of slices of the cortex from 5-day-old +rats and its inhibitory effect only appeared +later as the normal oxygen consumption +started to rise. the inhibitory effect of +hypoxia was greatest in adult animals. +.I 303 +.W +5407. hypoxic-hypercapnic interaction in subjects with bilateral +cerebral dysfunction +to analyze cerebral influences modifying +autonomic respiratory responses, the +authors compared normals and patients +with bilateral pyramidal tract disease for +their ventilatory response to hypoxia and +hypoxia-hypercapnia. during eucapnia, +the 2 groups showed similar hypoxic +responses. during hypercapnia, the ventilatory +response to hypoxia was greater in the +brain-damaged subjects. this apparent aug- +mentation, however, was due entirely +to anoxia interacting with an abnormally fa- +cilitated carbon dioxide sensitivity +compared with normals, brain-damaged patients +at pao,90-100 mm hg showed an 85% +greater co2 response, and at pao,50mm hg +showed a 79% greater co2 response. +since cerebral dysfunction facilitated the ven- +tilatory response to hypoxia-hypercapnia +combined but not the response to hypoxia +alone, the results imply that the 2 +respiratory stimuli interact centrally rather than +peripherally. +.I 304 +.W +3917. plasma free fatty acid and blood sugar levels in newborn +infants and their mothers +simultaneous plasma free fatty acid (ffa) +and blood sugar levels were determined +for fasting newborn infants during the first +24 hours of life, for their cord bloods, +and for their mothers at delivery. the +following observations were made. in con- +trol infants the mean ffa level rose about +three times the cord level after birth +and was accompanied by a 25% drop in the +mean blood sugar level. thereafter, the +mean blood sugar level remained relatively +constant, but the mean ffa level varied +from 2.5 to 3 times the cord level. there +was no significant correlation between the +length of maternal fasting prior to delivery +and the infant ffa level; there was, +however, a significant negative correlation +between the length of maternal fasting +prior to delivery and the infant blood sugar +level at 24 hours of age. high ffa levels +occurred in the infants of obese mothers +and low levels were observed in infants with +delayed respirations, in infants of preeclamptic +mothers, and in infants of diabetic +mothers. +.I 305 +.W +2933. the essential fatty acid requirement of infants and the +assessment of their dietary intake of linoleate by serum +fatty acid analysis +the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids +in serum total fatty acids was related +to the dietary intake of linoleate in 243 infants +two to four months of age and in 197 +infants eleven to twelve months of age. the +curves relating triene tetraene ratio +to dietary linoleate indicated approximately +1 per cent of total calories as minimal +linoleate requirement. the exponential +equations relating dienoic, trienoic and +tetraenoic acids to dietary linoleate were +derived by computer methods. these +yielded constants from which the minimal +nutrient requirement could be calculated. +the best estimates were obtained from the +triene and tetraene data for two to four +months' old infants and were found to be +approximately 1.4 per cent of the caloric +intake. the nutritive status with respect to +linoleate may be estimated by means +of logarithmic regression equations. the +equation for two to four months' old infants +is log 10 dietary linoleate = -1.087 + 0.0432 +(di - tri + tetra). the data for eleven to +twelve months' old infants were found to have +greater scatter and give lower triene +tetraene ratios at comparable linoleate intakes. +the scatter and displacement are +considered to be due to supplements of solid food +to the basic diet not considered in +the calculated dietary linoleate. +.I 306 +.W +74. analytic study of the a- and b-lipoprotein micellar groups +and of nonesterified fatty acids of the plasma in normal pregnancy +an analytical study has been made on 39 +patients, using a chemical method which +allows the simultaneous detailed evaluation +of the lipidic and a- and b-liproproteinic +fractions of the plasma. in addition the +non-esterified fatty acids have been titrated, +the b-proteins and the uric acid assayed, +and numerous indices and deducible ratios +made from the data obtained. the existence +of quantitative dyslipidemia has been +proven, starting gradually, especially in the +4th-5th month of pregnancy, and most- +ly regarding the b-lipoproteins, prevalently +the slow subfractions, greater increase +of glycerides than phosphatides and cholesterol, +but with a non-proportional in- +crease of b-proteins (lower proteinic content). +it has, moreover, been noted that +there is a prevalent rise of free cholesterol in +the fraction of b-lipoproteins with +a reduction of the total esterification coefficient. +the morphological picture of the +lipidic rate in pregnancy shows characteristics +which, according to the authors, +are like those to be seen in the lipidic rate of +male presenility. +.I 307 +.W +75. behavior of polyunsaturated fatty acids in physiological +pregnancy +by the enzymatic lipoxidase method of +macgee et al., the author measured polyun- +satured fatty acids (p.f.a.) in healthy +pregnant women at full term of pregnancy. +before labour there are in the blood 75-95 +mg.% of p.f.a., i.e. 10-15% more +than in non-pregnant women; during labour +p.f.a. increase very much, 100-137 +mg.%, about 50% more than before labour. +.I 308 +.W +5196. effects of nutritional deficiency of unsaturated fats on +the distribution of fatty acids in rat liver mitochondrial phospholipids +the fatty acid composition of liver mitochondrial +phospholipids from rats rendered +deficient in essential unsaturated fatty acids +has been determined, and compared +with that of rats fed a diet containing corn oil. +in addition to marked reductions in +the amounts of linoleic and arachidonic acids +esterified at the b-position of ethanol- +amine-, inositol-, and choline glycerophosphatides, +the deficiency resulted in ex- +tensive changes in the distribution of saturated +acids at both the a- and b-positions. +palmitoleic and oleic acids were increased in +amount in fat deficiency, and large +amounts of docosatrienoic acids appeared in +these 3 phospholipids. the fatty acids +of the sphingomyelins were not altered as a +result of essential fatty acid deficiency. +the data demonstrate that each phospholipid +is unique in the way in which its fatty +acid moieties change in response to feeding +a fat deficient diet. +.I 309 +.W +3204. interventricular septal defects with aortic insufficiency +sanchez f.-villaran e. +the coincidence of these 2 malformations +permits their diagnosis provided that a +careful evaluation is made of the hemodynamic +and oximetric data, on the basis of +specific auscultatory features. even then, a +differentiation from other cardiopathies +patent ductus arteriosus with/without pulmonary +hypertension, aortopulmonary sep- +tal defect, interventricular communication, +truncus arteriosus, aneurysm of the +sinus aortae ruptured into right cavities - is +not simple. for this an analysis of the +course of the syndrome together with the +information supplied by phonocardiography, +catheterization, angiocardiography, radiology +and ecg (in this order of importance) +are indispensable. an analysis is made of 5 cases +in which, in the absence of ana- +tomical confirmation, concrete data were obtained +on which to base the diagnosis. +.I 310 +.W +2579. measurement of aortic regurgitation by upstream sampling with continuous +infusion of indicator +a direct and theoretically valid method +for the measurement of aortic regurgitation +involves the recording of indicator concentrations +from the left ventricle and a down- +stream site during aortic root injection. however, +this method has yielded erratic +results when applied to man in the authors' +laboratory when using the sudden in- +jection technique. therefore, the upstream +sampling method, using continuous in- +fusion of indicator, was evaluated in 18 patients +with aortic regurgitation during +retrograde aortic and transseptal left ventricular +catheterization. the continuous +infusion technique was compared with the technique +of sudden injection in 10 patients +and with aortic valvulography in 14 patients. +measurements of forward flow obtained +with continuous infusions into the aortic root +were not significantly different from +measurements obtained with sudden injections +into the pulmonary artery. recordings +of indicator concentrations from the left ventricle, +during continuous infusions into +the aortic root, demonstrated readily evident +equilibrium plateaus. the resultant +measurements of regurgitant flow were highly +reproducible and not impaired by +nonsimultaneity of upstream and downstream +sampling. the percentage error of +estimate at 95% confidence limits was 22% of +the measurement for regurgitant flow, +13% for total flow, and 9% for the regurgitant +fraction of total flow. the correspond- +ing errors of estimate for the sudden injection +technique were 4 times larger. re- +gurgitant flow by the continuous infusion method +ranged from 0.8-30.0 l/min, total +flow from 3.0-36.0 l/min, and the regurgitant +fraction of total flow from 12-86%. +ranking of patients by the magnitudes of regurgitant +and total flow did not correspond +to ranking by angiographic criteria of severity. +however, an excellent correlation +prevailed between angiographic grade and the regurgitant +fraction of total flow, +demonstrating that this variable is the most meaningful +expression of severity. the +correlation (0.997) between the angiographic grade and +the regurgitant fraction +measured by the continuous infusion technique was +clearly superior to that obtained +with the sudden injection technique (0.894). mild +regurgitation was equivalent to +a regurgitant fraction of <25%, moderate +regurgitation to a fraction of 25-50%, +moderately severe regurgitation to a fraction +of 50-75% and severe regurgitation to +a fraction of >75%. it is concluded that the +upstream sampling method during con- +tinuous infusion of indicator, because of its +sensitivity, reliability, applicability to +multiple measurements, and validity in the +presence of mitral regurgitation is the +most useful method for quantifying aortic +regurgitation in man. +.I 311 +.W +2950. aortico-left ventricular tunnel. a cause of massive aortic regurgitation +and of intracardiac aneurysm +the clinical, roentgenographic, hemodynamic +and pathologic findings in a 14-year- +old boy with aortico-left ventricular tunnel are +presented. the accessory channel +between the aorta and left ventricle resulted in +massive aortic regurgitation, and +the portion of the tunnel which traversed the +ventricular septum was aneurysmal, +displaced the posterior wall of the right +ventricle and caused severe obstruction +to right ventricular outflow. the presence +of associated cardiovascular anomalies, +in this and previously reported cases, +suggests that the malformation is congenital +rather than acquired. the clinical and +hemodynamic manifestations of aortico-left +ventricular tunnel are indistinguishable +from those observed with the more common +forms of aortic regurgitation, and the +correct diagnosis can be established only by +thoracic aortography. the malformation +is usually recognized in childhood; since +aortic regurgitant flow can be abolished by +simple closure of the aortic ostium, +and without aortic valve replacement, the +indications for operative treatment +differ from those which apply in aortic +regurgitation due to a valvular anomaly. +.I 312 +.W +502. the haemodynamic implications of the bisferiens pulse +a bisferiens carotid arterial displacement pulse +was recorded in 10 patients with +severe aortic valvular disease. the braunwald +test indicated that moderately severe, +severe, or gross aortic regurgitation was present +in each. the absence of a peak +systolic aortic pressure gradient in certain cases, +particularly in those with the +most severe regurgitation, suggested their freedom +from an element of stenosis. +the anacrotic wave and the peak of the aortic +pressure pulse were found to coincide +with the percussion and the tidal waves of the +simultaneously recorded carotid ar- +terial displacement curves. it is suggested that +amplitude of the peak of the anacro- +tic wave is proportional to the rate of change of +momentum of the ejected blood, and +that the amplitude of the corresponding percussion +wave of displacement is modified by +the distensibility of the artery. the depth and shape +of the trough between the two +peaks is thought to depend upon the magnitude and +slope of the two waves rather than +upon a venturi effect. it is suggested that the condition +of the arterial wall, the dia- +stolic blood pressure, and the stroke volume can +influence the pulse sufficiently to +preclude its use as a simple guide to the nature of +the aortic valve lesion. +.I 313 +.W +2753. left ventricular function following replacement of the +aortic valve. hemodynamic responses to muscular exercise +evaluations of left ventricular myocardial +function were carried out in 14 patients +4-16 mth after stenotic or regurgitant +malformations of the aortic valve had been +corrected by valve replacement. the +circulatory responses to exercise, judged by +the increases in cardiac output in relation +to the increases in oxygen consumption, +were normal or only mildly reduced in 12 +patients. in 5 patients the relationships +between the change in the left ventricular +end-diastolic pressure and the alteration +in the stroke volume were also normal, a +fall or an increase in left ventricular +end-diastolic pressure of less than 3 mm +hg being accompanied by an increase in +stroke volume. in 8 patients, however, +abnormal increases in the left ventricular +end-diastolic pressure occurred during +exercise, and in 4 the left ventricular end- +diastolic pressure was increased to levels +above 12 mm hg. variable alterations in +the stroke volume accompanied these increases +in end-diastolic pressure. it is +suggested that in the 3 patients who exhibited +simultaneous increases in left ven- +tricular end-diastolic pressure and stroke +volume, the changes were either a mani- +festation of the frank-starling mechanism, +or primarily the result of a positive +inotropic influence. in the 5 patients who +exhibited increases in left ventricular +end-diastolic pressure, but no change or a +fall in stroke volume, it is proposed +that a distinct depression of left ventricular +performance was present. thus, while +the cardiac output response was adequate to +meet the stress of exercise in the +majority of the patients studied following aortic +valve replacement, determination +of the relationship between the left ventricular +end-diastolic pressure and the stroke +volume permitted the detection of abnormalities +in the function of the left ventricle. +.I 314 +.W +2497. pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum +when the pulmonary valve is atretic and +the ventricular septum intact, the right +ventricle usually consists of a small chamber +with a very thick wall capable of de- +veloping high pressure. this pathologic picture +is associated with clinical findings +similar to those in tricuspid atresia-cyanosis, +decreased pulmonary flow, left ven- +tricular preponderance on the electrocardiogram, +and early death. the diagnosis +may be confirmed by heart catheterization and +selective angiocardiography with in- +jection into the right ventricle, but the risk is +great. surgery has never been suc- +cessful in the past; but because of the equally +hopeless prognosis on medical treat- +ment, attempts should continue to be made. +anastomosis of the superior vena cava +to the right pulmonary artery appears to offer +hope of success in the future. +.I 315 +.W +1635. intra-atrial pressure measurement and electrocardiography in the +detailed diagnosis of atrial septal defect +after discussing the possibilities and +limitations of different methods for identifying +the anatomical type of atrial septal +defect, the authors suggest a more useful new +method. this consists in simultaneous +recording of both the pressure curve and +endocavitary electrocardiogram during +withdrawal of the catheter from the left into +the right atrium. in the ostium primum +type, the septal foramen has no infe- +rior margin, and the point of the catheter +during retraction (unlike in the ostium +secundum type) rests on the intermediate +section of the atrioventricular septum. +the endocavitary electrocardiogram in the +zone of passage between the two atria +shows the typical pattern of the intermediate +section of the atrioventricular septum; +the pressure curve may show a pattern of the +atrial of intravalvular type. +.I 316 +.W +1636. ventricular septal aneurysms. a report of two cases +two cases of ventriuclar cuptal aneurysm +are reported, one in the membranous and one +in the muscular portion. the diagnosis was +made by selective left ventricular angiogra- +phy. it is suggested that these cases represent +spontaneous closure of a ventricular septal +defect with weakness and aneurysmal formation +due to the high left ventricular pressure. +both are asymptomatic and hemodynamically +within normal limits. surgical repair +of the aneurysms is not considered necessary. +.I 317 +.W +1642. electrode catheters and the diagnosis of ebstein's anomaly +of the tricuspid valve +the successful surgical treatment of ebstein's +anomaly calls for accurate pre-ope- +rative assessment of the nature and severity of +the tricuspid valvular lesion. the +increased risk of cardiac catheterization in this +condition has been matched by in- +creased experience of intracardiac techniques, +and provided the examination is in +skilled hands, patients with ebstein's anomaly +should be investigated in the same +way as those with any other serious congenital +heart lesion for whom surgery is con- +templated. the diagnostic value of electrode +catheters is discussed, and the intra- +cardiac electrocardiographic features of ebstein's +anomaly are illustrated. false +positive and false negative records are demonstrated +and the mechanism of their +production is explained. it is concluded that, though +helpful, intracardiac electro- +cardiographic evidence should be regarded as confirmatory +rather than diagnostic. +records made with electrode catheters during cardiac +catheterization should be con- +sidered only along with the other clinical, +electrocardiographic, and radiological +features of the case, and should not be relied upon +as the definitive method in the +diagnosis of ebstein's anomaly. +.I 318 +.W +3326. unusual aneurysm of the membranous interventricular septum +the case of a patient with a huge aneurysm of the +membranous interventricular +septum is presented. this is believed to be the +first such patient to have undergone +successful resection. +.I 319 +.W +934. laevocardia with situs inversus. a case report and a review of literature +a case of levocardia, with +inversion of the cham- +bers of the heart and +transposition of the great vessels +and situs inversus, has been described. +gross cyanosis +and clubbing were present and were due +to a veno-arteri- +al shunt through a right-sided superior +vena cava open- +ing into the arterial atrium and +passage of venous blood +into the aorta through a ventricular +septal defect. the +case was complicated with right-sided +hemiplegia and +with the development of a liver abscess. +a review of the +literature with prognosis and possible +etiology of the +condition has also been made. +.I 320 +.W +1831. postoperative aneurysm of the right ventricle +twelve patients with postoperative aneurysm +of the right ventricular outflow tract +after corrective surgery for pulmonic valvar +stenosis, ventricular septal defect and +tetralogy of fallot are reported. the literature +is reviewed and the pathogenesis is +discussed. different diagnostic tests are evaluated +stressing the role of roentgen +examinations and the importance of careful follow-up +by intercalative chest roent- +genography. +.I 321 +.W +1991. ventricular septal defect with aortic regurgitation. +medical and pathologic aspects +thirty-four patients with ventricular septal defect +and aortic regurgitation, repre- +senting less than 5% of the patients with ventricular +septal defect, are discussed. +a loud, systolic murmur, characteristic of ventricular +septal defect, is noted dur- +ing infancy, whereas evidences of aortic regurgitation +(protodiastolic murmur and +wide pulse pressure) does not usually appear until some +time between 2 and 10 +years of age. clinical and catheterization data indicate +that the principal hemody- +namic load is aortic regurgitation, whereas the +ventricular septal defect does not +usually result in a large pulmonary blood flow or +high pulmonary arterial pressure. +in about 50% of the patients, a significant pressure +gradient across the right ven- +tricular outflow tract exists. detailed pathologic +studies indicate that the ventricular +septal defects are high and anterior and encroach +to a greater or lesser degree on +the membranous bulbar septum. the right coronary +cusp is the one most severely +involved, and, by its prolapse, causes aortic +regurgitation; the noncoronary cusp +is always less severely affected. the anatomic basis +of the pressure gradient ob- +served across the right ventricular outflow tract is +not always clear. +.I 322 +.W +2431. the natural history of arrhythmias following septal defect reapir +the repair of 191 atrial and ventricular septal +defects between 1955 and 1961 was +reviewed to determine the incidence and prognosis +of arrhythmias related to operation. +cases included 90 ventricular septal defects, 61 +atrial defects of the ostium secundum +type, and 40 of the ostium primum variety. +nodal rhythms, second degree blocks, +complete heart block, and flutter or fibrillation that +persisted after completion of operation +were analyzed, while intermittent ectopic beats, +sinus tachycardia, and bundle branch +blocks were excluded. fifteen per cent of the +patients with ventricular defects, 17% +with ostium primum defects, and 35% with ostium +secundum defects developed abnormal +rhythms associated with repair. of 18 patients whose +arrhythmias began during operation, +there were 8 deaths; no fatalities occurred in the 24 +patients who developed arrhythmias +in the postoperative period. seven deaths were +associated with complete heart block and +one with second degree block. although only one +half of the patients who developed +arrhythmias had pulmonary artery pressure greater +than 30 mm. hg systolic, all fatalities +occurred in this group. four of the deaths followed +surgery with the use of the pump +oxygenator in children under 30 months of age. +thirty-eight per cent of the abnormal +rhythms that began in the postoperative period +were nodal. flutter and fibrillation +were common following repair of atrial secundum +defects in patients over 15 yr. of age +but did not occur in younger patients. deaths from +heart block occurred in the first 30 days +following operation except one, 5 months later. +survivors of complete heart block reverted +to a less serious arrhythmia or normal rhythm +within 3 months. +.I 323 +.W +1021. left ventricular angiocardiography in the study of ventricular +septal defects +sixty-five cases of ventricular septal defect +were studied by left angiocardiography. +the left ventricle was entered by retrograde +arterial catheterization with a catheter +having a j-shaped tip. this procedure appears +to be little, or no more, hazardous +than right-sided angiocardiography. ventricular +septal defects may be divided into +5 types, depending on their location in the ventricular +septum. the anatomic and +radiological features of the septum and septal defects +are described. selective in- +jection of contrast material into the left ventricle +opacifies the blood passing through +the defect in the septum and permits preoperative +localization of the defect in rela- +tion to identifiable anatomic landmarks. multiple +defects of the septum are well de- +monstrated. such information may be of +considerable value to the surgeon under- +taking repair of the septum. left ventriculography, +often combined with supraval- +vular aortography, has been used, when indicated, +to differentiate between mitral +insufficiency and ventricular septal defect and in +the detection of other cardiac ano- +malies whose manifestations are marked by those +of the septal lesion. this tech- +nique is well suited to the postoperative study of +patients following repair of the +septal defect and for follow-up studies in patients +not operated upon to clarify the +natural history of defects in different portions of +the ventricular septum. +.I 324 +.W +4105. free fatty acid metabolism in chinese hamsters +in normal chinese hamsters (cricetulus +griseus) the mean concentration of free +fatty acids (ffa) in serum varied from +group to group, but was (1) consistently 4 +to 9 times greater than in rats, dogs, +or man; (2) slightly higher than in syrian +hamsters; (3) two- to four-fold higher +than in fasting or alloxan-diabetic rats. the +epididymal adipose tissue of the chinese +hamster (1) had initial concentrations of +ffa comparable to those in the rat and +syrian hamster; (2) released, in the same +time interval, 8- to 10-fold more ffa +in vitro than this tissue of the rat; (3) had +higher concentrations of ffa after incubation +than the incubated tissue of the rat. +the retroperitoneal (perirenal) adipose tissue +of the chinese hamster was less ac- +tive in release of fatty acids in vitro than the +epididymal, but was, however, more +active than the epididymal adipose tissue of +the rat. these characteristics of ffa +metabolism in the chinese hamster were +apparently attributable to species, not to +age, diet, or sex. in the chinese hamster, +the weight of the epididymal adipose tis- +sue per gram of body was relatively high. +it appears that in this species the rate of +release of fatty acids from adipose tissue +is great, leading to high ffa concentra- +tions in serum. in chinese hamster and rat +adipose tissues in vitro, glucose and in- +sulin (separately) reduced the rate of release +of ffa and the amount of ffa in the +tissues, but glucose and insulin together +produced the greatest reduction. the net +reduction in ffa release by glucose and +insulin in vitro was greater in tissue from +the chinese hamster. insulin markedly +increased glucose uptake by the adipose tis- +sues of both species. the possible relation +of the results to spontaneous diabetes in +the chinese hamster is discussed. +.I 325 +.W +95. changes in serum non-esterified fatty acid levels in spon- +taneous and in oxytocin induced labour +the nonesterified fatty acid (nefa) +concentration of serum rises progressively +during the course of normal labor. +the rise appears to be related to the duration +of labor. the use of oxytocin to induce +and stimulate labor does not alter the normal +pattern of rise in nefa provided it is +given in physiologic dosage. the levels of +nefa in the umbilical vein and the +umbilical artery at delivery are comparable and +always significantly lower than the +maternal level. the maternal/fetal ratio varies +between 1.7 1 and 3.9 1 in this series. +following delivery the nefa levels begin +to fall almost immediately. the rate +of fall is 10-30% of the delivery value in the 1st +hour, 30-50% within 18 hr. and 50-70% within 36 hr. +.I 326 +.W +1545. the effect of combined glucose and insulin infusions on +the lipoid and carbohydrate metabolism of the parturient +woman and of the fetus +the infusion of glucose with insulin during delivery +was used by the authors pri- +marily in order to determine, whether the utilization +of glucose can be enhanced +under these conditions. they wanted to investigate, +whether the increase of unesteri- +fied fatty acids in the cord blood which takes place +after a sole glucose infusion in +the mother, could be caused by the low capability +of glucose utilization in the fetus. +the infusion during delivery which consisted of the +application of 500 ml of 10% +glucose and 16 u of insulin over a period of 30 min. +brought about a greater decrease +of unesterified fatty acids in the parturient woman +as compared with the infusion of +glucose exclusively. the reason for this result +is thought to be due to a better utili- +zation of glucose which is favorably influenced +by insulin. during the infusion of +glucose with insulin, an increase in the values +of lactic and pyruvic acid took place +in the parturient women; this was probably due +to an accelerated glycolysis and an +increased production of lactic acid, but not +caused by a higher share of the anaerobic +metabolism. in the cord blood, there were +likewise increased values of lactic and py- +ruvic acid as a reflection of the higher values +of these substances in the mother. the +formation of these products of metabolic +breakdown by the fetus, however, was not +significantly increased. after infusion of +glucose with insulin, the other investigated +parameter values, including those of the levels +of unesterified fatty acids are found +in the cord blood in similar amounts as after +infusion of glucose alone. these re- +sults cannot reliably prove the passage of +insulin through the placenta especially +after a continued study of the metabolic values +in newborns. as a proof of the passage +of insulin through the placenta could not be +established, it is possible that after an +intake of insulin the increase of unesterified +fatty acids in the cord blood could be +caused by a relative insufficiency of the insular +apparatus of the fetus. the most +probable reason for the increase of unesterified +fatty acids is the different depo- +sition and metabolization of unesterified fatty +acids in the course of intrauterine +life. +.I 327 +.W +1547. glucose and nonesterified fatty acid levels in maternal +and cord plasma +the authors established in 44 healthy women +at the moment of delivery the contents +of glucose and free fatty acids in the blood +of the mother and of the umbilical cord. +the concentration of both substances was +significantly higher in the mother than in +the infant. the relation for free fatty acids +was 1.7 1, that for glucose 1.3 1. the +relation glucose fatty acids in the mother was +significantly different from that in the +infant. +.I 328 +.W +3294. epinephrine infusions in normal and toxemic pregnancies. +ii. plasma glucose, nonesterified fatty acid, and epineph- +rine-norepinephrine alterations +seven controls and 9 preeclamptic patients +were infused with different amounts of +epinephrine. plasma nefa, glucose and +catecholamines were determined before, +during and after epinephrine infusion. the +toxemic patient responds to the metabolic +effects of infused epinephrine in a manner +similar to that of the normal pregnant +patient. the increased levels of nefa in +pregnant patients are explained by a com- +plicated biochemical mechanism involving +an increased availability of cortisone-like +steroids, slightly increased amounts of thyroid, +hormones, etc., resulting in an +alteration of carbohydrate utilization. the study +leads to the conclusion that epi- +nephrine is not an etiologic agent in toxemia of pregnancy. +.I 329 +.W +766. a lipid-mobilizing substance in the serum of pregnant wo- +men, of probable placental origin +a substance capable of inducing free fatty +acid (ffa) release was found in the sera +of 12 from 13 pregnant women. the rat +epididymal fat pad was used for bioassay. +this substance circulates in late pregnancy +and disappears within 5 days post partum. +it is present in crude placental extracts and +is removed by their deproteination. it +is nondialyzable. application of pituitary +extraction procedure to placentae yielded +active fractions where pituitary growth +hormone is usually found. in accordance with +these facts a hypothesis concerning a part +of metabolic changes occurring during preg- +nancy was pronounced as follows. the +described substance diminishes maternal glu- +cose consumption through the elevation of +plasma free fatty acids, or by direct in- +hibition of glucose uptake, or both. this +permits a preferential shunting of glucose +to the fetus. at the same time, increased +plasma free fatty acid levels would serve +as the alternative maternal energy substrate. +elevated maternal insulin levels during +late pregnancy stabilize the degree of maternal +lipid mobilization. the contrainsulin +properties of a substance capable of mobilizing +free fatty acids and inhibiting mater- +nal glucose utilization would pose a diabetogenic +challenge, and in the face of com- +promised maternal insulin reserves, provoke +overt or worsen existing diabetes +mellitus. +.I 330 +.W +3682. metabolism of free fatty acids during perinatal life of lambs +there is a rapid rise of free fatty acids +in blood plasma after birth in newborn +lambs. this study confirms this rise, +caused by an augmented mobilization of these +acids from the tissues. norepinephrine +easily mobilizes free fatty acids in adult +ewes. in newborn lambs this special effect +is lacking, though cardiovascular re- +sponses are clearly demonstrable. blocking +the sympathetic nervous system in +newborn lambs inhibits the rapid rise of free +fatty acids after birth. this is com- +patible with the concept, that increased activity +of these sympathetic nerves after +birth is an important factor for free fatty acids +mobilization. during intrauterine +life there is an ample study of carbohydrates +and the organism uses them as an +energy source. hypoglycaemia resulting from +sudden carbohydrate deprivation at +birth, demonstrates with rising free fatty acids +the change-over to (tissue) fat as +main source of energy. +.I 331 +.W +1163. the effect of glucose infusions on the lipoid and the +carbohydrate metabolism of the parturient woman and +the fetus +in 20 parturient women who were given glucose +infusions during the expulsive stage +of labor, the authors were able to observe an unusual +hyperglycemia and a decrease +in unesterified fatty acids (uefa). the uefa-level +usually increases regularly +during delivery. likewise, the values of esterified +fatty acids (efa) showed an in- +crease above the normally present levels in women +who had received a glucose in- +fusion during the expulsive stage of labor. the +results show that during delivery +both hyperglycemia and the increase in lipoids +are predominantly due to the energy +demands of the organism. however, there is also +evidence that other, hitherto un- +known factors may play a role. in the fetus, +the infusion of glucose leads to an in- +creased glucose retention. the infusion, however, +does not bring about a decrease, +but, contrary to the expectations, an increase +in the uefa-values. in general, +such a reaction is not found in any of the +subsequent periods of life. further inves- +tigations were conducted in order to find an +explanation for the paradox uefa- +reaction. as shown by an analysis of the lactic +acid and the pyruvic acid values, the +increase in the uefa can most probably not be +attributed to an impairment in the +fetal metabolic conditions. the administration +of physiological saline infusions to +10 parturient women under equal conditions +revealed that the cause for the uefa- +increase can apparently neither be found in +hemodynamic changes due to the infusion +nor in changes of the electrolyte balance, but +rather in an adaptation insufficiency +of the fetal islet cells, respectively in a different +fat mobilization or fat deposition. +.I 332 +.W +1320. the plasma free fatty acid composition and blood glucose +of normal and diabetic pregnant women and of their new- +borns +the blood glucose and plasma ffa content +and composition of the newborns of +normal women, gestational diabetics, and +insulin-dependent diabetics were analyzed. +normal maternal ffa levels were twice the +fetal values; by 2 hr of age ffa in- +creased 4-fold over initial values in normal +infants, while infants of gestational +diabetics had a 3-fold rise, and those of +insulin dependent diabetics only 2-fold. +blood sugar at the same time decreased and +there was an inverse relationship be- +tween blood glucose in the normal infants and +ffa. this relationship is altered in +the infant of the diabetic mother. gas +chromatography of plasma indicated a higher +ratio of unsaturated to saturated ffa in +mothers compared to infants. no pattern +differences were noted between the normal +and diabetic mothers, except that the +latter had higher oleic acid. in the initial 2 +hr of life, the patterns changed, although +no differences were noted between infants +of diabetic mothers and normals. the +observations suggest (1) the metabolic +interrelationships of glucose and ffa in +the normal infant are different from those +in the infant of the diabetic mother, the +latter infant having a state of physiologic +hyperinsulinism; (2) plasma ffa in the +fetus is derived from both fetal fat synthesis +as well as placental transfers; (3) the +infant of the diabetic mother does not differ +from the normal as regards ffa com- +position. +.I 333 +.W +3107. lipids of human placenta +the chloroform-methanol-soluble +components of 4 human placentae were isolated +by rubber membrane dialysis and gas +chromatography, and analysed. two thirds +of the total lipids consisted of phosphatides +with lecithin as the main component +(22.5%), colamine cephalin (13%) +and sphingomyelin (7.5%). free cholesterol form- +ed 14% of the total lipids, while +cholesterol esters accounted for 6% and trigly- +cerides for 13%. investigation of +the phosphatide fatty acids by gas chromatography +showed a content of 60% saturated, +27% simple unsaturated and 12% polyunsaturated +acids. the fatty acids of the triglycerides +consisted of about 50% saturated and +25% each of simple and polyunsaturated +acids. the polyenoic acids (30%) of the +cholesterol fatty acids had a high content +of linoleic acid, about one quarter that +of the total acids. +.I 334 +.W +377. experimental study of sensitization to nickel +sensitization was effected by epicutaneous +application of nickel sulfate in +15 guinea-pigs. it was confirmed by the +appearance of eczematiform lesions in +skin tests with nickel sulfate. for maintenance +of the animals in good general +condition it was necessary to add vit. c and +antiinfective agents to the diet. +for this reason the allergenicity of the ni +salt had to be augmented by the use +of adjuvants (freund's complete adjuvant or alum). +such adjuvants act by +stimulating the res. the method for +sensitization of guinea-pigs to metal salts +having been worked out, it is now proposed +to study the mechanism of such +sensitization, the biological disturbances +involved and the possible existence +of cross-sensitizations. +.I 335 +.W +2285. some remarks on the nickel dermatitis +by non-occupational contact +this dermatitis represents 2% of the +skin diseases observed at the +allergologic outpatients department of +the dermatological clinic of milan. +the disorder is more frequent in women +and prefers the thighs (girdles, keys) +and the wrist (watch); its incubation +period is generally long and a peculiar +papulo-vesicular follicular and lichenoid eruption often follows. +.I 336 +.W +3200. studies on the binding of protein by nickel. +with special reference to +its role in nickel sensitivity +the reaction between nickel and proteins +was studied using the technique of +equilibrium dialysis. in most of the experiments +crystalline bovine serum +albumen was used. the nickel-protein complex +was of low stability, the quantity +of nickel bound by the protein being dependent +on the concentration of free +nickel ions, the ph, and the particular protein used. +the sites of binding of +the nickel ions were primarily carboxyl and amino +groups. the author concluded +that it was unlikely that nickel behaved as a +hapten capable of initiating an +allergic response. +.I 337 +.W +2596. experimental nickel contact sensitization in man +in 16 of 172 male prisoners contact-type +delayed hypersensitivity was induced +experimentally by repeated application of +25% nicl2 in a 0.1% sodium lauryl +sulphate solution on the skin. test reactions +with 5% nicl2 with occlusion +were found to be irritating. no experimentally +sensitized subject demonstrated +clinical sensitivity to the metal in his environment. +.I 338 +.W +1013. hand eczema +the clinical aspects of 106 cases of hand +eczema are reviewed. the clinical +types are defined nummular eczema, nickel +allergy, atopic dermatitis, +hyperkeratotic dermatitis of the palms, hand +eczema post partum, mycotic eczema, +contact dermatitis, occupational eczema and +idiopathic eczema. the results +of the patch tests, the influence of +psychological and psychiatric factors, +the effect of water and cleansers, the +diagnosis, treatment and prognosis are +discussed. in 39% no significant causative +factor could be found. in +many cases where causative factors could +be identified these were probably +no more than contributory, superimposed +upon an underlying idiopathic eczema. +.I 339 +.W +670. steroid aerosol spray in contact dermatitis. +prophylactic use with +particular reference to nickel hypersensitivity +proper use of topical aerosol dexamethasone +(decadron) spray affords complete +protection to patients with nickel sensitivity. +this clinical result is +confirmed by the results of patch testing +nickel-sensitive patients with a +5% nickel sulfate solution and nickel coins. +a combination of dexamethasone and +an isopropylmyristate film is necessary +for successful prophylaxis; the +individual components alone do not protect +these patients. clinical and patch +test results indicate that a moderate degree +of protection is afforded to +patients with paraphenylenediamine sensitivity. +patch test results indicate +that the spray does not protect against +poison ivy and ragweed oleoresin, +potassium dichromate, certain rubber accelerators, +and monobenzyl ether of +hydroquinone. it affords a moderate protection +against formaldehyde. no tests +were done with patients with formaldehyde +hypersensitivity. a fair degree of +protection was obtained by the use of the spray +in housewives eczema presumably +due to irritants present in soap and detergents. +.I 340 +.W +2078. the pathogenesis of contact eczema due +to detergents for domestic use +the thesis is maintained that eczema due +to household detergents is +pathogenically linked with allergic contact +sensitization to metallic salts, +especially chromium and nickel. in a series +of 20 cases of contact eczema +attributable to detergents, the existence of +sensitization to these metals was +demonstrated by the patch test. likewise, +in the analysis of 9 samples of +different detergents used for washing, +in all of them chromium and nickel were +found to be present in a proportion which, +for either of these metals, varied +between 1 and 5 p.p.m. +.I 341 +.W +4010. studies of nickel carcinogenesis. +the subcellular partition of nickel +in lung and liver following inhalation of nickel carbonyl +wistar rats were exposed by inhalation to +nickel carbonyl either once only +at a concentration of 80 ppm for 60 minutes +(0.60 mg ni(co)4/l.air), or +repeatedly at 4 ppm (0.03 mg ni(co)4/l. air) +for 30 minutes 3 times weekly +for 1 year. they were killed 24 hours after +(the final period of) exposure. +nuclear, mitochondrial, microsomal and supernatant +fractions were isolated +from lung and liver homogenates and measurements +of the nickel, nitrogen +and rna-content of each subcellular fraction +were made. the greatest ratios +of nickel to nitrogen were in the nuclear +fractions of both liver and lung, +but increased amounts of nickel were also found +in the microsomal and +supernatant fractions of both liver and lung +and in the mitochondrial +fraction of lung. +.I 342 +.W +188. studies of nickel carcinogenesis;metastasizing pulmonary tumors in rats +induced by the inhalation of nickel carbonyl +in a combined series of studies, 6 out of 409 rats (n.b. only 195 survived for +more than 3 wk.) exposed to nickel carbonyl developed pulmonary carcinoma +with metastases. the lesions included the common types of pulmonary cancer, +squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and anaplastic carcinoma. all of +the pulmonary lesions were found between 24 and 27 mth. after the initial +exposure to nickel carbonyl. the amount of nickel found capable of inducing +lung cancer in the rat was comparable to the amount of nickel inhaled by +persons smoking less than 15 cigarettes per day for a period of a year. the +mean weight of rats chronically exposed to nickel carbonyl was found to be +consistently less than that of the control rats throughout the entire 3-year +period of study. +.I 343 +.W +189. influence of age, sex and glandular extirpation on muscle carcinogenesis +in rats +the carcinogenic effect of a single intramuscular injection of nickel sulphide +in an aqueous suspension to which penicillin g had been added was compared +in male and female castrated, hypophysectomized or intact, rats of different +ages. the response seemed most marked in intact females injected when 2 mth. +old. castrated or hypophysectomized 2-month old females were less +responsive. one-month old intact males were more responsive than 2-month or +3-month old intact males, 1-month old castrated males, or 1-month old +intact females. more data would be required before firm conclusions could be +drawn from these results. +.I 344 +.W +3176. studies of trace metal metabolism electron paramagnetic resonance of +manganese in ribonucleic acids +the electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum pattern of manganese was +readily detected in all of the samples of rna. the resonance patterns +indicate that manganese is present in rna in a divalent state and suggest +that manganese is located at the center of a distorted octahedron of oxygen +atoms. from the intensity of nominally forbidden resonances, the crystal +field splitting parameter d was estimated to be 0.02 cm -1. +.I 345 +.W +4790. metal chelates as potential reactivators of organic phosphate poisoned +acetylcholinesterase +as part of a study to investigate metal chelates as possible reactivators +of phosphate poisoned acetylcholinesterase, it is shown that chelates act +as inhibitors of the enzyme. in addition, copper and nickel chelates of +2-pyridinealdoxime catalyze the decomposition of dfp and sarin. compared to +2-pam, however, these chelates are very poor reactivators, probably because +of an improper alignment of the oxine oxygen in the chelate-enzyme complex. +.I 346 +.W +3446. effect of nicl2 on an isolated ranvier node +an attempt was made to explain the extreme prolongation of the nodal +potential by 0.1-1.0 mm nicl2 in terms of the ionic theory. the effects of +nicl2 at room temperature are similar to those of temperature reduction +decreased maximum rate of rise of the action potential, lengthened action +potential duration, elevated threshold, increased tendency for repetitive +activity; in addition, the amplitude of the action potential is slightly +increased. the long-lasting plateaus of the responses obtained under the +combined influence of nicl2 and temperature reduction are shortened by cathodal +polarization, strong anodal polarization and decrease of (na)0. the plateau +can be prematurely terminated by short anodal pulses of critical amplitude; +short cathodal pulses reduce the duration of the plateau gradually with +increasing pulse strength. increased (k)0 prolongs plateau duration; the +steep repolarization phase which normally terminates the plateau is +replaced by a long lasting after-depolarization with stepwise potential +decline. +the amplitude of k-depolarization is not influenced by nicl2 or temperature +reduction. 1.0 mm nicl2 changes the relation between maximum rate of +rise and steady-state polarization; the potential change required for 50% +sodium inactivation is +8mv in normal ringer's solution and +16mv in the +presence of 1.0 mm nicl2 (22 c.). 1.0 mm nicl2 increases the time constant +of delayed rectification as measured in na-poor solutions at 4 c. by a factor +of about 2. the decrease of action potential under cathodal polarization is +slightly delayed by nicl2. it is concluded that prolongation of the nodal +action potential by nicl2 is due to delayed and reduced inactivation of na +permeability and delayed increase of k permeability; part of the nicl2-effect +could be explained by assuming competition between ni++ and ca++ for specific +sites at the membrane. +.I 347 +.W +2302. the carcinogenic activities of n-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene and its +metal chelates as a function of retention at the injection site +the carcinogenic activities of s.c. administered +n-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene +(n-hydroxy-aaf) and a variety of its metal chelates indicate that greater +activity locally is associated with a longer retention of the chelates at the +site of injection with a slow release of n-hydroxy-aaf to the surrounding +tissue. no tumors were obtained at the sites of 4 injections of n-hydroxy-aaf +(3.2 mg. /injection), but 4 and 16 of 20 rats developed sarcomas at the +sites of 8 and 16 injections, respectively. the nickelous, cobaltous, ferric, +or cupric chelates induced moderate to high incidences of sarcomas with 1 or 4 +injections; in these cases one-half of the administered n-hydroxy-aaf was +retained at the injection site for 4-50 days. the manganous and zinc chelates +and the potassium salt were less active at the injection site; the +half-retention times for these ranged from 2.5 hr. to 2.5 days. the comparable +half-retention time for n-hydroxy-aaf was about 2 hr. injection of the metal +derivatives s. c. with short half-retention times resulted in higher incidences +of mammary tumors than injection of the derivatives with half-retention +times of 4 or more days. when administered in the food the cupric chelate +of n-hydroxy-aaf induced the same spectrum of tumors as n-hydroxy-aaf, +but the incidences were lower. while the prolonged retention of the material +at the injection site may account for the greater carcinogenic activities of +the metal chelates, serious consideration must also be given to the possible +importance of chelation of carcinogens or their metabolites to cellular +constituents. +.I 348 +.W +12083. generation of action potentials in single ranvier's nodes of isolated +frog nerve fibres under the influence of nickel and cadmium ions (russian) +by experimenting on single ranvier's nodes of frog isolated nerve fibres it +was shown that, along with a marked prolongation of the repolarization +phase of the action potential (ap), ni and cd ions also caused a rise of +the critical membrane depolarization level and an increased ap amplitude +with somewhat reduced steepness of its ascending phase. ni and cd ions +restored the ap generation in the nodes of ranvier altered by a 0.01% procaine +solution, by an excess of potassium ions 00mm/1. of kcl) or by slight +mechanical injury during dissection. it was only with a reduced na +concentration in the medium that the restoration of ap could be achieved. +ni and cd ions considerably slowed down and weakened the cathodal rise of the +critical level and the ap reduction. cysteine (10 -2 to 10 -3 m) +eliminated all the effects of the mentioned ions. a suggestion is made that by +binding the sh-groups of the nerve fibre proteins, nickel and cadmium reduce +the rate of inactivation and the increase of potassium permeability in +depolarization and also weaken the initial inactivation and the increase of +potassium permeability in depolarization, as well as weaken the initial +inactivation of the membrane (i-h), whenever this happened to be raised by +previous influences. +.I 349 +.W +1287. agnostic alexia and constructive apraxia with regressive evolution in +a child of 12 yr. of age +after an acute encephalopathy, the etiology of which could not be determined, +a boy of 11 yr. and 10 mth. of age developed a syndrome of agnostic alexia +and constructive apraxia which was remarkably pure. the intellectual +functions were normal as determined by iq tests, speech was not disturbed +either. the child could not read or copy a text, but was fully able to write +(both freely and dictated). the patient could not read what he had written. +this shows the characteristic features of agnostic apraxia. motor activity and +performance were normal, but the child had extreme difficulty in constructing +geometric forms, even elementary, either spontaneously or by copying. +this remarkable syndrome disappeared, and during its involution it was +followed up. +.I 350 +.W +1288. the symptomatology of the parietal cerebral syndrome of the dominant +hemisphere. parietal dyslexia and conduction aphasia +this is a very comprehensive study on a patient. in the beginning there was +a pronounced gerstmann's syndrome, with autotopagnosia for parts of the face, +dyspraxia and constructive apraxia and dyslexia. the autotopagnosia and mild +left-right disturbances showed marked regression. actual hemianopsia was +not observed, but tachistoscopy revealed that perception of the right field of +vision was poor. audiometric examination showed a conduction deafness and +disturbed binaural word synthesis. the disturbances were examined +meticulously and tested for symptom relationships, which became evident +in the various factors concerned with creative ability. +.I 351 +.W +4544. observations on colour agnosia +a 56-year-old right-handed man, following the formation of a left posterior +subdural hematoma developed 'spelling dyslexia' and impaired picture +interpretation, which resolved, and color agnosia, which persisted. the latter +impaired the use both of color information and of the names of the colors. +this may be explained as a disorder impairing the recollection and formation +of associations between color names and other types of information, with +resulting interference in any task in which colors or their names have +to be placed in a specific context. the alternative views of willbrand (1887) +that here a limited dysphasia, and of sittig (1921) that a recognition defect +is simultaneously present, cannot be excluded. in the present and in +previously reported cases the causative lesion seems to have been posteriorly +located in the dominant hemisphere, in the borderland between the area +receiving visual input and the language or verbal recording area. +.I 352 +.W +652. bitemporal hemianopia +two stages can be distinguished in the development of bitemporal hemianopia +in hypophyseal tumors. the first stage is the consequence of direct pressure +of the tumor on the lower side of the chiasma. hence its start with upper +quadrantic field defects. in this stage the visual disorder is amenable to +prompt and complete restoration. with progressing growth of the tumor the +second stage follows as consequence of constriction by the circle of vessels. +in this stage nerve fibers are being destroyed. therefore, after pressure +relieving operation no restoration occurs, or to a limited extent only. +.I 353 +.W +387. ophthalmic manifestations of bilateral non-occipital cerebral lesions +twelve patients are described with neuro-ophthalmic symptoms resulting from +bilateral cerebral lesions in areas other than the occipital lobes. the +symptoms and signs are categorized as follows group i those showing +predominant disturbances in visual object recognition (visual agnosia) and +disturbances of visual spatial localization. group iia those having defects +in voluntary control of eye movements (ocular motor apraxia). group iib those +with persistent palsies of conjugate gaze. although these symptoms may be +present to some extent with unilateral lesions, they are much more profound +and less able to be compensated with bilateral lesions. the evidence in the +present cases suggests a biparieto-temporal localization for the lesions +causing visual agnosia, disturbances of spatial localization, and ocular motor +apraxia, and a more frontal localization for the lesions causing prolonged +paralysis of conjugate gaze. +.I 354 +.W +1774. the speed of reading. basis for a clinical function test +as an easily comprehensible measure for the capability of reading, the author +recommends the determination of the reading speed for supplementation of the +ocular function tests. the method in question constitutes a senso-motor +efficiency test which is of value in the appraisal of haemianopias, paracentral +and central defects of the visual field, in squint amblyopias and in +spontaneous nystagmus. +.I 355 +.W +1303. the problem of visual agnosia +this is a critical assessment of the ancient and modern theories on visual +agnosia. an original description of the subjective world of these patients is +also given. visual agnosia is a rare disorder, but it has led to comprehensive +discussions, for instance, by the fact that the problem of normal visual +perception is always involved. bay's view, which denies the existence of +agnosia as a separate phenomenon in perception disorders, is especially dealt +with. it is affirmed that no case has been described in the literature +in which visual agnosia is decidedly a pure and isolated phenomenon. +mostly there are also disturbances in the intellectual interpretation of visual +data. often there is metamorphopsia or asthenopia. there is no localized +prestriate gnostic center for visual impressions. the older concept of higher +and lower levels of perception and perception disorders is also criticized. +visual perception is not a passive, but a very active process, in which +neurophysiological and psychological aspects are involved. +each of these can be +disturbed, leading to various degrees of visual perception disturbance. +.I 356 +.W +2496. dysbarism among hyperbaric personnel +a survey of the effects of hyperbaric exposure on 62 medical personnel exposed +to 1,516 compressions and decompressions revealed no case of permanent ill +effect. pain in the ears or sinuses was the most common symptom but could +often be ameliorated or avoided by the valsalva technique of forced +insufflation with the nostrils occluded. the most serious symptoms +encountered were 3 episodes of transient homonymous hemianopsia. the +classic symptoms of decompression sickness +extremity pains (the 'bends'), pulmonary or +substernal distress (the 'chokes'), and skin dysesthesias occurred only rarely, +and were so mild or so fleeting as to require no treatment. a further +reduction in symptoms without increase in decompression time may be +obtained by the inhalation of 100% oxygen during decompression stops at +pressures below 26.8 pounds per square inch gauge (psig). +.I 357 +.W +2996. visual static agnosia with special reference to literal agnosic alexia +this is a report of 2, right-handed adults who had 'visual agnosia (with +predominance of literal alexia)'. recognition of letters was poor or +nonexistent when the patient simply viewed the material (static method) but +if the letter was slowly developed for them, they were able to identify it +(dynamic method). one patient had vascular pathology which was considered +to involve both occipital lobes and the 2nd patient had the surgical removal of +the left occipital lobe for an angioma. +.I 358 +.W +1388. optic agnosia semeiological and pathogenetic aspects +the authors discuss the classical concept of agnosia and make a survey of +pathogenetical factors which determine its phenomenology. the original and +traditional concept of such a term implied the loss of the capacity to +recognize objects, when the functions of sense organs are undamaged. the +psychological studies on perception and the modern physiology of +vision allow to avoid the dichotomy between sensation and perception and +to affirm their identity. cortex and recptors are closely bound and +function in unison. +every cortical alteration is thus reflected in sensorial functions; it is +therefore that on practical semeiological grounds it is possible to obtain a +congruous information of the corresponding cortical functionality through an +exploration of sense organs carried out by suitable means. since we are +confronted with functional changes, exploration methods must be fit to evaluate +dynamic aspects of perception in connection with the temporalization and +spatialization of stimuli. such methods are now quite numerous and often +complex a particular stress is laid on local adaptation, flicker fusion, and +tachistoscopy on account of their significance and suitability. by such +methods it is possible to show those functional deficits or pathological +disturbances of sensorial functions which are also behind the pathology of +visual recognition. fluctuation, extinction, alteration in the perception of +movement, both real and apparent, changes in adaptation to light and +darkness are all phenomena which can be detected instrumentally and which, +at the same time, may be of determinant importance for the onset of 'agnosic' +behaviour. the complexity of the latter, on the other hand, cannot always +be explained by sensorial disturbances only other mechanisms, with a function +complementary but not less indispensable to the dynamics of perceptive +processes, may intervene and interfere in it. on the basis of the latest +neurophysiological data the attention is called to ocular motility and +proprioceptivity, centrifugal innervation of sensorial receptors, and +vestibular afferences. a particular clinico-pathogenetical significance is +attached by the authors to the association of lateral visual disturbances with +altered proprioceptive and kinesthetic information from the corresponding +half-body such association in fact is nearly always present among the factors +responsible for the most strictly 'spatial' errors of 'agnosic' pathology. in +the light of these pathogenetical considerations as well as of suitable +semeiological findings, the authors deem it convenient to divide their cases +into 3 categories with distinct clinical features (a) cases in which altered +visual behaviour may be related to changes of the visual function and of its +complementary mechanisms; (b) cases in which hemianopia is associated with +a homolateral deficit of somatic proprioceptivity; (c) cases in which the +changes in behaviour are chiefly, but not only, due to a dissolution +of the symbolic sphere. +.I 359 +.W +2568. clinical observations on hemianopia (japanese) +the clinical findings in 19 cases of hemianopia were analyzed. hemianopia was +caused most frequently by vascular lesions of the central nervous mianopsia, +and by tumors. wilbrand's prism sign, which is generally taken as evidence +of an optic tract lesion, was positive in one case with a parietal lesion. no +case showed a cogwheel movement of the eyeball. optokinetic nystagmus was +positive in 3 cases, one of which proved to have a parieto-occipital aneurysm. +the etiological factor could not be identified in the remaining 2 cases. +macular sparing was found to be symptomatic of an occipital lobe lesion. +incongruity of the 2 fields was observed in 2 cases with an occipital lobe +lesion. as for the prognosis, hemianoptic field defects remained stationary in +cases of vascular lesions. on the other hand perfect recovery of the visual +field defect occurred in cases with an occipital lobe tumor and in hypophyseal +hypertrophy caused by pregnancy. the visual acuity of hemianoptic patients was +fairly good and no deterioration occurred during the observation period of +about 4 years. only one patient out of the present series died. these results +suggest that a favorable vital prognosis can be accorded to hemianoptic +subjects. +.I 360 +.W +1384. importance of campimetry and carotid and vertebral angiography in +thrombosis of the posterior cerebral artery +the authors report a case of thrombosis of the posterior cerebral artery which +presented only lateral homonymous hemianopia and stress the importance of +campimetry and of carotid angiography beside vertebral angiography. +.I 361 +.W +375. hemianopsia and glaucoma +after a discussion of the bibliographic references to the few observations on +the simultaneous occurrence of hemianopsias and glaucoma the author states on +the basis of his experiences the following points homonymous hemianopsias +occasionally take place in glaucoma, although no direct relation can be +established between the former and the glaucoma. it has to be pointed out, +however, that in other older patients, for example in those with retinal +detachment, neuritis, etc. who are likewise subjected to repeated and exact +perimetry, such hemianopsias do not occur, or are to be found at a lesser rate +than in glaucoma. a homonymous hemianopsia has to be taken into consideration +also in the event of a sudden impairment of the visual field in a glaucomatous +patient or when the hemianopic defect supervenes in addition to the visual +field defect due to glaucoma. in cases of binasal hemianopsia, the +simultaneous presence of glaucoma is not a rare incident. whether the +binasal hemianopsia is the result of the gradual development of a +glaucomatous visual field with nasal defects or whether it constitutes an +independent symptom to a certain extent, cannot always be clarified +in the individual case. obviously the condition of the basal cerebral +vessels plays a certain role in the development of glaucoma, even if +this role cannot be clearly defined as yet. in cases of +binasal hemianopsia, a glaucoma has to be ruled out before radical diagnostic +and therapeutic measures are carried out. +.I 362 +.W +1131. disorders of oculomotor functions in lesions of the optic pathway at the +parieto-occipital level and their significance in topical diagnosis +paresis of ocular movements to the hemianopic side is described in 9 patients +with acute vascular lesions in the parieto-occipital region. in 7 cases the +paresis was of the dissociated type with inability to follow the moving finger, +while ocular movement in a verbally stated direction was quite normal. in the +remaining 2 patients in whom the oedema extended into the frontal region there +was complete paresis of all conjugate movements. conjugate paresis receded +hand-in-hand with the parietal symptomatology even if the hemianopia +persisted. the oculomotor disorders referred to have never been observed in +lesions which did not extend beyond the occipital region. conjugate +paresis has in all cases drawn attention to the presence of hemianopia +unobserved by the patients and this has led to a more accurate topical +diagnosis. +.I 363 +.W +2333. binocularity in anomalous retinal correspondence +patients with anomalous retinal correspondence demonstrate complete bitemporal +or binasal hemianopia when tested for binocular vision; exotropes have a +binasal suppression and esotropes a bitemporal suppression. this is contrary +to the prevailing concept of the function of the peripheral retina in +anomalous retinal correspondence. 6 references. +.I 364 +.W +2120. thioguanine in the treatment of certain autoimmune, immunologic and +related diseases +the therapeutic effectiveness of 6-thioguanine has been evaluated over the past +3 years in 19 patients with diverse syndromes. only patients with severe +debilitating disease unresponsive to conventional therapy were treated. +remissions occurred in 2 of 5 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, in 1 +patient each with dermatomyositis and necrotizing angiitis, 2 patients with +psoriasis and 2 of 4 patients with atopic disease. improvement occurred in +other patients with these diseases and in 2 of 4 patients with +neurodermatitis. two patients with scleroderma experienced only +equivocal benefit. significant toxicity attributable to the drug +was observed in 5 patients. assessment of the eventual value of +these agents in therapy requires further study. hypotheses regarding the +mechanism of action of these agents and the significance of clinical +response are discussed. +.I 365 +.W +2469. the nature of collagen disease, particularly of systemic lupus +erythematosus (sle), with special reference to renal lesions (japanese) +from the results of examination of 161 autopsy cases of collagen diseases, +rheumatic fever and polyarteritis nodosa (pn) are considered as diseases of +hyperergic nature, showing pronounced specific manifestation in particular +organs. as the reactivity becomes lower, this specific localization becomes +less significant and many organs become affected in sle. it may accordingly be +supposed that sle is not a disease of hypersensitivity but one occurring in +a state of exhaustion of reactability after prolonged sensitization. moreover, +a sle-like syndrome arises not only in the end stage of parasepsis, nephritis, +nephrosis and some cases of prolonged sensitization by myco.tb but also in +pn,pss,dm and rheumatism. it may therefore be conceivable that sle is +a syndrome rather than a separate entity. it is most important to consider +whether sle-like symptomatology may be regarded as a process equal to +an auto-immunization and whether the key to morphological elucidation of the +auto-immune phenomenon may lie hidden in this problem. +.I 366 +.W +420. therapy of lupus nephropathies by 6-mercaptopurine +corticosteroid therapy improved the general prognosis of sle, but has no +detectable effect on the nephropathy and this is actually the main cause of +death. a new therapeutic method is presented using 6-mp purinethol (leupurin) +which produced 2 remissions in 6 consecutive cases total and in 4 cases +with severe nephropathy definite remission. it should be emphasized that 5 of +the cases reported had definite npn elevation, accordingly they are considered +hopeless. +.I 367 +.W +2475. lupus erythematosus with fatal hemorrhage into the liver and lesions +resembling those of periarteritis nodosa and malignant hypertension. +immunocytochemical observations +a firmly established case of lupus erythematosus with histologic +characteristics of periarteritis nodosa and fatal hemorrhage is presented. +immunocytochemical studies were done to explore the possibility of the vascular +lesions being immunological in type. by immuno-fluorescent techniques +y-globulin, human serum complement, albumin and fibrinogen were demonstrated in +the vascular lesions. y-globulin in the renal glomeruli was associated only +with complement. the conclusion is that lupus erythematosus is primarily an +immunological disease with complex auto-immune mechanisms operative. +.I 368 +.W +198. early experiences with azathioprine in ulcerative colitis. a note of +caution +azathioprine was administered to 10 patients with ulcerative colitis classified +as 'very severe' in 2,'moderately severe' in 7 and 'relatively mild' in 1 +patient, in conjunction with 'standard' therapy and adrenal corticosteroids in +8 of the 10 patients. the possible beneficial therapeutic effects of +azathioprine in this small series cannot be evaluated definitively because of +the concurrent medication and the preliminary uncontrolled observations. +however, clinical improvement was apparent in 8 of the 10 patients; and in 2 +patients, the favorable course occurred in the absence of steroid therapy. in +2 additional patients, the favorable course was maintained during the +administration of azathioprine following the discontinuance of prolonged +steroid therapy. in 1 patient, the administration of azathioprine was +associated with amelioration of an arthritis and pyoderma gangrenosum which did +not respond to the use of steroids and other medication. immuno-suppressive +observations were limited. the established delayed hypersensitivity response, +as reflected in various skin tests, was unchanged during the administration of +azathioprine. azathioprine had no discernible toxic effects upon the kidneys +or the liver in 2 patients, 1 with postnecrotic cirrhosis and the other with +serum hepatitis. gastro-intestinal symptoms (anorexia, epigastric discomfort, +and nausea) occurred in 8 patients. mild to moderate leukopenia developed in 8 +patients and, in 2 individuals, was accompanied by thrombocytopenia. temporary +alopecia occurred in 1 woman. the hematopoietic effects developed within 2 or +3 wk of therapy with azathioprine at a dosage level of 4-6 mg/kg/day. +azathioprine does not exert the rapid beneficial effect in ulcerative colitis +noted with corticotropin and adrenal corticosteroids. therefore, its use in +severe ulcerative colitis requiring intensive therapy probably is undesirable. +azathioprine, on the basis of these initial observations, may be considered for +moderately severe ulcerative colitis, under circumstances permitting controlled +and prolonged therapeutic trial as adjunct medication, but with careful +supervision for prevention of toxicity, especially leukopenia. +.I 369 +.W +1281. effect of fluoropyrimidines on delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity +the ability to express delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity was assessed in 51 +patients with carcinoma. evidence is presented that 5-fluorouracil and +5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine paradoxically potentiate this parameter of immune +responsiveness. +.I 370 +.W +248. data on etiology, pathogenesis, treatment results and survival period in +560 patients with cirrhosis of the liver +statistics were compiled from a total of 560 cases chosen at random, of +cirrhosis of the liver. the figures refer to the age and sex of the patients, +as well as to the etiology and the hepatic morphology. as the date of death of +304 of the subjects was known, it was possible to calculate the survival time +after the diagnosis was made. only 36% survived the time of diagnosis by 1 +year, 16% by 3 years, and 8% by 5 years. these figures show that modern +therapy of liver cirrhosis has up to now not succeeded to prolong the life of +the majority of the victims. in many cases, however, it is possible to a large +extent to relieve the patients' suffering by improving the appetite and the +general condition and by eliminating ascites and periods of hemorrhage and +stupor. particular attention should be paid to the prophylaxis of the disease +and, by studying the survival time assessments and therapeutic reports, to the +method of selection of the subjects. +.I 371 +.W +897. chronic renal diseases and pregnancy a review +a review is given of the reciprocal relationships between chronic renal disease +and pregnancy. after a short review of the most important changes in renal +function due to normal pregnancy, the diagnosis of chronic renal disease is +discussed. subsequently, the following complications of pregnancy are +discussed individually chronic pyelonephritis, chronic glomerulonephritis, +lupus erythematosus, the nephrotic syndrome, diabetic nephropathy and +polycystic disease of the kidney. the paper is concluded by a discussion on +the influence of pregnancy on the different renal affections. +.I 372 +.W +4193. the occurrence to cytomegalovirus infections in childhood leukemia. +report of three cases +cytomegalic inclusion disease (cmid) presented the following clinical findings +in three children with acute leukemia persistent high temperature, cough, +vomiting, diarrhea, hepatosplenomegaly, rales, and terminal icterus. +pancytopenia was present in all, including two children in leukemic remission. +roentgenographic evidence of pneumonia did not appear until the third week +after the onset of symptoms. abnormalities in liver function tests were late +findings. intranuclear inclusions were seen in urine sediments of two +patients. in neither of these patients were intranuclear inclusions +demonstrable in the sputa. virus culture from urine was done in one of these +patients and cytopathogenic changes characteristic of cytomegalovirus (cmv) +were demonstrated. cmid was the cause of death in these three children, all +of whom had received chemotherapy with agents known to have immunosuppressive +properties. +.I 373 +.W + . on chorea, lupus erythematosus, and cerebral arteritis +a woman aged 33 developed chorea 10 yr after the onset of systemic lupus +erythematosus (sle). she had experienced an asymptomatic interval of +8 yr. the abnormal movements persisted for 5 mth, but then subsided +after short-term administration of 6-mercaptopurine. there are 11 previous +descriptions of chorea patients with sle. in 3 out of 4 autopsied cases, +extensive cerebral lesions due to diffuse arteritis were found. the cns +changes were quite similar to those found in chorea minor. +.I 374 +.W +1878. pharmacologic actions on cellular immunity +the following chapters of interest in the field of drugs and immunity processes +are included manifestations of cellular immunity. states of reduced +immunologic reactivity. present status of pharmacologic immunosuppression. +tests for susceptibility of tuberculin reactions to pharmacologic action. +tests for susceptibility of transplantation immunity to pharmacologic action. +comparative susceptibilities of tuberculin and skin homotransplantation +reactions to pharmacologic action. +.I 375 +.W +2625. chromosome aberrations in human cells following treatment with imuran +five women with various collagen diseases were studied. bone marrow aspirates +were obtained from each patient before and 12 to 24 days after start of imuran +(azothioprine) therapy. fifty metaphases from each sample were counted. in +patients nos. 1 and 2 the increase in cells with structural abnormalities +during therapy is significant. the aberrations found were mostly breaks of the +chromatid and chromosomal type. a few abnormal chromosomes were seen, +among which a ring chromosome. in patient no. 1 chromatid exchanges were +seen in three cells. +.I 376 +.W +3645. autoimmune hepatitis +in 30% of 301 patients with cirrhosis, the cause was uncertain. of these 90 +cases the clinical picture of active chronic hepatitis could be recognized in +69, and 26 of these were characterized as lupoid hepatitis. the relationship +between active chronic hepatitis, lupoid hepatitis and sle was studied in 3 +groups of 25 cases each. a comparison was then made between the possible +etiological factors, the systemic manifestations, the survival rate, the +histological appearances, the biochemical tests, the autoimmune reactions +and the results of the immunosuppressive drugs. from this study a concept +emerged according to which a proportion of cases of cirrhosis occurring in +adequately nourished individuals can be attributed to the end result of an +autoimmune reaction. +.I 377 +.W +766. a comparison of the effects of selected cytotoxic agents on the primary +agglutinin response in rats injected with sheep erythrocytes +a comparative study was made of the effects of several cytotoxic agents, given +at maximally tolerable doses, on the primary agglutinin response in rats +immunized with sheep erythrocytes given intraperitoneally. antigen was given +before, at the beginning, or in the middle of a 5-day course of drug +treatment. chlormethine (mechlorethamine), 5-fluorouracil, and +5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine did not suppress the primary response +significantly. methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-mercaptopurine roboside +and 2-amino-6-((1-methyl-4-nitro-5-imidazolyl) thio) purine +prolonged induction time and suppressed peak titer maximally +when immunization was performed one to three days prior +to drug treatment. vinblastine did not affect peak titer, but did prolong +induction time when antigen was given 2 days prior to drug treatment. +cyclophosphamide markedly prolonged induction time and suppressed peak titer +irrespective of the time of antigen administration. the antimetabolites +appeared to suppress maximally the intermediate stage of the primary response. +cyclophosphamide appeared to suppress all stages. +.I 378 +.W +1959. analysis of mechanism of immunosuppressive drugs in renal +homotransplantation +dammin g. j. +a long-term study of the mechanism of action of immunosuppressive drugs has +been completed in bilaterally nephrectomized dogs with kidney homotransplants. +over 1,000 test animals with 24 different drug protocols have been analyzed. +increasing numbers of long surviving animals have posed many questions +regarding the status treated host. the current drug protocol of azathioprine +and diazoacetylserine ('azaserine') has produced 90% 50-day survivors and 50% +100-day survivors. the following observations have been documented all +animals on prolonged drug therapy are immunologically competent; drug therapy +can be stopped successfully in some but not all animals; long surviving kidneys +apparently are protected in some way in the new environment because a +second donor kidney can be rejected while the first survives; retransplantation +of a long surviving kidney back to its original host did not lead to a decrease +in renal function; long surviving kidneys successfully retransplanted back +to their original donors are rejected when transplanted to third party, +non-drug treated recipients; immune paralysis does not account for the +prolonged survival because the second donor kidney which constitutes a double +dose of antigen is rejected while the first continues to survive; absorption or +metabolism of the drug does not account for the variation in results because +two kidneys, each from separate donors, can be rejected differentially in the +same drug treated host; and all hosts are sensitized against the recipient and +this sensitization continues even in those animals successfully weaned from +drugs. additional analyses of the relationship of skin homografts and kidney +homografts reveal the following skin homografts are universally rejected +within 20 days by hosts treated with the drug regimen which protects kidney +homografts sometimes permanently. when skin and kidney homografts from the +same donor are placed simultaneously skin survival is prolonged while kidney +survival is shortened. this paradoxical effect probably is explained by the +production of antibodies by skin which are absorbed by the rejecting kidney. +additional observations indicate that drug-treated animals, male and female, +are fertile and that multiple rejection processes can produce generalized +immunological picture in the host similar to an autoimmune disease process. +.I 379 +.W +3083. myocardial toxicity of contrast agents used in angiography +the myocardial toxicity of many current and +some experimental contrast agents +has been studied in dogs, by use of a previously +unreported method of occlusion +retrograde coronary venography as well as the +familiar technique of selective +coronary arterial catheterization. the following +conclusions appear justified in +the light of the experiments not only the +iodine-containing radicals with which the +contrast agents are so often identified (acetrizoates, +diatrizoates, iothalamates, +etc.), but also the final salification products appear +to be responsible for the widely +divergent degrees of myocardial toxicity of contrast +agents, to the point that differ- +ent salts of the same compound behave as entirely +different agents both chemically +and biologically. the results seem to indicate the +dominance of sodium ion and/or +the protective effect of methylglucamine salts with +respect to the myocardial toxi- +city of current radiopaque media. reported, +yet unexplained, electrocardiographic +changes occurring within one to two seconds +from the beginning of massive caval +high-pressure injections appear to find a +causal relationship in the myocardial ir- +ritability induced by the distention of the +coronary veins and the myocardial infiltra- +tion which is intentionally enhanced with +our retrograde injection techniques. a pe- +culiar trait, shared in varying degrees by +all radiopaque agents tested, is their +ability to increase coronary blood flow. +the clinical significance of this phenome- +non, however, remains to be established. +these studies re-emphasize the limita- +tions of the standard toxicity studies conducted +in animals. it should be clear from +the results reported that agents to be +administered into the coronary circulation +demand investigation in regard to their +potential toxicity by the methods described +herein or variations thereof. in fact, +similar tests should be carried out for all or- +gans to be subjected to radiographic +examination via the vascular bed. the authors +hope that this presentation will stimulate +renewed investigation, particularly in view +of the growing clinical applications of +selective cardiovascular opacification tech- +niques. +.I 380 +.W +2476. studies on cardiac dimensions in intact, +unanesthetized man. i. description of techniques and their +validation. ii. effects of respiration. iii. effects of +muscular exercise +a method is described which permits +measurement of relative changes in the exter- +nal dimensions of individual cardiac +chambers throughout the cardiac cycle in intact, +unanaesthetized man. it consists of +suturing multiple radiopaque silver-tantalum +clips to the surface of the heart at the +time of cardiac operations. in the postopera- +tive period, cineradiograms are +obtained and the distances between clips are mea- +sured on each individual frame. +this technique has been found to be safe and has +been employed in 68 patients without +any complications. as a result of studies in 8 +patients utilizing biplane serial exposures, +the effects of rotation of the heart in the +sagittal plane during the cardiac and +respiratory cycles were determined precisely. +if clips were properly placed on the heart, +the possible errors resulting from such +rotation were found to be quite small. +during inspiration right ventricular dimen- +sions increased, while the opposite occurred +during expiration and during the val- +salva manoeuvre. left ventricular dimensions +exhibited little change during normal +respiration. during deep, slow inspiration, +the changes in dimensions of the left +ventricle lagged behind those of the right +ventricle by 1 to 5 (generally 2 or 3) car- +diac cycles; the magnitude of the changes in +the dimensions of the left ventricle was +smaller than that which occurred in the right +ventricle. the effects on ventricular +dimensions of light muscular exercise performed +in the supine position were studied +in 9 patients. the end-diastolic dimensions +decreased by an average of 6.0% of con- +trol in the right ventricle, and by an average of +5.1% in the left ventricle. end-sys- +tolic dimensions decreased by an average of 5.6% +of control in the right ventricle +and by an average of 6.5% in the left ventricle. +these decreases are considered to +approximate one-half of the resting stroke volume. +in the 4 patients in whom the +rate of right ventricular pressure rise was determined +continuously, exercise re- +sulted in an elevation of dp/dt while ventricular +end-diastolic dimensions decreased. +these data are interpreted to indicate that an +increase in myocardial contractility +occurs during muscular exercise in man. +.I 381 +.W +3765. radioactive isotope determination of myocardial blood +flow by surface counting and ratio formula +wilkinson d. +the results presented here have a large +scale error and a large scatter, so that +the authors recommend that further clinical +use of this method should not be at- +tempted. if the coronary portion of the flow +rate curve exists, then a change in the +present instrumentation is needed to allow +use of the technique of sevelius and +johnson in defining a coronary portion of the +flow rate. an attempt is made to +evaluate the possible source of errors. +.I 382 +.W +1379. risa-ventriculography and risa-cisternography +some general experience of the authors with +risa-ventriculography and risa-cis- +ternography is related. they conclude that the +former technique may be particularly +useful in detecting intraventricular tumors and +internal hydrocephalus as well as +assessing the efficiency of surgical shunts; the +latter technique may be useful in +the study of normal csf circulation as well as +in cases of csf leaks, arachnoiditis +and external hydrocephalus. +.I 383 +.W +3485. measurement of the cardiac output and ventricular +volumes by radiocardiography +cardiac output was measured by external +counting after injection of radioisotopes +(rihsa and erythrocytes-cr51). the results +in 113 subjects, including 16 normals, +are presented and compared with the results +by other methods. cardiac output at +rest and after exercise was compared in 65 subjects. +the principle of ventricular +volume measurement by radioisotope-cardiography is +discussed. the results of +measurement of the ventricular volume in 17 normal +subjects and 90 patients, and +of measurement of the ventricular volume in 57 patients, +are presented. +.I 384 +.W +3762. aberrant left coronary artery +five cases of aberrant coronary artery are +presented, with emphasis on the angio- +graphic features and differentiation from +endocardial fibroelastosis. clinical and +electrocardiographic features may suggest +the proper diagnosis, but only angio- +graphy can conclusively demonstrate the +continuity between the pulmonary artery +and the left coronary artery. in these cases, +blood flow was from the pulmonary +artery to the coronary artery (forward) in 2 +cases, and from the coronary artery +to the pulmonary artery (retrograde) in the +other 3. when the diagnosis of aberrant +coronary artery is suspected, selective +left-sided angiocardiography should be the +angiographic procedure of choice. the differentiation +from endocardial fibroelas- +tosis and other myocardiopathies is usually not a +problem with such a study, but +may be more difficult with intravenous angiocardiography. +with this latter type of +study, the coronary arteries are not generally visible, +but a persistently thin la- +teral aspect of the left ventricular wall should suggest +the proper diagnosis. sub- +sequent confirmation by a left-sided injection is advisable. +.I 385 +.W +4159. detection of heart shunts by means of i 125 +external scintillation detection of a pure dilution +curve originating in the right ven- +tricle has been pursued by investigators for many +yr. the use of the soft photons +of 125 i offers an improved method of determination +by allowing excellent collimation +through 2 mechanisms (1) a small half value layer +of 2 cm in tissue, and (2) uni- +directionality, in part due to all-or-none photoelectric +absorption of these photons +as compared with the pluridirectionality due to compton +scatter in the case of 131 i. +in 30 normal individuals, externally detected dilution +curves from the right heart +ventricle and arterial dilution curves obtained by arterial +puncture are compared. +five hundred microcuries of 125 i are injected into an +antecubital vein. the amount +of radiation absorbed from a 500 uc dose in an adult of +70 kilos is 1000 to 2000 +mrads when injected in the form of 125 i iodide. the use +of 125 i orthoiodohippu- +rate is advised due to its short biological half-period and +the integrated whole-body +radiation exposure is decreased 100-fold in comparison +with the 125 i iodide. the +shape of the right heart curve is very similar to the arterial +dilution curve with a +13 5% excess of counts originating outside the right ventricle +area. the descending +segment of the right ventricle curve has a minimum count rate +of only 12 2% of the +peak of the curve as compared with the arterial curve of 10 + 2.5%. a mean t 1/2 +of the descending down slope of the right ventricle is 1.52 + 0.45 sec. for the right +heart curve and 2.4 0.65 sec. for the arterial curve. +the clinical usefulness of this +procedure in 20 patients with atrial septal defects and 9 +patients with ventricular sep- +tal defects is analyzed. it seems possible to perform selective +right-heart radiocardio- +graphy by means of external precordial detection of 125 i. the +method is simple and +reproducible. +.I 386 +.W +4160. clinical applications of quantitative radiocardiography. i. +results in normal subjects and changes with age +a technique is described for routine determinations +at the bedside of blood volume, +cardiac output and pulmonary blood volume by means +of the method of quantitative +radiocardiography. the instrumentation is simple, +the technique is easy to perform +and causes little trouble to the patients, only one +injection of about 50 uc of rihsa +being needed. thirty-nine patients aged 17-83 yr., +free of cardiovascular or re- +spiratory disorders, were studied. the results +obtained are in close agreement with +previous reports. only the cardiac index showed a +significant decrease with age, +while the reduction of blood volume and of pulmonary +blood volume was slight. a close +statistical correlation was found between pbv and sv, +and was interpreted as a +dependence of pbv on sv. +.I 387 +.W +2725. demonstration of myocardial infarction by photoscans of +the heart in man +intravenously injected radioiodinated oleic acid +was incorporated into heart muscle +in sufficient concentration to permit recording photoscans +of the heart in man. in +3 fatal cases of massive septal myocardial infarction, +injection of the radioiodin- +ated fatty acid (rifa) was made during life; at necropsy +photoscans of the excised +heart showed a discrete area of absent radioactivity +corresponding to the infarcted +interventricular septum. photoscans of the heart were +made during life in 42 pa- +tients, 9 of whom had suffered recent myocardial infarction. +there were definite +areas of deceased radioactivity corresponding to the location +of the infarction, +judged by the electrocardiogram, in 4, and probable areas of +decreased radioactivity +in 2, of the 9 cases of myocardial infarction. the technic as +presently employed +just approaches the limits of definition of infarction in acute +cases. modification of +the biochemical principles or further development of the +y-camera may bring the +method to a level of diagnostic usefulness. +.I 388 +.W +2716. y-angiocardiography +recordings were made, simultaneously with +the y-cardiogram, of a pulmonary an- +giogram by means of a collimator placed in +the left scapular region and of carotid +angiogram by a collimator centered on the axis +of the external auditory canal. the +3 curves yielded very interesting information on +the chronology of the various car- +diac cycles. the pattern of the pulmonary and +carotid y-angiograms was valuable +in several pathologic conditions. it is more logical +to measure the cardiac output +on the carotid curve than on the y-cardiogram, +especially if there are shunts. the +pulmonary curve allows rectification of the time +constant of emptying of the left +cavities of the heart. as regards chronologic +information on cardiac cycles, atten- +tion is drawn to the fact that in the pulmonary +circulation long and short circuits +can be demonstrated. the characteristic times +can be measured. between the time +that the radioactive material appears in the left +cavities and the time that it leaves +the carotid, there is an interval of 3-4 systoles, +which represents the time neces- +sary for left circular filling. the validity of +calculation of the cardiac output with +the stewart-hamilton formula is discussed. +this is valid if the collimator covers +a small volume of the principal channel. it remains +to be shown if such a calculation +is valid for larger cavities, or for 2 cavities, through +which the radioactive material +passes successively, and which have different c (t) +functions as well as for all tissue +'seen' by the collimator, some of which are not yet +irrigated with the radioactive +blood, while in other areas recirculation has already +started. these aspects, and +their application to the pulmonary angiogram, are +discussed in detail. with the +authors' technique, y-angiogram is +especially valuable, as correc- +tion for the time constant of the decrease of the left +peak is based on the lengthening +of this curve. this again serves as a basis for +determining the left ventricular +volume. +.I 389 +.W +2717. the value of quantitative radiocardiography in the study +of hemodynamics +six normal subjects and 7 patients with mitral +stenosis were studied. quantitative +radiocardiographic investigations (rihsa) were +performed according to donato's +method. the stroke volume as well as the cardiac +output were found to be decreased +in mitral stenosis, the right ventricular evacuation +ratio diminished, and the pul- +monary circulation time prolonged. the results +pertaining to diastolic right ventricu- +lar capacity, right ventricular resting blood volume +and pulmonary blood volume +proved inconclusive. +.I 390 +.W +3056. the localization of aortic shunts developed by a precordial +registration of i 131 injected into the aorta at different levels +a technique for localizing shunts of aortic origin +is described, based on the analysis +of precordial records of i 131 injected at different +aortic levels. seven patients with +patent ductus arteriosus (pda), 1 with a +coronary av fistula, 2 with ventricular +septal defect (vsd), 1 with atrial septal defect +(asd), 3 with mitral regurgitation, +2 with aortic regurgitation and 2 with systemic +hypertension were studied. retro- +grade arterial catheterization by seldinger's +technique was performed in all the +patients, as well as right-sided catheterization +in those with congenital cardiopathies, +and transseptal catheterization in those with +valvulopathies. a dose of 5-15 uc of na +i 131 was injected at the levels of the aortic root, +the ascending aorta, the aortic arch, +the origin of the left subclavian artery (ductus +level) and the descending aorta (post- +ductus level). precordial curves were obtained by +means of a 2-inch thallium-acti- +vated nai crystal focused over the 3rd left intercostal +space at the sternal margin. +the shunt outlet can be detected by obtaining +simultaneous venous dilution curves +from the right chambers and the pulmonary artery. +the latter technique was used +in 2 patients with pda, 1 with coronary av fistula +and 1 with vsd. these curves +were obtained by continuous withdrawal of blood which +had flowed through a well +scintillation counter. the crystal pulses were carried +to ratemeters which worked +with the following time constants 0.01-0.15 sec for the +precordial curves and 0.5 +sec for the venous curves. a direct recorder with a +5-mm/sec paper speed was +used. normal precordial curves after injecting above +the aortic valve were obtained +in patients with arterial hypertension, mitral regurgitation +and asd and vsd. a +swift downslope which fell down near the baseline level and +the recirculatory area +was observed. +.I 391 +.W +1671. the use of 99m tc pertechnetate in cardiac scanning +technetium 99m pertechnetate has been utilized +in the aas' laboratory for scanning the +cardiac blood pool. the delineation of the heart +pool and surrounding vasculature +is comparable to that obtained with the standard +131 i compounds now in use. in the +authors' hands 99m tc had the following advantages +since they routinely utilized +99m tc for brain and thyroid scans, it is available, +eliminating the purchase and +shelf decay of other materials. three to 5 mc quantities +may be administered +with relatively low patient radiation dosage. the +associated high count rate permits +rapid scanning. the identification of pericardial effusions +is enhanced by the radio- +activity in the stomach which in some cases becomes +abnormally separated from +the cardiac blood pool. +.I 392 +.W +2012. the use of technetium 99m as a clinical tracer element +the physical properties, metabolism and +radiation dose of tc 99m are discussed and +compared with those of i 123, i 125, i 131 and i 132. +it is shown that with tc 99m the highest +'in vivo' counting rates are obtained for a +given internal radiation dose, so that mea- +surements of high statistical accuracy may +safely be made. the y-ray energy is near +optimum for scanning and the observation of +transients allowing light-weight collima- +tors to be used. while tc 99m tagged albumin +is considered superior to risa for ap- +plications such as brain scanning, placentography +and the measurement of cardiac +output, i 123 if it becomes available will be preferable +for thyroid scanning. +.I 393 +.W +2626. a study of central arteriovenous shunts by +precordial recording of radioalbumin dilution curves +precordial dilution curves of 185 patients were +studied, 56 of them without cardio- +vascular disease, 48 with central arteriovenous +shunts and 45 with various cardiac +diseases. collimation was not used, allowing only +minimal quantities of radioactive +material (0.5-2.2 uc. of i 131-tagged albumin) to be +utilized. the precordial focusing +zone was a critical factor in this technique. the +application of different discrimina- +tion factors, among them the ratio between the +minimal concentration and the latter +-an index proposed here - made possible the +diagnosis in 46 of the 48 patients with +shunts. this method was shown to be as sensitive +as classical oximetry done during +cardiac catheterization. the curves in pure valvular +stenosis do not show similar +changes to the shunts. on the other hand, these +changes are shown in certain val- +vular regurgitations. this fact becomes the most +important limiting factor in the +diagnosis of central arteriovenous shunts. cardiac +failure does not preclude the +diagnosis, providing one can exclude valvular +regurgitation by other means. the +method is thus, in spite of its limitations, of extreme +value in diagnosing central +arteriovenous shunts, especially when the results are +analyzed together with clinical +.I 394 +.W +information. +2724. primary epidermoid cancers of the lung. electron micro- +scopic study +an electron microscopic study was made +of 8 squamous cell, 3 undifferentiated, +and 3 alveolar carcinomas of the lung on +biopsy specimens embedded in methacryl- +ate. the squamous cell carcinomas were +found to contain cylindrical cells with +glycogen granules, scanty mitochondria, +a reticular endoplasm which was chiefly +vesicular, numerous free ribosomes, +and bundles of confluent fibrils in the desmo- +somes. the authors also observed in +the center of the tumor nodes, cells richer +in tonofibrils which enveloped the +nucleus, and cells in which all the cytoplasmic +organelles had almost disappeared +except for tonofibrils or cells packed with +keratohyalin and even lipid granules +sometimes arranged in lamellar formations +of the myelin type. the picture as a +whole was that so often seen in the optic +microscope tumor foci formed of +slightly differentiated cells at the periphery +which became more differentiated +as one approaches the center. the undifferenti- +ated cells resembled more the +intermediate bronchial cells than the basal cells. +the paper does not describe the +undifferentiated and alveolar carcinomas. +.I 395 +.W +1375. loss of neoplastic properties in vitro. ii. observations on +kb sublines +ten sublines of the kb cell line obtained from +a number of different laboratories +were reexamined with respect to chromosome +number and heterotransplantability +to the syrian hamster cheek pouch. twelve +clonal cultures derived from 2 of these +sublines were similarly examined. three +sublines differed from one another and +from the kb cell line originally studied, +which was heterotransplantable with inocula +of circa 10 cells. only 2 of the sublines +could be heterotransplanted with inocula +of less than 10 4 cells; 5 were heterotransplantable +with inocula of 10 4-10 6 cells; and +2 failed to heterotransplant, even with +inocula of 10 6 cells. similar differences in +heterotransplantability were observed +among the clonal derivatives of 2 of these +sublines. although the modal numbers of +these sublines and clonal derivatives were +basically similar, ranging from 73 to 80, +a few lines had a chromosome of sufficient- +ly distinctive morphology to serve as a +marker. there was, however, no apparent +correlation between these minor karyotypic +differences and heterotransplantability. +possible differences between non-heterotransplantable +and heterotransplantable +sublines with respect to the pattern of +variability in cytoplasmic protein and cyto- +plasmic ribonucleic (rna) content per cell +remain to be studied in detail. for i of this +series of articles see exc. medica cancer, 1965, abstr. no. 2378. +.I 396 +.W +1377. establishment of a tissue culture strain jtc-14 from actino- +mycin-induced ascites sarcoma, and its biological characters +cell line jtc-14 has been maintained for more +than 2 yr. and subcultured 93 times. +cells from the 10th subculture on subcutaneous +injection into mice produced tumors +identical with those produced by the original +cells. judged by the time taken to kill +mice on intraperitoneal injection the tissue +culture cells were not as malignant as +the original tumor cells. after passage in +animals the cells were easily re-established +in culture in vitro. +.I 397 +.W +1378. microcinematographic study of the mechanism of cancerous +invasion in cultures of normal tissue combined with malignant cells +normal myocardium of newborn c3h mice was +cultivated in vitro in contact with +homologous sarcomatous cells (strain n1 and +strain nctc) and studied by micro- +cinematography for 22 days. it was found that +the tumor cells tend to move apart, +and with more vigorous and rapid movements +some of them called 'commando's' +make their way into the group of normal +cells but are arrested wherever they meet +a compact group of these cells. this then +demonstrates, on the one hand, direct +aggresivity of the tumor cells and, on the +other, the 'group' defence of the normal +cells. +.I 398 +.W +2413. the presence of lymphocytes in long term cultures of +newborn mouse thymic epithelium +thymic epithelial cells derived from newborn +mouse thymic fragments were cultured +in vitro for over 22 mth. subcultures were +started by transferring minute cell +sheets obtained by mechanical scraping of +the original culture when it was 14 mth +old or older. lymphocytes, many of them +with the morphological appearance of +plasma cells, were seen in the subcultures. +intact lymphocytes, as well as mitotic +figures were seen within cytoplasmatic vacuoles +of the epithelial cells. the possible +bearing of these observations on the origin of the +thymic lymphocytes is briefly +discussed. +.I 399 +.W +3748. four separate tumour clones derived from a transplantable pleo- +morphic carcinoma of the lung in a heterozygous mouse +a metastasising pleomorphic adenocarcinoma +in the lung of an untreated hetero- +zygous male mouse was successfully +transplanted to 4 brothers by the 'plating' +technique of henderson and rous. by +'plating' multiple small grafts in air bells in +the subcutaneous tissues of the new hosts +it was possible to select 4 different clones +of transplantable tumour for further study. +the histological peculiarities of +different parts of the original tumour +were reproduced in the different clones a i, +ii, iii, and b. retrospective study +of the primary tumour and of its metastases +provided some interesting clues to routes +of metastasis and the selective survival of +malignant cells. it is concluded that by +the cloning of transplantable cells, at the +first serial passage, valuable information +about the histogenesis and potential +malignancy of the primary tumour can be +obtained. lastly, the highly malignant +character of 4 clones of tumour cells apparently +derived from the familiar clinically +benign adenoma of the mouse lung may +be of some interest, from the point of +view of prognosis based on histology. +.I 400 +.W +2379. in-vitro culture of pulmonary tumors in hamsters caused by adenovirus 12 +it is known that the adenoviruses 12 and +18 provoke malignant tumors in the +new-born hamster. the authors made a study +of the histogenesis of these tumors and +examined the specific changes brought about +in the cells by the virus infection +malignancy, presence of viral antigen, reactions +to superinfection. when new-born +hamsters were inoculated in the chest with +adenovirus 12, malignant tumors +developed in one or two months, in 16 animals +out of 22. these tumors presented +an epithelial aspect and were of bronchiolo-alveolar +origin. they were transplant- +able in vivo; if they were cultured in vitro, +they consisted in the first few cultures of +macrophages, fibroblasts and epithelium. +in subsequent passages, there was a +progressive disappearance of the macrophages +and fibroblasts. in some cases, the +culture after seven passages was of a purely +epithelial nature, and when it was +reimplanted into hamsters at this time it +gave rise to the rapid development of an +epithelial tumor. in the tumor cultures, +no adenovirus could be demonstrated. +nor could cultures of the pulmonary tumors, +or cultures of normal hamster lung be +infected with adenovirus. it appears that the +lung of the hamster in an organotyp- +ical culture constitutes a means of choice +for the malignant transformation of +adenovirus 12. +.I 401 +.W +133. demonstration, purification, and partial characterization of ab- +normal (hsl) antigens in stable human cell lines +the existence of abnormal human stable +line (hsl) antigens common to a +number of stable human cell lines, but +absent from normal human tissues and +normal human diploid cell strains in tissue +culture, was demonstrated by agar gel +microimmunodiffusion. hsl was detected +in hela-sj, hela-mba, hela-s3, +chang conjunctiva, syverton's embryo +esophagus, chang liver, and j-iii. it +was not detected in henle's human intestine +or detroit-6. it was absent from two +normal diploid strains, wi-38 and sj-dhl, +and was not found in a variety of +concentrated extracts of fresh human +organs. hsl was not associated with +contamination by pleuropneumonia-like +organisms (pplo) of cell lines. the +purest hsl preparations obtained from hela-sj +by ammonium sulfate fractiona- +tion yielded absorption spectra characteristic of +protein and were inactivated by +trypsin. sephadex chromatography indicated a +particle weight of approximately +150,000; hsl was not sedimented at 125,000 x g. +in 0.02 m po4 buffer, activity +was virtually completely eliminated after 2 minutes +at 50 c., 8 minutes at 45 c., +or 80 minutes at 40 c. preliminary studies with +fluorescent anti-hsl globulin +indicated that hsl was not a surface antigen; +rabbit antisera to purified hsl +fractions were not cytotoxic to hela cells. +the best preparations of hsl still +contained a trace of common human antigen +and appeared to consist of multiple +components active in immunoprecipitation. +electrophoresis indicated the in- +homogeneity of this material. +.I 402 +.W +1696. further comparative studies on two isogenic cell lines of autologous +origin, one of which is tumor-producing +a single explant of normal lung tissue +from an adult female mouse c57bl provided +2 cell lines. one remained normal +and is referred to as pg, the other became +malignant and is designated as pt. +with successive in vitro passages by tryp- +sinization the tumour-inducing capacity +of the pt line considerably decreased its +tumour-producing capacity as well +as its acrobic glycolysis coefficient, while the +pg line showed no appreciable +change. results of chromosome studies are de- +scribed, but proved inconclusive. +similar experiments were also carried out on +cell lines derived from the pt line +and their results are discussed. +.I 403 +.W +1202. characteristics of human adenovirus type 12 induced hamster tumor +cells in tissue culture +characteristics of a human adenovirus +type 12 induced hamster tumor serially pro- +pagated in vitro are described. these +include small cell size, epithelioid appear- +ance, rapid growth rate, resistance to +superinfection with a-12, and transplant- +ability to weanling hamsters. these cells grew +either as monolayers or as balls of +aggregated cells detached from the glass, +depending on whether calf serum or horse +serum was added to the eagle's medium. attempts +to demonstrate virus activity by +subculture of supernatant fluids and lysed cells into +hela cells, mixed culture with +human and hamster cells, electron microscopy, +and inoculation of newborn +hamsters with irradiated tumor cells were negative. +.I 404 +.W +142. trials of heterotransplantation of human cancer in rabbits +and kleisbauer a. +trials of transplantation of human +tumours (some 20, almost all carcinomas) in +the pleural cavity of large rabbits +(6 months old flanders, weighing 3 kg.) gave +negative results also when cortisone +treatment was associated with it, though in +the cortisone treated animals the +necrosis of the tumours was less massive. +examination of the grafted tumour +was carried out at different times (from 8 to +365 days after transplantation) and +was also controlled by radiographic examina- +tions. detailed description of the +giant cell reactions around the tumours and in +the adjoining lung. +.I 405 +.W +1207. solitary mast cell granuloma (histiocytoma) of the lung. +a histopathologic, tissue culture and time-lapse cinemato- +graphic study +a pulmonary histiocytoma in a 57-year-old +woman was studied intensively histo- +pathologically and by other techniques. +abundant mast cells were found within the +lesion, a previously unreported finding. +tissue culture studies suggested that the +process is reactive rather than neoplastic. +some plasma-cell granulomas of the +lung may be mast cell histiocytomas. +.I 406 +.W +2773. the value of fluorescence cytology for the cytodiagnosis +of pulmonary cancer +the paper discusses the test results +of 527 tissue samples sent in for the cytodiag- +nostics of lung cancer and compares +the method of ao-fluorochromation with other +methods of preparation. by means of +applying ao-fluorochromation, the rate of er- +roneously positive findings could be +reduced. the rate of erroneously negative find- +ings was somewhat higher but the total +diagnostic precision of 93% was 3% higher +than in all other methods applied. +.I 407 +.W +2774. pitfalls in the clinical and histologic diagnosis of broncho- +genic carcinoma +a necropsy study of 380 cases of extrathoracic +carcinoma revealed that pulmonary +metastases occurred in almost 50% of the +cases and bronchial metastases in over +25%. there were 39 cases (10.3%) in the +series with clinical features simulating +bronchogenic carcinoma and in 24 (62%) +of these cases there was cytologic and/or +histologic confirmation. carcinomas of +the pancreas presented the greatest source +of diagnostic error accounting for more +than one-third of the 39 cases; the primary +site second in frequency was carcinoma +of the kidney. bronchial metastases were +chiefly responsible for the clinical, +cytologic, and histologic findings compatible +with the diagnosis of bronchogenic +carcinoma. secondary growths in the lungs may +present roentgenologically as solitary +tumors indistinguishable from primary lung +cancer. metastatic lesions in lymph +nodes, bronchi, and lung may exhibit pleomor- +phic features simulating squamous +cell carcinoma. the diagnosis of bronchioloalveo- +lar carcinoma in resected lung tissue +is a presumptive conclusion inasmuch as the +identical morphological features may +be reproduced by metastases from duct or +glandular carcinomas. the simulation +of bronchogenic carcinoma by metastatic tum- +ors occurs with sufficient frequency to +challenge the diagnostic accuracy of deaths +certified as bronchogenic carcinoma +with necropsy exclusion of other primary sites. +.I 408 +.W +4396. effects of arginine deprivation, ultraviolet radiation, +and x-radiation on cultured kb cells. a cytochemical and +ultrastructural study +cultured kb cells (derived from a +human oral carcinoma) grown in monolayers +were injured by one of three agents +starvation by arginine deprivation or treatment +with high doses of either ultraviolet +radiation or x-radiation. the different agents +produced changes in nucleolar structure +and varying accumulations of triglyceride +and glycogen. all three agents produced +an increase in number and size of lyso- +somes. these were studied in acid +phosphatase preparations, viewed by both light +and electron microscopy, and, occasionally, +in vital dye, esterase, and aryl sul- +fatase preparations. ultrastructurally, +alterations in lysosomes suggested that +'residual bodies' developed in a variety +of ways, i.e., from the endoplasmic retic- +ulum, multivesicular bodies, or autophagic +vacuoles. following all three agents, +the endoplasmic reticulum assumed +the form of 'rough' or 'smooth' whorls, and, +after two of the agents, arginine +deprivation or ultraviolet radiation, it acquired +cytochemically demonstrable acid +phosphatase activity. near connections between +the endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes +raise the possibility that in kb cells, at +least when injured, the endoplasmic +reticulum is involved in the formation of +lysosomes and the transport of acid +phosphatase to them. +.I 409 +.W +1106. the simultaneous use of extracorporal circulation and hypothermia in the +surgery of the heart +the operative technique of cardiac +surgery under conditions of deep hypothermia with +simultaneous use of a pump oxygenator +and cardiopulmonary bypass is described. in +the majority of cases the patients were +cooled with water at 2 c. and the perfusion +volume was reduced by more than 50% +during hypothermia. in others, a gradient of +10 c. between blood and water was +maintained and the perfusion volume was reduced +by less than 50%. the data presented +show that neither technique leads to hypoxic +changes in the cerebrum and internal +organs, provided the mean arterial pressure +is kept between 70 and 90 mm. hg during perfusion. +the overall mortality in the +authors' 168 cases - most of which +had congenital heart disease - was 14.8%. in 53 +cases of tetralogy of fallot - most +of them cyanotic - the vsd was closed by taking +a flap of tissue from the crista supraventricularis. +in this group mortality was 24.5%. +.I 410 +.W +464. cardiac performance in hypothermia. an experimental study of left +ventricular power, oxygen consumption, and efficiency in dogs +multiple cardiac parameters have been measured +in 30 dogs cooled to 20 c. aortic +blood temperature. the parameters have been +expressed both as absolute values +and as percentages of normothermic values. +at normothermia, dogs with closed +chest had an ascending aorta flow of 154% +and a left ventricular external power of +183% of the corresponding values for dogs +with open chest. both ascending aorta +flow and left circumflex coronary artery flow +were reduced to 25% of normothermic level +at 20 c. aortic arch mean pressure was +reduced to 50% of normothermic level +at 20 c. total peripheral resistance was +increased to 205% of normothermic level +at 20 c. left ventricular external power +was decreased to 11% of normothermic +level at 20 c. left ventricular oxygen +consumption was decreased to 31% of nor- +mothermic level at 20 c. mechanical +efficiency of the left ventricular myocardium +was decreased to 39% of normothermic level at 20 c. +.I 411 +.W +3270. tolerance of dogs to deep hypothermia. controlled and maintained with a +pump oxygenator +the advantages of hypothermia of below 10 c for 2 hr, +induced and maintained by +extracorporeal circulation of 200 min., +were compared to partial bypass of the +same duration during normothermia. +in the normothermic group 9 dogs out of 12 +lived. in the hypothermic group 6 dogs +out of 15 (40%) survived when perfused at +the high flow of 55 cc/kg/min. eleven +dogs out of 15 (70%) survived when the flow +rate was reduced to 25 cc/kg/min when +the temperature was below 10 c. the death +in the high flow group were due mainly +to postperfusion lung changes even when low +pulmonary venous pressure was assured +by venting in the left atrial chamber. me- +tabolic acidosis occurred in all groups; +though greater in the high flow, with the +low flow intermediate between the former +and the normothermic group. this change +to a great degree, can be explained by the lung changes. +.I 412 +.W +1593. bleeding tendencies associated with profound-hypothermia technics in +neurologic surgery +forty-three patients with bleeding intracranial +aneurysms were operated on under +deep hypothermia and with the aid of extracorporeal +circulation. the open-thorax +method was used in 18 cases and the closed-thorax +method in 25. the following +points are made (1) the closed-thorax method +is considered superior to the open- +thorax method in several respects; (2) meticulous +hemostasis is essential to control +the oozing that occurs during extracorporeal +circulation under profound hypothermia +until the heparin antagonist can become +effective and body temperature can return +to normal; (3) significant thrombocytopenia +may develop during extracorporeal cir- +culation, and inhibition of the thrombin-fibrinogen +reaction by factors other than +heparin may cause a major coagulation defect +and may also, by mimicking the he- +parin effect, lead to the excessive use of +heparin antagonists; (4) pathologic changes +in microcirculation during extracorporeal +circulation may be determinants of a +hemorrhagic tendency. +.I 413 +.W +4088. the use of hypothermia and dehydration in the treatment of severe +cerebral hypoxia +the rational for using hypothermia or +cerebral dehydration is to suppress or re- +verse progressive or delayed cerebral +damage after hypoxia. it is suggested that +damage of this nature results from injury +to the astroglia and oligodendroglia, +especially the former. experimental and +clinical evidence favors lowering of the +body temperature immediately after any +episode of hypoxia accompanied by impor- +tant damage to the brain. the rational +for using dehydration is insecure and its +results are uncertain. this treatment +should probably be reserved for cases in +which a raised cerebrospinal fluid pressure +has been proved, and in which other +measures, especially hypothermia, +are either not available or have failed. +.I 414 +.W +7828. selective cerebral hypothermia physiology and technic +a safe, suitable technique for producing +selective brain cooling by a perfusion +method is described. of 15 dogs, 7 survived. +the salient features aiding survival +are discussed. the use of a direct vasodilator +(papaverine) in the perfusate to +relieve vasospasm markedly reduced cooling time +and represented the most signi- +ficant technical advance over previously +described methods. an acid base analysis +utilizing the siggaard-andersen curve nomogram +was performed on 4 dogs and no +significant acidosis noted during selective brain +cooling. a definite arteriovenous +lactic acid difference developed at hypothermic +temperatures indicating the brain +may metabolize this substance in preference to +glucose at lowered brain tempera- +tures, the reasons for which were discussed. +the rate of disappearance of physi- +cally dissolved oxygen (po2) was measured +in the brain following ischemia at dif- +ferent temperatures. the average rate of +disappearance at 20 c. was 40% of the +rate at 37 c. the discrepancy between this +finding and the in vitro oxygen utili- +zation rate at the same temperature was discussed. +.I 415 +.W +948.cardiac activity in cranio-cerebral hypothermia +the onset of hypothermia rarely alters the heart +rate. as it deepens to 35-32, the +rate slows, and at the level of 30-29 it usually +amounts to only half its original va- +lue. at 28 or below, the development of +bradycardia is observed. after warming +to 32 the normal heart rate is restored. +during operations on the abdominal organs +the heart rate is only slightly modified. +the appearance of solitary extrasystoles is +rare and is usually associated with stimulation +of the diaphragm. the most marked +changes in the heart rate are observed during operations on the heart, +especially if +it is excluded from the circulation. an +idioventricular rhythm may develop before +the heart stops beating. after removal of the +ligatures from the venae cavae the nor- +mal rhythm is restored. as the temperature +falls, the excitability of the myocardium +increases. conduction is more resistant. +areflexia continues even during direct sti- +mulation of reflexogenic zones. in the surgical +stage of cranio-cerebral hypothermia +it is clear that no significant degree of energy +or hemodynamic insufficiency deve- +lops, whether in experimental conditions or +during operations on patients. at opera- +tion a well-marked stabilization of the contractile +power of the myocardium may be observed. +.I 416 +.W +946. respiration in hypothermia. i. respiratory pattern and +acid-base balance in the blood +mongrel dogs, under light pentobarbital anesthesia, +were made hypothermic by im- +mersing them in ice water and then normothermic +in warm water. in the course of +cooling, the respiratory rate and pulmonary +ventilation, after an initial increase, +were reduced as the rectal temperature fell, +and spontaneous respiration was ar- +rested at rectal temperatures of 21-25 c. +alveolar pco2 was increased, after an +initial slight lowering, with the progress of +hypothermia. arterial ph and standard +bicarbonate (jorgensen and astrup) decreased, +and the alkalinity of the blood coh/ +ch (winterstein) decreased markedly during hypothermia. +these findings suggest +both respiratory and metabolic acidosis as the +mechanisms concerned. in the course +of rewarming all these changes disappeared rapidly +and completely though the venti- +latory stimulation observed as an initial transitory +phenomenon during cooling failed to occur. +.I 417 +.W +896. studies on blood viscosity and its significance in anesthesia +the principles for measuring blood viscosity +have been discussed. although blood +does not behave in a newtonian manner, +the data obtained in in vitro measurement +are useful. a modified simple method for +measuring blood viscosity relative to nor- +mal saline has been described. there is +essentially no difference in viscosity be- +tween fresh blood and heparinized blood and between plasma and serum. +viscosity varies with the quantity and nature of proteins +in plasma and the cellular concentra- +tion. halothane and thiopental sodium reduce +blood viscosity and seem to be indicat- +ed in conditions in which there is hemoconcentration +and a tendency for red blood +cells to aggregate. cyclopropane, hypothermia, +and norepinephrine tend to raise +blood viscosity and would seem to be contraindicated +when the microcirculation is failing. +.I 418 +.W +4612. flow considerations in regional cerebral hypothermia +it is suggested that low flows are dangerous +and may cause anoxia either directly +or by interfering with cooling. sixty dogs +have been subjected to local cerebral +hypothermia by the method of femoral to +carotid cooling of arterial blood with per- +fusion at a predetermined pressure rather +than predetermined flow rate. the cir- +cuit is described and its advantages for +clinical use mentioned together with its in- +accuracies as a method of scientific investigation. +these are chiefly concerned +with maintenance of systemic blood pressure +which may require the injection of +pressor agents. evidence for reduction in flow +at low temperatures is discussed +and evidence presented that this is not only due +to increase in viscosity but that +there is an active spasm, manifested by +'rewarming humps' which occur in the +cooling graphs. mean carotid flow rates +were determined by a revolution counter +attached to a pump of fixed stroke volume, +the output of which was linked to the per- +fusion pressure and thus determined by the resistance. +the place of added co2 +is discussed particularly in relation to the fall +in partial pressure which accompa- +nies the cooling of the blood. the addition of 5% co2 +did not increase total carotid +flows. halothane had been used as an anesthetic +because of its sympatholytic ac- +tion. it has increased flows by 37% and +abolished 'rewarming humps'. rheomacro- +dex used as a priming fluid instead of blood +produced increased flow averaging 75% +but did not abolish spasm. it is suggested that +cooling faster than 1 c. per minute +is not intrinsically dangerous if spasm is prevented +and high flow maintained by the methods described. +.I 419 +.W +4613. selective brain cooling produced by cerebral ventricular perfusion +hypothermic cerebral ventricular perfusion +was applied to dogs. shivering appear- +ed to be directly related to the cns temperature +rather than the peripheral body +temperature. selective heating of the brain-stem +produced panting. rewarming +of the body was retarded by the initiation of heat +loss mechanisms controlled cen- +trally when hyperthermic perfusion was used. +shivering disappeared but panting +was unaffected by pentobarbital anesthesia. +cooling of one or both frontal areas and +the anterior part of the third ventricle did not +significantly affect the respiratory +or circulatory systems but brain-stem hypothermia +produced distinct respiratory +and circulatory reactions. it is suggested that +cooling of the 3rd and 4th ventricu- +lar areas may be utilized for anesthetic purposes. +.I 420 +.W +1139. optimal coronary flow in the bypassed normothermic and hypothermic heart +a series of experiments were conducted in dogs +in which bypass flow, temperature, +and direct coronary perfusion pressure were varied. +coronary flow, coronary ven- +ous saturation, myocardial oxygen consumption (mvo2), +and coronary vascular re- +sistance were assayed. coronary flow as a percentage +of total bypass flow did not +vary appreciably at varying levels of bypass flow. +induction of hypothermia, when +total bypass flow is constant, results in decreasing +coronary flow. induction of hy- +pothermia when maintaining a constant bypass pressure +results in an increasing +coronary flow with temperatures down to 22 c. +further cooling causes a reduction +in flow. using isolated coronary perfusion at 100 mm. hg, +coronary flow fell and +resistance rose during the first 15 min. of bypass. +using isolated coronary perfu- +sion at 100 mm. hg, induction of moderate hypothermia +(25 c.) caused an increase +in coronary flow and venous saturation and a decrease +in cardiovascular resistance +and mvo2. under the same conditions, induction of +hypothermia to 18 c. produced +similar changes but caused myocardial hemorrhage +and ventricular fibrillation. pro- +found hypothermia probably leads to excessive +fragility of the capillary bed. reduc- +tion of perfusion pressure to 50 mm. hg at near +normothermia reduced coronary +flow and slightly reduced venous saturation +and mvo2. the same reduction of perfu- +sion pressure at 18 c. produced similar but +less marked changes. reduction to 25 +mm. hg at 18 c. markedly reduced coronary flow, +venous saturation, and mvo2 +initially, but with partial recovery later. from this +data of acute experiments in +dogs, coronary perfusion using moderate hypothermia +(about 31 c.) and 50 mm. +hg, slightly pulsatile mean pressure appears optimal. +.I 421 +.W +974. extracorporeal hypothermia without thoracotomy. an ex- +perimental study in the use of cold for neurosurgery and +cancericidal perfusions +this paper includes minor clinical notes +on open heart surgery and cancer perfusion +but contains no experimental information +on neurosurgery or cancer perfusions. a +method of closed-chest hypothermic perfusion +in 30 dogs is reported. the authors +utilize drainage of superior and inferior cavae +by gravity. the volume of venous +drainage sometimes enhanced by transfusions +or 12.5% low molecular weight dex- +tran determined the flow rate. cooling was +maintained for quite variable periods +apparently generally to an unspecified +esophageal temperature. perfusion time va- +ried from 30 min. to 4 hr. animals with +low flows were perfused longer, had a high- +er incidence of ventricular fibrillation, +and a very low survival rate. eleven ani- +mals survived. all had pre-cooling flow +rates above 40 ml./kg./min., good flow +rates during the perfusion, and only 3 had +ventricular fibrillation. flow rates and +survival were increased in animals receiving +low molecular weight dextran. four- +teen of 15 animals with ventricular fibrillation +were defibrillated electrically, 8 re- +gained 'adequate' cardiac function, but only 3 +survived. some interesting data on +regional cooling of the lower half of the body +is presented. the authors conclude +without sufficient evidence that the most +important factor in the mortality in hypo- +thermic perfusion is the ability to maintain +'a flow rate approaching the estimated +normothermic cardiac output of the animal' +.I 422 +.W +2406. profound hypothermia +the aim of hypothermia is protection of vital +cerebral structures from hypoxia +during aneurysm repair; profound hypothermia +is also valuable in operating on +certain cardiac defects which cannot be repaired +even with whole body perfusion. +since the time needed for aneurysm repair often +exceeded the safe limit of 8 to 12 +minutes without circulation afforded by surface +hypothermia of 29 to 30 c., the +authors have investigated the drew (open-chest) +technic, the closed-chest method, +and isolated cerebral perfusion. the drew technic +consists of substituting two +pumps for the heart while the patient's lungs act +as the oxygenator. because of its +disadvantages (the large amounts of blood needed +and the morbidity due to intra- +cardiac cannulation and median sternotomy), a +closed-chest method was developed, +using a mayo-gibbons vertical-sheet pump-oxygenator +to provide the perfusion and +extracorporeal cooling without requiring thoracotomy. +in cerebral perfusion, blood +is taken from one artery, pumped through a heat +exchanger, and returned to another +artery. the authors describe anesthetic technics, +offer comparisons of the three +methods, give instructions pertaining to the production +of hypothermia, and list the +problems encountered in the management of these cases. +.I 423 +.W +3194. systemic hypothermia via gastric cooling +eight dogs underwent gastric cooling for +systemic hypothermia. each dog was cooled +with the balloon filled with a 'safe' volume +based on weight (20 ml/kg) and subjected +to cooling with the balloon filled maximally, +but safely to a pressure of 10 mm hg. +consistently, the latter procedure was far +more efficient, averaging 2.6 times as +rapid for all degrees of hypothermia. a +decrease in core temperature by 7 c re- +quired an average of only 28.4 minutes. +on comparison with clinical reports of hy- +pothermia induced by the usual gastric +cooling, an improved efficiency of two-fold +to three-fold is still noted. +.I 424 +.W +3820. the dubious haemopoietic +stem cell function of the lym- +phoid cells of the blood. +autoradiographic studies on +dogs +the migration, fate and turnover of +lymphoid cells in blood and bone marrow of +irradiated and non-irradiated dogs were +studied by serial autoradiography with co- +ping of the hind legs during the plasma +clearance time of h3-thymidine injected into +an anterior vein. in irradiated dogs, +the h3-thymidine injection procedure was car- +ried out during the early recovery phase +following 250 r whole body x-irradiation. +conclusive evidence of transformation of +hematogenous bone marrow lymphoid cells +into hemopoietic precursors was not found. +however, in the light of the individual +grain counts transformation of a few lymphoid +cells into hemopoietic cells cannot be +ruled out. the data obtained from a dog in the +very early recovery phase following +whole body irradiation strongly indicate such +a transformation. +.I 425 +.W +3927. studies on growth and cytomorphosis +in the thymo-lympha- +tic systems - with special +reference to the influence of +the thymus and the thyroid +in guinea-pigs +migratory streams of lymphocytes between +different parts of the thymo-lymphatic +system were evaluated by comparisons between +lymphocyte populations in thoracic- +duct lymph and arterial and venous blood, +especially thymic venous blood. by re- +cording organ weights in sham-operated and +thymectomized guinea-pigs, treated +with thyroxin or untreated, the importance +of the thymus and the thyroid for growth +and regeneration in the thymo-lymphatic +system was studied. the main results are +as follows. there is a considerable venous +output of lymphocytes with low mito- +chondrial content (small lymphocytes) from +the thymus in normal young guinea-pigs. +this explains the much higher incidence of +small lymphocytes in blood than in tho- +racic-duct lymph. neonatal thymectomy +causes lymphatic hypotrophy with defi- +ciency of lymphocytes and pyroninophilic +cells in relation to reticular ones. body +growth and survival of the animals are not +affected. in the thymus, exogenous +thyroxin most probably promotes differentiation +of large basophilic cells to small +lymphocytes, resulting in an increased output of +small lymphocytes. in the lymph +nodes, thyroxin promotes differentiation of large +pyroninophilic cells ('transitional +cells') into immature and mature plasma cells. +the effects of thyroxin on dif- +ferentiation are followed by an increased growth +of the thymo-lymphatic organs, +characterized by an increased incidence of large +basophilic cells and increased weight +of the lymphatic organs. growth of the thymus and +lymph nodes precedes that of +the red splenic pulp. this delayed splenic response +is not due to a transformation +of an increased number of immigrated thymic +lymphocytes, as neonatal thymectomy +does not prevent the thyroxin-stimulated +occurrence of large basophilic cells in the +red splenic pulp. the thyroxin-stimulated +growth of the lymphatic system is ac- +companied by an increased output of larger +lymphocytes through the thoracic +duct, resulting in an increased number of +larger lymphocytes in the blood. in +postnatally thymectomized animals, having a +normal (or above normal) amount of +circulating small lymphocytes, thyroxin produces +a drastic decrease in the number of +small blood lymphocytes, indicating a decreased +delivery and/or increased disappear- +ance of these cells to and from the blood, respectively. +this decrease in number of small +lymphocytes is not seen in sham-operated animals. +as judged by studies of organ +weights, the thyroxin-stimulated growth and +regeneration of the lymphatic tissue +are influenced antagonistically by thymectomy +and synergistically by local factors +in involuted tissue. +.I 426 +.W +815. the origin of macrophages +from bone marrow in the rat +skin windows' and subcutaneous coverslips +were applied to rats in a study designed +to identify the tissues in which the precursors +of macrophages proliferate. lympho- +cyte-depletion by either chronic drainage from +the thoracic duct or 400 rads of x- +irradiation failed to suppress the emigration of +macrophages or to reduce the pro- +portion of them which became labelled after an +injection of tritiated thymidine. x- +irradiation with 750 rads suppressed +the emigration and the labelling of the exudate +macrophages. both were restored to +normal when the tibial marrow was shielded +during irradiation. radioactively-labelled +cell suspensions obtained from thoracic +duct lymph, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen +and bone marrow were transfused into +syngeneic recipients. the emigration of +labelled macrophages on to coverslips +could be demonstrated only in recipients +of labelled bone marrow and spleen cells. +labelled monocytes were found in the blood +of rats which had received injections +of labelled bone marrow. it was concluded +that in the rat, bone marrow, and to a +lesser extent spleen, are major sources of +the macrophages which emigrate into +foci of acute, non-bacterial inflammation. +.I 427 +.W +1786. studies of the +leucocyte compartment +in guinea-pig bone +marrow after acute +haemorrhage and +severe hypoxia evidence +for a common stem-cell +after a large acute hemorrhage, +the absolute le- +vels of neutrophils, eosinophils, and +basophils in guinea +pig bone marrow are considerably +reduced. all stages +of differentiation are involved, the +decline in myelo- +blasts and promyelocytes being +particularly marked. +exposure to severe hypoxia also +temporarily depresses +the number of marrow granulocytes. +bone marrow +lymphocytes are only slightly reduced +after a single he- +morrhage but in the later stages of +severe hypoxia their +numbers are greatly reduced. +assuming the supply of +stem cells in the bone marrow +is not unlimited, the de- +crease in marrow granulocytes +and lymphocytes follow- +ing marked erythropoietic stimulation +appears to favor +a monophyletic theory of hemopoiesis; +a heavy demand +for stem cells to differentiate into the +erythron may +temporarily restrict the +number entering the leukon. the +hypoxic animals showed +a considerable loss of body weight +and the notable reduction +of marrow lymphocytes in the +later stages of hypoxia +may be specifically related to a +generalized atrophy of +lymphoid tissue. using h3-thymi- +dine there is evidence +of active dna synthesis in guinea +pig metamyelocytes. +although dna-synthesis was found +in metamyelocytes of +normal marrow, after hemorrhage +these cells form a much +larger proportion of the total +synthesizing cells in the +granulocyte compartment and +also the ratio of labeled +metamyelocytes to myelocytes +is considerably increased. +microspectrophotometric +measurements of the feulgen +dna-content of metamyelo- +cytes after hemorrhage show +that there are 2 populations +of these cells. one group has +values typical of resting or +nonsynthesizing cells but a 2nd +group shows a complete +range of dna-values up to levels +characteristic of those +found in dividing cells. certain +small mononuclear cells +with minimal but deeply basophilic +cytoplasm are a dis- +tinctive group of dna-synthesizing +cells in marrow af- +ter hemorrhage. morphologically, +there appears to be a +complete sequence between these +cells and procrythro- +blasts. +.I 428 +.W +3831. relative ability of parental +marrow to repopulate lethal- +ly irradiated f1 hybrids +lethally irradiate (c57bl x 101)f1 mice +injected with a mixture of 10 million +c57bl and 10 million 101 bone-marrow +cells were repopulated only by the 101 +bone-marrow cells. experiments with other +cell mixtures indicated that the 101 +marrow was relatively nine times as efficient +as c57bl marrow in repopulating +lethally irradiated (c57bl x 101)f1 mice. +results from additional strain combina- +tions suggested that the behavior of the +donor marrows was not determined solely +by h-2 factors. c57bl marrow, which +frequently regresses in irradiated f1 mice, +has shown to be relatively less capable +of repopulating the recipient than regularly +retained parental marrow. the differences +in the relative abilities of parental mar- +rows to repopulate f1 mice cannot as yet be +fully explained. they might be corre- +lated with physiological differences between +the parental marrows or with a micro- +environmental advantage of one hematopoietic +cell type over another in the irradiated +recipient. immunological and physiological factors +that might favor this selective +growth are discussed. +.I 429 +.W +3832. pluripotent stem cell function +of the mouse marrow +'lymphocyte' +bone marrow from normal and polycythemic +mice was filtered through glass wool +columns to remove cells other than 'lymphocytes'. +for a given number of nucleated +cells, filtered marrow was more efficient than +the original marrow in repopulating +the spleen of an isogenic recipient previously +exposed to lethal irradiation. the +proliferative capacity of both the filtered and +unfiltered marrow suspensions ap- +peared to be a constant function of the number +of small and medium 'lymphocytes' +present and not of any other cell type. +.I 430 +.W +2045. the effect of +unilateral limb shield- +ing on the haemopoietic +response of the +guinea-pig to gamma +irradiation +guineapigs were exposed to +150 r -irradiation +whilst approx. 1/5 of the total bone +marrow was protect- +ed by shielding 2 limbs. quantitative +cell counts of both +the shielded and irradiated marrow +were combined with +observations on the thymus, spleen +and blood during the +recovery period, and compared +with the effects of whole- +body irradiation. following +whole-body irradiation +(150 r) the thymus shows a +delayed secondary cellular +depletion coinciding with a +marked splenic hyperplasia. +both phenomena were eliminated +by limb shielding. the +lymphocytes in the irradiated +marrow of partially shiel- +ded animals continued to show +both the overshoot and the +secondary fall in numbers which +characterize recovery +from whole-body irradiation +(150 r). after an initial fall +in numbers of erythroid and +granulocytic precursors, +the shielded marrow showed +a temporary increase in +granulocytopoiesis coinciding +with an abortive phase of +granulocytopoiesis in the irradiated +marrow. there was +no evidence of any effective colonization +of irradiated +marrow by cells from the shielded marrow. +the signi- +ficance of these findings is discussed. +.I 431 +.W +4311. studies on intravenous transfusion +of thymus cells and +lymphnode cells. iii. influence of +transfused thymus cells +and lymphnode cells on the bone +marrow +in rabbits transfused with thymus cells and +lymphnode cells the peripheral blood and +bone marrow were studied. the transfusion +of thymus cells caused a peripheral +lymphocytosis and a diminution of lymphoid +cells in the bone marrow of both young +and adult rabbits. the transfusion of lymphnode +cells resulted in a peripheral lympho- +penia, and an initial increase and a subsequent +diminution of lymphoid cells in the +bone marrow. it is suggested that lymphoid cells +in the bone marrow may be lympho- +cytes which are stored or discharged according +to a variety of conditions. further- +more, thymus cells are thought to mobilize +lymphocytes from the bone marrow to +the peripheral blood. +.I 432 +.W +5041. studies on hypoxia. iii. the +differential response of the +bone marrow to primary and +secondary hypoxia +twenty-five adult male guinea pigs were +placed in a decompression chamber, at a +simulated altitude of 14,000 feet for 5 days, +then kept in ordinary air for 5 days, +and finally returned to the decompression +chamber to be subjected to hypoxia a +second time, for periods ranging from 1 +to 5 days. during this period of secondary +hypoxia quantitative studies were made +of the changes in the blood and bone marrow. +in secondary as in primary hypoxia there +is a significant increase in the nucleated +red cells of the marrow. in secondary +hypoxia, however, there is a very marked +increase in the marrow lymphocytes, +whereas in primary hypoxia the lymphocytes +fall. the marrow reticulocytes remain +at a fairly constant level despite marked +fluctuations in erythropoiesis. +.I 433 +.W +1044. an investigation of lymphocyte +production in guinea-pig +bone marrow +evidence from a variety of experiments indicates +that lymphocytes are produced in +guinea-pig bone marrow. under certain conditions +the numbers produced appear to +be considerable. during recovery from irradiation +there are numerous telophases +in marrow smears which appear to be forming small +lymphocytes. moreover, many +lymphocytes are still found in shielded bone marrow +after the rest of the body, in- +cluding the conventional lymphoid tissues, has +received lethal or supra-lethal irra- +diation. almost 50% of these cells are formed +after the irradiation. finally, when +bone marrow is cultured in the peritoneal cavity +of a host whose own lymphocyte +production has been suppressed by irradiation, +small percentages of newly-formed +small lymphocytes are found in this marrow. +.I 434 +.W +103. repopulation of bone marrow +in mice number and type of +cells required for +post-x-irradiation protection +fractionation of cells from mouse bone +marrow and autologous mouse spleen indi- +cates that the cell responsible for bone +marrow repopulation and x-irradiation +protection resembles the small lymphocyte. +experiments with injection of different +numbers of bone marrow and spleen cells +and observations on survival obtained by +fractional irradiation of the entire body and +of extirpation of the shielded spleen +after irradiation indicate that approximately +3 x 10 4 cells of this type are required +to provide 50% survival, and that approximately +this number migrates from the +shielded extremity or spleen of a mouse per hour +(slightly faster for spleen and slower for bone marrow). +.I 435 +.W +104. hyperbasophilic cells as an +indication of proliferation of +bone marrow transplanted to +irradiated dogs +a study was made of hyperbasophilic cells +which appeared following transplantation +of bone marrow to 20 irradiated mongrel +dogs of both sexes. in the main series of +experiments the animals were irradiated +with a dosage of 600 r., using a four-tube +rum-3 x-ray machine voltage 200 kv, +current 10 ma, filters 0.5 cu mm + 1.0 +mm.al, target distance 60 cm., rate +18-22 r./min. at 1-2 days after irradiation, +a suspension of bone marrow cells in a +dosage of 10 9 - 5 x 10 9 nuclear cells was +administered i.v. the marrow was +obtained by aspiration from various skeletal +bones or by compression from the +sternum, ribs and other bones. a study was made +of the morphological composition +of the blood and bone marrow before irradiation +and at 1-5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 +days after irradiation and transfusion of bone mar- +row, and thereafter at 10-15 days +intervals. smears of blood and marrow were +stained with azure-ii-eosin. it was +found that distinctive cells with basophilic proto- +plasm and frequent incidence of an +immature nucleus were present in the blood of +dogs following irradiation with 600 r. +and transplantation of bone marrow. hyper- +basophilic cells appeared in the blood +at 2 - 4 days after transplantation and attained +a maximum 14 - 21 days later; thereafter +their number diminished rapidly. the +trend of number of hyperbasophilic cells +coincided with that of other donor elements +(leukocytes, erythrocytes). hyperbasophilic +cells were not found during acute radia- +tion sickness in dogs which were not given +injections of bone marrow. they were +found 3 mth. after transplantation of bone +marrow to nonirradiated puppies at 2-3 +days of age. when the irradiation dosage +was increased to 800-1,000 r., the number +of hyperbasophilic cells increased and +attained a peak sooner than after the 600 r. +dosage. such cells were formed from +the donor cells. +.I 436 +.W +172. autoradiographic +studies of lymphoid +cells in blood and +bone marrow of nor- +mal and irradiated +dogs +the migration, fate, and +turnover of lymphoid +cells in blood and bone marrow +of 4 irradiated and 4 non- +irradiated dogs were studied +by serial autoradiography +with clamping of the hind legs +during the plasma clear- +ance time of h3-thymidine +injected into an anterior +vein. in irradiated dogs, the +h3-thymidine injection pro- +cedure was carried out during +the early recovery phase +after 250 r of whole-body +x-irradiation. the results on +2 irradiated and 2 normal +dogs were described in de- +tail. migration of lymphoid +cells from blood to marrow +parenchyma was confirmed +in the irradiated dogs. con- +clusive evidence of transformation +of these cells into +hemopoietic precursors was not +found. the relative +number of large lymphoid cells, +the labeling index of +the whole population of lymphoid +cells, and that of small +lymphoid cells were increased +in irradiated marrow; +few initially labeled small +lymphoid cells could also be +observed. these data indicate +that the pattern of pro- +liferation of lymphoid cells is +changed in irradiated re- +generating bone marrow. +.I 437 +.W +175. lysozyme in bone +marrow and periph- +eral blood cells +by means of an indirect +histochemical technique, +the intracellular lysozyme of +the formed elements of the +peripheral blood and bone marrow +was estimated. evi- +dence is presented that monocytes, +as well as mature +neutrophils and their precursors +extending back to the +progranulocyte, contain significant +amounts of this en- +zyme. a rare mature eosinophil +demonstrated a trace +of lysozyme activity. there was +no evidence of lyso- +zyme activity in basophils, +erythrocytes, megakaryo- +cytes, platelets, plasma +cells, tissue mast cells or +bone marrow +reticuloendothelial cells. +.I 438 +.W +1770. proliferative activity of the +lymphatic tissues of rats as +studied with tritium-labelled +thymidine +cytokinetic data are presented, employing +quantitation of h3dna in the lymphatic +tissues of normal rats serially sacrificed +after h3tdr administration. a marked +difference in the patterns of initial labeling +and label loss was observed between the +thymus and peripheral lymphatic tissue. +the data are compatible with other indica- +tions of rapid cell renewal in the thymus. +there is suppression of initial uptake of +h3tdr into the dna of each large lymphocytic +progenitor cell in the thymus, appa- +rently because of a feedback of thymidine +containing material from small lympho- +cytes in the thymus. depletion of the thymus +of small cells, as by operative stress +or whole body x-ray, leads to a marked +increase in the uptake of h3tdr into the +dna of large thymocytes. this finding, +which is in agreement with the previous +findings of sugino et al. suggesting transfer +of thymine nucleotides from small thy- +mus lymphocytes to precursor cells, may or +may not be related to the apparent +transfer of dna label between thymic cells. +the evidence for the latter consists of +the curvilinear dilution of the dna label in +the thymus proliferating cell population +and the relationship between the rate of dna +label dilution in large cells and the +dna in the small cells in the thymus. after +the dna label in progenitor cells in +the thymus and lymph nodes has entered the +small cell population, the subsequent +dilution of grains in these dividing cells follows +the same slope as the loss of radio- +activity from the entire lymph node. there is a +long retention of some h3dna label +in the dividing lymph node cell population. this +suggests that the loss of radioacti- +vity from the dividing cells and from the small +cell population as a whole occurs e- +qually. this pattern prevails regardless of +whether the percentage of large and +small cells is altered experimentally. these +findings can be explained by an inter- +change of the dna nuclear label between small +lymphocytes and large lymphocytes. +this could occur by some process such as +phagocytosis or pinocytosis, or by trans- +formation of the small lymphocyte into a large, +dividing cell. the data fit best with +the latter possibility. all or any of these +mechanisms would lead to an equilibration +of the dna label between large and small +cells. this finding prevents the assign- +ment of a finite life span to lymphocytes on +the basis of dna labeling kinetics. ne- +vertheless, there appear to be at least two +different types of lymphocytes. one, +the 'thymus-type' lymphocyte, is found in the +thymus cortex, bone marrow and ger- +minal centers of lymphoid follicles. the other +type, found abundantly in the wide- +spread peripheral lymphatic tissue, shows a +very prolonged retention of dna la- +bel and is believed to be recirculating, +'immunologically committed' cells described +by others. these cells do not appear to +enter the thymus cortex. +.I 439 +.W +6674. the free and glucuronic acid-bound +17-hydroxy-corticosteroids in the +plasma of patients with cancer of the +breast on i.v. infusion of acth +seventeen patients with advanced mammary +cancer were given an infusion with +3 u. of acth in 5 hr. and 6 others an infusion +of 25 u. determinations were made +of the plasma 17-hydroxy-corticosteroids, +free and bound to glucuronic acid both +before and after the infusion. in rapidly +growing carcinomas, high initial values +were found for the free corticosteroids +(more than 20 ug./100 ml. of plasma). +the ratio of free to bound corticosteroids is +for stage iv patients 1.8 on the average, +and approximately 1 for the mixed +forms stage iv + m. these ratios are not +altered by acth. shifts in the ratio +of free to bound corticosteroids with acth +treatment can be seen, depending on +the initial value of the free corticosteroids. +the administration of 3 u. is enough +and the 5 hr. value is some 70%, related to a +maximal stimulation with 25 u. +.I 440 +.W +4179. reduced estriol excretion in patients +with breast cancer prior to endocrine +therapy +the urinary quotient of estriol/estrone + +estradiol-17b(eq) was measured chemically in +women with and without breast cancer, as an in- +dex of the ratio of noncarcinogenic impeded es- +trogens to mammary carcinogenic estrogens. in +34 controls, the median eq was 1.3 before and 1.2 +after menopause, with only 21% of the patients sub- +normal. in 26 breast cancer patients without endo- +crine treatment or recent surgery, the median eq +was 0.5 and 0.8 respectively, with 62% of the pa- +tients subnormal. after major surgery or hormo- +nal therapy, only 23% of 53 patients were subnor- +mal, no remissions being observed unless the eq +rose toward normal. matching of 24 controls and +patients in pairs by age and ovarian status in the +wilcoxon test indicated that the decreased eq ex- +creted in untreated cancer was significant at the +0.2% confidence level. the marked increase in eq +induced by castration and androgen, estrogen, and +corticosteroid therapy suggests that normaliza- +tion of a precancerous metabolic imbalance be- +tween impeded and active estrogens derived from +ovarian and adrenocortical sources contributed to +arrested growth of estradiol-dependent metastases. +.I 441 +.W +1107. urinary excretion of estrone, +estradiol and estriol by pa- +tients with breast cancer and +benign breast disease +premenopausal patients with breast cancer +and benign breast disease appear to ex- +crete a significantly lower percentage of +the total estrogen as estrone and a signifi- +cantly higher percentage as estriol than +women in the premenopausal control group. +there was no significant difference in the +excretion of total estrogen between cancer +groups and controls in good health. +postmenopausal patients with cancer excreted +higher levels of estriol than postmenopausal +control groups. the increase in estriol +excretion cannot be explained by debilitation. +.I 442 +.W +5323. systemic effects of androgenic +and estrogenic hormones in advanced +breast cancer +the systemic effects of diethylstilbestrol +(45 patients), testosterone propionate +(48 patients), and both hormones (22 patients) +were studied during the treatment +(six weeks to over three months) of advanced +breast cancer in postmenopausal +women. serious complications included +induced hypercalcemia and fluid re- +tention. physiologic effects such as +urinary incontinence (diethylstilbestrol), +virilization (testosterone), or nausea and +vomiting did not necessitate disconti- +nuance of treatment. androgenic therapy +stimulated erythropoiesis. observa- +tions on the systemic reactions to these +hormonal agents definitely contribute to +the evaluation of sex steroid therapy. +.I 443 +.W +3478. the effect of dehydroepiandrosterone +on the 17-hydroxycorti- +costeroids in the plasma in various stages +of cancer and other diseases of +the breast +the reducing effect of dehydroepiandrosterone +on the plasma corticosteroids is +on the average shortened in advanced +(stage iv) cases of breast cancer. in 3 +groups of patients, the lowest corticosteroid +levels were found up to 6 hr. after +infusion of dehydroepiandrosterone-phosphate. +in patients with mastopathy the +effect was still detectable 12 hr. later; in patients +with breast cancer in stage iv the +initial levels were reached at that time. in +cases with stages i and ii lesions, the +findings were intermediate. the shortening +is attributed to a more intensive +transformation of dehydroepiandrosterone in +advanced cases of breast cancer. +.I 444 +.W +5274. urinary excretion of estrone, +estradiol and estriol by patients with +prostatic cancer and benign prostatic +hypertrophy +and hopkins c.e. +urinary estrone, estradiol, and estriol +fractions excreted by 21 patients with +prostatic cancer, 17 patients with benign +hypertrophy, and 59 clinically well +subjects were assayed to determine whether +differences exist. absolute levels of +estrone, estradiol, and estriol fractions were +not significantly different. the +excretion of relatively lower levels of estrone +and estradiol, and relatively higher +levels of estriol by patients with prostatic +cancer compared to clinically well +subjects resulted in significantly lower +proportions of the total estrogen being +excreted as estrone and estradiol. differences in +the proportions of estrogen frac- +tions between patients with benign hypertrophy +and clinically well subjects were +not significant. with the exception of a significantly +higher percentage of the total +estrogen being excreted as estrone by the patients +with benign hypertrophy, +differences between that group and the cancer +group were also not significant. +clinical variations between the 3 groups, and +within the cancer and hypertrophy +groups, preclude assignment of significant +differences to prostatic dystrophies +alone. cancer patients experiencing inanition +due to a loss of appetite excreted +significantly lower levels of estrone than patients +who reported no loss of appetite. +significantly lower levels of estrone were excreted +by patients with benign hyper- +trophy hospitalized 6 days or more compared to +patients hospitalized 5 days or less. +a significantly higher urinary estrone-androsterone +ratio was present in the cancer +group than in the clinically well group. it is not +believed, however, that an arbi- +trary ratio can be used to suggest an internal +estrogen-androgen imbalance. +.I 445 +.W +28029 enzymic synthesis of steroid +sulfates. ii. presence of steroid sulfo- +kinase in human mammary carcinoma +extracts +extracts of human primary and secondary +mammary carcinomas were shown to +contain steroid sulfokinase(s) in every case +examined. examination of normal +breast tissue surrounding the tumors revealed +very weak steroid sulfokinase +activity in some instances. this was thought to +be due to the fibrous nature and +poor cellularity of the normal breast tissue. +normal ovarian tissue specimens, +obtained from cancer patients undergoing +oophorectomy, did not generally +contain the enzyme, but trace levels were detected +in 1 of 5 specimens examined. +steroids, without necessarily showing conversion +to steroid sulfate, were observed +to increase the incorporation of s35-sulfate into +one of the products formed enzy- +mically on incubating breast tissue extracts +with s35-adenosine-3'-phosphate-5'- +phosphosulfate. +.I 446 +.W +3752. steroid excretion in early breast cancer +patients with advanced breast cancer +who subsequently fail to respond to adrenalec- +tomy or hypophysectomy have been +found to excrete abnormal amounts of the +urinary metabolites of androgen and +cortisol. when similar measurements are +carried out on patients with early breast +cancer, it is found that approximately half +the cases presenting for mastectomy are +also excreting abnormal amounts of these +steroids. subsequent follow-up shows that +these cases tend to have a poor progno- +sis, and a trial had therefore been started +in which the abnormality is being cor- +rected. in addition, it seems possible that +the deficiency in adrogen excretion may +precede the onset of the disease. this +problem is being investigated in a trial +involving urinary steroid estimations in +5000 normal women. the measurements +are being compared with the subsequent +development of breast cancer. +.I 447 +.W +2365. the excretion of oestrone, pregnanediol +and pregnanetriol in breast +cancer patients. i. excretion after spontaneous +menopause +the urinary excretion of oestrone, pregnanediol and +pregnanetriol was determined +in a series of postmenopausal breast cancer patients +receiving no endocrine treat- +ment. the steroid excretion was studied +both in relation to the age of the patients +as well as in relation to the time elapsed +since the last menstrual cycle. the results +indicate that after an initial slow decrease +from the age of the menopause onward, +the excretion of oestrone and preganediol +increases again. a new maximum was +found in the group 10-15 yr. after the +menopause. the excretion of pregnanetriol +however, remains relatively constant +after a more rapid fall during the first few +years after the menopause. +.I 448 +.W +2366. the excretion of oestrone, +pregnanediol and pregnanetriol in breast +cancer patients. ii. effect of ovariectomy, +ovarian irradiation and corticos- +teroids. +the urinary excretion of oestrone, +pregnanediol and pregnanetriol was determined +in breast cancer patients at different +stages of their endocrine treatment. the +results demonstrate that corticosteroids +in substitution doses (cortisone 50 mg. daily +or prednisone 10 mg. daily, divided in 4 +daily doses) are very effective in depressing +the excretion of all 3 steroids in postmenopausal +patients. this is in agreement with +the clinical impression that these easily tolerated +small doses of corticosteroids have +the same therapeutic effect as adrenalectomy in +patients with breast cancer. the +results indicate that the ovaries may contribute +to the production of oestrogens for +many years after the menopause, and that this +production is depressed by ovarian +irradiation. this is in agreement with the clinical +observation that ovarian irra- +diation has a therapeutic value in postmenopausal +women with breast cancer. +.I 449 +.W +414. estimation of the urinary +17-ketosteroids in the diagnosis of car- +cinoma of the prostate +in 33 patients with histologically +confirmed carcinoma and in 37 patients with +confirmed benign hyperplasia of the +prostate the amount of neutral 17-ketosteroids +was estimated in 24-hr. samples of +urine. the results revealed that, contrary to +reports in the literature, this diagnostic +method is quite unreliable. raised +17-ketosteroid levels were found also in +a high percentage of control subjects. +moreover, the estimation of 17-ketosteroids +is a very laborious biochemical +method and involves a relatively great +experimental error. +.I 450 +.W +2820. influence of small doses of corticosteroids +on the excretion of pregnanetriol and oestrone +in a series of patients with breast cancer +excretion of oestrone and pregnanetriol +was determined. with administration of +corticosteroids oestrone excretion in +postmenopausal women diminished 67%. +a decrease of pregnanetriol ex- +cretion values was observed as well. evidently +a low oestrone excretion in patients +subjected to corticosteroid therapy is due to a +depression of the adrenal function. +.I 451 +.W +5062. urinary ii-deoxy-17-oxosteroids +in british and japanese women with +reference to the incidence of breast cancer +japanese women excrete more andosterene +(5a) relative to aetiocholanone (5b) +than do british women living in tokyo. the +mean 5a/5b ratio in the former is 1.3 +and in the latter 1.0, and these means differ +significantly. the ratio is markedly +affected by thyroid function, and thyroid +disease has been reported to affect the +incidence of breast cancer which in japan is +only one eighth of that in white women +in north america or great britain. +.I 452 +.W +5318. the plasma 17-ketosteroids and +17-hydrocorticosteroids in women +with breast cancer +in 100 women in the menopause with breast cancer +the mean level of plasma 17- +ketosteroids (17-ks) and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids +(17-ohcs) was significantly +higher than in normal women of equivalent age. +in 67 young women only the +level of the plasma 17-ohcs was significantly higher +than normal. in menopausal +women with breast cancer whether treated or not +there is no correlation between +the level of the plasma 17-ks and that of 17-ohcs. +.I 453 +.W +5319. urinary porter-silber chromogens +following intravenous metho- +pyrapone and acth in patients with breast cancer +urinary porter-silber chromogens have been +measured in 2 groups of patients +with breast cancer before, during and after +intravenous methopyrapone and +acth administration. the control group +consisted of females free of disease +5 years or more following mastectomy while +the study group had documented +metastatic disease. no significant difference in +the urinary porter-silber chromo- +gens was found between the 2 groups on any day +during the course of the study and +were within the range of normal as measured +in this laboratory. it is concluded +that the functional reserve capacity for both +pituitary acth secretion and adreno- +cortical steroidogenesis in patients with +advanced metastatic breast cancer is rela- +tively normal. +.I 454 +.W +2349. amyloidosis in the autopsy material of the pathology department of +tuberculosis institute, warsaw, in 1945-1962 +the autopsy material of the pathology +department of the tuberculosis institute, in +1945-1962, included 1218 postmortem +examinations of patients who died from tuberculo- +sis. in 111 cases tuberculosis was +complicated by amyloidosis. in 1945-1957 amy- +loidosis accounted for 8.7% of the cases; +in 1958-1962 this percentage was 10.8. +there was no difference in the incidence +between men and women, the only difference +between the two sexes was that the peak +tuberculosis fatality curve in men was in +the 40-60 years age group, and that of +amyloidosis at the 20-30 age group, while in +women the greatest number of death from +tuberculosis was in the 20-30 age group, +and from amyloidosis in the 30-40 age group. +.I 455 +.W +766. certain features of the haemogram in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis +complicated by amyloidosis (russian) +regression of amyloidosis in the early stages +seems possible and for this reason +russian clinicians are exploring the possibilities +of finding means of early diagnosis +of this complication. the author studied 300 +complete clinical blood analyses made +in 60 patients, viz. 30 with chronic fibrocavernous +and cirrhotic forms of tb com- +plicated by amyloidosis and 30 with the same forms +of tb without amyloidosis. from +detailed serial study of the haemogram in patients +with pulmonary tb it is possible +to diagnose associated amyloidosis of the internal +organs in its initial stage. the +presence of amyloidosis of the internal organs can +be inferred from the following +changes in the blood picture (a) the appearance of +normochromic and hypochromic +anaemia in patients with various forms of tb (with +the exception of tb of the kidneys, +intestinal tract or larynx, and of caseous lymph +nodes), (b) progressive increase +in the leucocyte count with a neutrophil shift to +the left not corresponding with a +phase of quiescence of the main disease, (c) consistently +high esr in the absence +of an active process, (d) thrombocytosis in the phase of +subsidence of a flare-up, +and also changes in the thrombocytic formula tending +towards the appearance of de- +generative forms and old and mature thrombocytes. +.I 456 +.W +1319. diffuse tracheo-bronchial amyloidosis a rare variant of a protean disease +a patient with diffuse tracheo-bronchial +amyloidosis is described; brief clinical +details supplement those published in a +previous report (prowse,1958) and are +followed by an account of the necropsy +findings and the histological appearances +at the site of amyloid deposition. the +literature is reviewed and arguments are +advanced in favour of a common aetiology +for amyloidosis in all its forms. if this +acts through the immunity mechanism, it is +suggested that variations in the site, +strength, duration, and frequency of the +antigen stimulus and the antibody response +may determine the nature and distribution +of the amyloid deposits. +.I 457 +.W +2091. modern methods of treatment of visceral amyloidosis in patients with +pulmonary tuberculosis (russian) +the immediate and long-term results of +treatment during 1945-1962 of 414 patients +with pulmonary tuberculosis complicated +by amyloidosis were studied. hormonal +(corticosteroid) therapy is the pathogenetic +treatment for visceral amyloidosis and +is indicated in the proteinuric and early +edema-hypotonic phase of amyloidosis when +the functional capacity of the kidneys and +the liver is still adequate. in the azotemic +phase of amyloidosis, hormonal (corticosteroid) +therapy is not indicated, since it +leads to rapid deterioration in the patient's +condition. since hypoxemia is one of the +main factors in the pathogenesis of amyloidosis, +oxygen therapy is rational patho- +genetic therapy for patients with pulmonary +tuberculosis complicated by hypoxemia +and with symptoms of the proteinuric or +edema-hypotonic phase of amyloidosis +(without ascites), in the form of +subcutaneous introduction of oxygen or oxy- +geno-peritoneum. in patients with +pulmonary tuberculosis surgical interven- +tion on account of the main process +is indicated only in the early stages of amyloi- +dosis when pronounced functional +disorders of the kidneys and liver are absent. co- +joint therapy using protein vitamins +(particularly ascorbic acid), hormonal (corticos- +teroid) preparations, oxygen and +desensitizing agents and elimination of all foci of +infection is indicated in treatment +of pulmonary tuberculosis with even the earliest +signs of amyloidosis. +.I 458 +.W +2317. the use of needle biopsy of the liver in the diagnosis of visceral +amyloidosis in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (russian) +the results of 86 puncture biopsies of the +liver in 84 patients with pulmonary tuber- +culosis (55 men and 31 women aged from +18 to 73 yr.) for the purpose of diagnosing +amyloidosis are reported. puncture was +performed when amyloidosis was suspected +on the basis of the case history (destructive +process of more than 2-3 years' duration), +clinical signs in the form of enlargement of +the liver and spleen, edema, changes +in the blood picture and blood protein formula, +and changes in the urine (proteinuria, +cylindruria, isohyposthenuria). amyloidosis +was diagnosed or its presence surmised +before puncture in 23 patients; the puncture +biopsy confirmed the diagnosis in 14 +and refuted it in 9 of them. in 8 patients without +clinical symptoms, amyloidosis +was diagnosed on the basis of the puncture biopsy +alone. in 9 cases with fatal out- +come, the post-mortem findings coincided with +the results of the bioptic puncture. +of the 62 patients in whom amyloidosis was not +detected by biopsy, 31 had moderate +dystrophic changes and 9 had marked dystrophic +changes while in 22 cases no patho- +logical changes were found; 6 of these patients +later developed amyloidosis. these +findings supported the contention that liver +amyloidosis is linked with dystrophic +changes in the epithelial cells. marked +dystrophic changes can precede amyloidosis +or may occur simultaneously with it. moderate +dystrophic changes are quite common +in patients with an exacerbating tuberculous +process in the lungs. the wide applica- +tion of bioptic puncture of the liver in indicated +cases can increase our knowledge +of the morphological changes taking place in the +liver in tb. +.I 459 +.W +2701. the role of certain additional factors in the development of amyloidosis, +and its prophylaxis in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (russian) +in patients with chronic fibrocavernous +tuberculosis of the lungs, any toxic-aller- +gic side reactions to antibacterial therapy, +chronic foci or infection and diseases +with an allergic component can contribute +to the development of amyloidosis. the +early detection and clearing of chronic +foci of infection and effective measures +against even mildly pronounced toxic-allergic +side reactions are of prime impor- +tance in the prevention of amyloidosis. the +unsystematic and prolonged administra- +tion of antibacterial preparations, along with +their toxic side effects, tends to in- +crease the incidence of amyloidosis in patients +with chronic fibrocavernous pulmon- +ary tb. individual constitutional factors are +of great importance in the development +of side effects. side reactions to chemopreparations, +in cases of hypofunction of +the liver and kidneys and autonomic +dysfunction promote the development of dys- +trophic processes, as is confirmed +by the high frequency of toxic-allergic reac- +tions in patients with fibrocavernous +pulmonary tb who later develop amyloidosis. +the administration of desensitizing drugs +to patients showing side reactions there- +fore helps to prevent amyloidosis in cases +of chronic fibrocavernous tb, and chemo- +therapy should be automatically combined +with the administration of desensitizing +and stimulatory drugs in this class of case. +.I 460 +.W +1835. the decrease of the steroids in the urine in the course of lung tb. +(the therapeutic value of their increase after calciferol) +quantitative determination of the urinary +steroids in 38 patients with extensive ul- +cero-caseous pulmonary tb confirmed +that the 17-ketosteroids are always decreased +in these cases. calciferol, in the form +of one ampoule of vit. d2 of 600,000 u. +every 10 days, in combination with active +tuberculostatic drugs, in the majority of +the cases leads to an increase of the +urinary 17-ketosteroids from 50 to 100% in 2 +mth. it appears that the calciferol +exerts its action through proteolysis; it stimulates +the liquefaction and evacuation of the +caseous material. this proteolytic effect is +related to that of the mineralocorticoids, +which are phlogistic and proteolytic sub- +stances. calciferol offers the advantage +over these substances that it does not affect +the electrolytes and is well tolerated by +the organism. for this reason, good results +may be expected from its administration +in cases of extensive pulmonary tb, in +which the myc. tuberculosis has remained +sensitive to the administered tuberculostic +drugs but nevertheless does not proceed +towards recovery because of the marked caseous +lesions. in such cases calciferol treatment +leads to a rapid and pronounced decrease +of the radiological shadows, improves the +general condition and also modifies the +steroid metabolism rendered abnormal by the disease. +.I 461 +.W +1837. development of amylosis in less than 2 months in the course of a primary +tb infection +the case is reported of a previously healthy +young north-african male, in whom +a post-primary ulcero-infiltrative tb in less +than 2 mth. led to the development of +visceral amyloidosis, which could be confirmed +by biopsies of the kidney and liver. +during treatment with antibiotics, +the hepatic amyloidosis regressed parallel with +the improvement of the tb, and the +biological signs of the renal amyloidosis dis- +appeared with the exception of a +pronounced proteinuria, the persistence of which +renders the long-term prognosis highly doubtful. +.I 462 +.W +2216. the relations between lupus erythematosus and diseases of the +lympho-reticular system +a case report of a patient with led +(aged 48 years), who developed secondarily +a lymphoblastic sarcoma. when the +sarcomatous degeneration of the lympho- +reticular system became apparent, +the serological and immuno-hematological tests, +typical for led, were negative. to +interpret the observation, 62 further patients +with lymphogranuloma, lymphosarcoma, +leukemias, other malignant tumors, sar- +coidosis, and tuberculosis were investigated +serologically and immunohematolo- +gically. antinuclear factors were found in +serum of 4 patients with lymphogranulo- +ma, one patient with anaplastic carcinoma, +and one patient with metastasizing +mixed parotid-tumor. the identity of the +antinuclear antibodies with those found in +led could not be proved by different methods. +the importance of certain diseases +of the lympho-reticular system for the production +of antinuclear factors was dis- +cussed. +.I 463 +.W +4417. value and significance of the prednisolone test in diseases of the kidney +twelve normal subjects, 18 cases of +tubulo-interstitial nephropathy, 12 cases of +glomerular nephropathy and 17 cases +of other renal disorders were investigated. +all patients were given a prednisolone +test, with urine culture before and after the +test, and in many instances determination +of the urinary osmolarity; the urinary +sediment was examined with the sternheimer +and malbin staining technique and +with the peroxydase stain to investigate the +urinary cytology. with the criteria +adopted, the test was negative in the normals +and was positive in 61.1% of the cases +of chronic pyelonephritis and in 12.1% of the +remaining cases of unequivocally non- +infectious renal disease. the increase of the +urinary bacterial count after cortico- +steroid administration, and investigation of the +various components of the urinary +sediment also supplied useful diagnostic +information. on the contrary, the stern- +heimer-malbin stain for the urinary +sediment proved of little use. +.I 464 +.W +564. tumoral amyloidosis of the lung +an incidental finding at necropsy on a woman +aged 95 was a tumor-like mass, 8.5 +x 6.5 x 6 cm., in the lower lobe of the left lung. +the detailed structure of this +may suggested angioma of hamartoma; the stroma +and some vessels contained +amyloid. amyloid is not uncommon in the stroma +of tumors. a summary of 17 +tumoral amyloid cases reported by others is included. +.I 465 +.W +7364. experimental amyloidosis in immunity +much of interest in the mechanism of +experimental amyloidosis as a result of the +parenteral introduction of foreign protein +has been centered around the nature of +the links leading to cytological and biochemical +changes in tissues and body fluids. +some of the authors suggested that such links +may be of immunological nature. +there is however, no clear-cut proof either +in favor of or against the theory of an +immunological origin of amyloid. since +injection of proteins during the perinatal +period prevents an immune response when +the animal is subsequently challenged +with the same antigen, the authors studied +amyloidosis caused by casein in mice +treated after birth with this protein. mice +exposed soon after birth to casein ac- +quire an immune tolerance to this antigen. +this was demonstrated by the absence +of circulating antibodies as measured by the +disappearance of i-labeled casein +from the circulation and by means of passive +hemagglutination tests with ascitic +fluids. both tolerant and control animals +developed amyloidosis to the same extent. +the results imply that the pathogenesis of +amyloidosis does not rest upon a classic +immunological basis; they do not exclude +the possibility, that the disease may be +due to some auto-immune process. +.I 466 +.W +3535. electron microscopic study of six cases of human renal amyloidosis +this study is particularly concerned +with (a) the basal membrane in the different +stages; and (b) the intercapillary spaces +in the early stages. the conclusions may +be put as follows (1) the amyloid substance +seems to have a fibrillar structure +from the start. (2) when the walls of the +peripheral capillary loops are thickened +by voluminous amyloid deposits, the +hyaline aspect of the primitive basal membrane +persists, but its structure is altered by +the presence of multiple amyloid fibrils. +(3) on the other hand, in the initial stages, +amyloid fibrils cannot be seen in the +'lamina densa' of the basal membrane; they +only appear on the epithelial and endo- +thelial surfaces of the membrane. this suggests +that amyloidosis represents an +abnormal precipitate of extrinsic origin, rather +than a transformation 'in situ' +of the basal membrane. (4) in the very early stages +of amyloid infiltration into the +glomeruli the fibrillar substance is found first in +the intercapillary spaces, only +later does it reach the peripheral capillary walls. +.I 467 +.W +3544. morphology and development of infectious-toxic affections of the kidneys +in pulmonary tuberculosis (russian) +the kidneys of 75 patients dead from tb of +the lungs and of 30 rabbits with pulmonary +tb were examined. the first lesions develop +in the glomeruli, followed by changes +in the stroma and tubules. infectious-toxic +affection of the kidneys is a complex and +prolonged process involving organic immune +reactions, lymphostasis, venous stasis +and finally nephrosclerosis. infectious-toxic +lesions were found in one third of the patients +who died of pulmonary tb. these changes had +produced clinical manifestations, on the +basis of which the following affections had been +diagnosed nephritis, nephrosis, amyloi- +dosis. antibacterial therapy of the pulmonary +process reduced the renal lesions. how- +ever, severe infectious-toxic affection of the kidneys +may develop after recovery from +pulmonary tb. +.I 468 +.W +3553. diffuse nodular amyloidosis of the lungs +in a 59-year-old man, who 12 yr. previously +had ceased working in an aluminium +factory and who had died from respiratory +insufficiency, the postmortem examination +revealed disseminated nodules in the lungs. +the nodules were sharply defined, of +a greyish color and of a doughy consistency +and could easily be removed from their +capsules. the diagnosis of amyloidosis was +made on the basis of the histological +findings, the staining qualities of the material, +its intraseptal and periarteriolar +localization, and the existence of plasmocytic +infiltrates and foreign-body giant-cell +granulomas. amyloid deposits were also found +in the spleen, kidney and some +coronary branches. in regard to the pathogenesis, +it is suggested that the exposure +to aluminium products for more than 10 yr. might +have constituted a predisposing +factor. +.I 469 +.W +3724. the bacterial induction of homograft sensitivity. ii. effects of +sensitization with staphylococci and other microorganisms +heat-killed strains of staph. aureus and staph. +albus can induce in guinea pigs a +state of altered reactivity to skin homografts +which is indistinguishable from that +which results from sensitization with homologous +tissues or group a streptococci. +challenge of suitably prepared recipients +with 1st-set skin homografts obtained +from unrelated randomly selected donors +elicits white graft reactions or accelera- +ted rejections of such grafts. other bacteria +tested included lancefield streptococcal +groups b, c, d, e, g, h, l, and o, +pneumococcus types ii, iii, xiv and a rough +strain, c. xerosis, b. subtilis, e. coli, +a. aerogenes, s. typhimurium, pr. vul- +garis, n. catarrhalis, h. influenzae, and +2 human virulent strains of myc. tuber- +culosis. none of these microorganisms was +active in the induction of homograft +sensitivity in the guinea pig. pretreatment of +recipients with gram-negative bac- +terial suspensions was associated with a slight +increase in the mean survival time +of 1st-set skin homografts. results of this study +suggest the presence in staphylo- +cocci, as well as in group a streptococci, of antigens +related in their biologic ef- +fects to tissue transplantation antigens. +.I 470 +.W +6590. structure and function of cross-linked dna. i. reversible denaturation and +bacillus subtilis transformation +reaction of nitrous acid with dna +results in covalent linkage of complementary +polynucleotide strands. the resulting +material denatures reversibly and retains +biological activity in bacterial transformation. +.I 471 +.W +4958. the mechanism of messenger-rna replication in bacteria +the transformation of bacillus subtilis +sb25 his-tryp-by two linked genetic mar- +kers under the action of hybrid molecules +of dna was investigated. the molecular +hybrids were obtained by thermal denaturation +and annealing of a mixture of two +dna's, each one extracted from a single +auxotrophic strain (h25 his-and 168 tryp-). +the formation of the heterozygous dna +double helices was proved by special experi- +ments. the transformation procedure +excluded dna synthesis by recipient cells +prior to the formation of enzymes for +histidine and tryptophane synthesis. it was +found that heterozygous molecules of +dna are able to transform in these conditions +the double auxotrophic cells to prototrophic +ones. this means that both strands of +the dna double helix can serve as templates +for the m-rna synthesis. the possi- +bility of a secondary replication of m-rna +outside the chromosome under the action +of rna-polymerases, using rna as a primer, +is discussed. +.I 472 +.W +2567. the molecular basis of histidase induction in bacillus subtilis +bacillus subtilis growing at 37 on +glutamate, as only carbon source, is induced +to form histidase by l-histidine. this +enzyme, converting histidine to urocanic +acid, was isolated in a purified form. +a highly sensitive and convenient assay for +the induced enzyme is described and +applied to show that histidase appears in the +cell 5 min. after addition of the inducer. +histidase-synthesizing capacity appears +after 2 min. and decays exponentially after +addition of actinomycin (an inhibitor +of dna-dependent rna synthesis). the +half-time value of histidase-synthesizing +capacity of 2.4 is high, compared with the +half-time value of messenger rna. +the histidase formation after addition of +actinomycin was not only due to protein +synthesis directed by accumulated m-rna +but also by conversion of an enzymatical- +ly inactive protein, present on the moment +of actinomycin addition and product of +the specific m-rna, to the active enzyme. +the existence of this enzyme pre- +cursor was shown by means of experiments +performed in the presence of chlor- +amphenicof. finally, numerical values for +the steady state of histidase synthesis, +reached 9 min. after addition of the inducer, +are calculated, on the basis of ki- +netics of histidase synthetic capacity, precursor +and enzyme formation the cell +contains sufficient precursor to form +approximately 100 molecules of histidase. +the cell produces approximately 50 +molecules histidase per min. the cell ac- +quires and loses, every minute, the +capacity to make 15 molecules of histidase +per minute. the maximal enzyme +level is 15,000 molecules per cell. +.I 473 +.W +2542. symposium on the fine structure and replication of bacteria and their +parts. ii. bacterial cytoplasm +comparison of the fine structure of the +cytoplasm of the bacterial cell with that of +the 'cell in general' reveals important +differences leading to the conclusion that, in +the bacterial cytoplasm, there is little +differentiation into separate functional en- +tities. there is no nuclear membrane, and +fine fibrils appear to extend from the nucleo- +plasm into the cytoplasm where they may +expand in all directions. the cytoplasm is not +necessarily intersected by membranous +profiles of special configuration, as is borne +out by e. coli b and other gram-negative +organisms. when membranous profiles +of special configuration are present, as +in the gram-positive b. subtilis, these +do not appear differentiated into clearly +definable endoplasmic reticulum, golgi +substance, microbodies, etc., and mitochondria. +as for kinetosomes, the presence +of centrioles is perhaps not very likely. the +experiments in which tellurite is re- +duced in the cells suggest that there are +structures at the base of the flagella with +reductive capacity. however, upon application +of the tetranitro-blue tetrazolium +technic to b. subtilis, these are not stained. +they are presumably identical with +basal granules. the membranous structures +in b. subtilis are called chondrioids +by the author because probably one of their +functions is that they are the sites of +the respiratory enzyme chain. in the +gram-negative p. vulgaris, the probable site +of the respiratory chain has a structure +very different from that in the bacillus; it +is not clear whether membranes are +involved in their structure. morphologically, +even in b. subtilis chondrioids differ +fundamentally from the mitochondria in that +they are not built up from composite +membranes, they are extensions of the plasma +membrane, and they may not be completely +closed systems. regarding this last +point, it was observed that chondrioids may +possibly stand in open connection with +the cell's environment, since its lumen is not +separated from the cell wall by a +plasma membrane. although as yet nothing is +known about this, it does not seem to +be precluded that these membranous organelles +may function also as intracellular +transport systems. contrary to porter's ideas +about er, the chondrioids are not +extensions of a nuclear envelope, but of the +plasma membrane. on the other hand, +they are in the nuclear area, in direct contact +with the nucleoplasm, and therefore, +perhaps, they need not carry in their interior +some dna, as is now becoming known +for ordinary mitochondria. the chromatophore +vesicle is of a simple structure and +in connection with the plasma membrane. it is +covered by a single membrane and +thus resembles the granum disc, but it is much +smaller. in tissue cells, an im- +portant function of the er is the support of protein +synthesis by ribosomes bound +to their surfaces. evidence is now accumulating +that the active complexes for poly- +peptide synthesis in bacteria are also membrane-bound +and are series of 70s ribo- +somes using the same messenger rna molecule. +it remains a contradictory situ- +ation that the particles obtained here through release +of cytoplasm from protoplasts +in diluted, rather crude fixing media, and identified +as ribosomes, could not be +recognized as such in thin sections of the ryter-kellenberger +fixed protoplasts. +this point is much in need of clarification. but +even if the cytoplasm in the thin +sections of the protoplasts is in a state of +dispersion brought about artificially, it +is still apparent from the various micrographs +that basically the cytoplasm is a +network of presumably linear arrays, with many +interconnections due to fibrillar +systems. fibrils from the nucleoplasm penetrate +deeply into the cytoplasm. the +presence of fine fibrils of various thicknesses, +electron densities, and orientations +makes high-resolution study of the cytoplasmic +details an intriguing prospect from +which much fundamental information can be +gained. the organizational pattern on +the ultrastructural level in bacteria reveals +fundamental similarities and divergen- +cies from that in the 'cell in general'. +.I 474 +.W +906. molecular mechanism of genetic recombination in bacterial transformation +the mechanism of dna incorporation into +the recipient cell chromosome was in- +vestigated in a b. subtilis transformation +system. the recipient cells were auxo- +trophic for 2 linked markers. hybrid dna +used for transformation was heterozy- +gous for one of these markers. no differences +in transformation activity were found +when the effect of native and hybrid dna was +compared. according to the authors +this observation is easily explained if we accept +that each of both complementary +strands of the donor dna can be incorporated +into the recipient chromosome with +equal probability. the results on the segregation +of genetic characters in the pro- +geny of transformed cells are also consistent +with the model of independent incorpo- +ration of both dna strands. some calculations +were done on the probability of the +integration of a single dna strand carrying a +particular genetic marker, and on the +probability of recombination leading to double transformants. +.I 475 +.W +1520. multiplication of bacteriophages +the reproduction of bacteriophages requires +the participation of bacterial metabol- +ism. synthesis of the viral protein components +is accomplished by the same me- +chanism as ordinarily produces bacterial +proteins; however, for the synthesis of +nucleic acids (dna or rna) enzymes may +be required which are not present in non- +infected bacteria; their formation is then +induced by the virus itself. the fundamental +biological processes of replication, transcription +and translation are discussed in +this context. +.I 476 +.W +1361. the mechanism of histidase induction and formation in bacillus subtilis +the role of the inducer, l-histidine, in the +synthesis of histidase (l-histidine am- +monia lyase) in b. subtilis was investigated. +it was found that induced cells poisoned +with actinomycin, an inhibitor of rna synthesis, +lose their capacity for the forma- +tion of a protein precursor of histidase at a rate +which is independent of the presence +or absence of the inducer. these results show +that the inducer does not increase +the intracellular level of histidase-specific +messenger rna by preventing the des- +truction of the major portion of this material, +the fraction that is engaged in pro- +tein synthesis. the possibility has not been +excluded that the inducer exerts its +effect by bringing about the stabilization of +the messenger rna that is still attached +to dna or has not yet become attached to +ribosomes. alternatively, the inducer may +actually stimulate the synthesis of +histidase-specific messenger rna. the conver- +sion of the precursor to active enzyme +appears to involve polymerization of mono- +mers, rather than the release of +ribosome-bound inactive enzyme. +.I 477 +.W +1362. the synthesis of phage and host dna in the establishment of lysogeny +a method of extraction is described which +prevents excessive fragmentation of bac- +terial dna. the larger bacterial dna can +then be separated from the phage dna +on sucrose gradients. the relative amounts +of phage and host dna made at various +times during infection of s. typhimurium +with phage p22 leading to lysogeny have +been determined. phage-specific dna +synthesis begins at about 4 min, continues +to increase for 2-4 min, and then decreases +until complete repression is attained +at 16 min. autonomous phage dna synthesis +remains repressed from then on. bac- +teria-specific synthesis proceeds at a +decreasing rate until about 16 min, when +almost complete inhibition is reached. +when dna synthesis recovers in the in- +fected cells, only host-specific material +is made. a new species of dna, which is +made only when phage dna is synthesized, +has been detected. the possible implica- +tions of these findings in the understanding +of the lysogenic interaction is discussed. +.I 478 +.W +438. lag period characterizing the entry of transforming deoxyribonucleic acid +into bacillus subtilis +the kinetics of appearance of transformants +as a function of time of exposure to +dna has been studied. a short lag period +of approximately 1 min at 37 c is evi- +dent when the transformation is terminated +with deoxyribonuclease. the length of +this lag is independent of the genetic trait +transferred. moreover, the lag is unaf- +fected by transforming dna concentration, +by the presence of homologous unmarked +dna, and by shearing and cross-linking of +the transforming dna. the lag shows +a strong inverse temperature dependence. +the energy of activation is 13.9 kcal. +the lag is abolished when the transformation +is terminated by washing instead of +by addition of deoxyribonuclease. these results +are taken to indicate an immediate +adsorption of dna to cells, followed by a +deoxyribonuclease-sensitive period of +1 min, during which time the genetic trait +is entering the cell. these results make +feasible an investigation of the configuration +assumed by the dna molecule during +entry into the cell. +.I 479 +.W +439. configuration of transforming deoxyribonucleic acid during entry into +bacillus subtilis +a correlation was obtained between map +distance and the length of the lag period +preceding the appearance of pairs of genetic +traits after the addition of dna to a +competent culture of b. subtilis. the results +are taken to indicate that dna enters +competent cells in lengthwise fashion. +the smallest length of transforming dna +which can participate in a recombination +event, and the number of nucleotide pairs +which enter the cell per unit time, have +been estimated. the evidence indicates +that only part of the lag period is devoted +to the transport of dna into the cell. +the significance of these results with +respect to the mechanism of entry of dna +into the cell is discussed. +.I 480 +.W +2564. chemical inactivation and reactivation of transforming dna (russian) +the kinetics of the inactivation of linked +and unlinked genetic markers by means +of hno2 or uv light was studied. closely +linked markers are inactivated simul- +taneously, unlinked markers are inactivated +independently. it seems that the +chemical attack on dna impairs a large part +of macromolecule, including many +cistrons. it was shown by genetic experiments +that chemical inactivation prac- +tically does not influence the process of dna +inclusion into competent cells. by +means of viscosity measurements it was +shown that the molecular weight and +macromolecular properties of dna do not +significantly change during chemical +inactivation by means of hno2. two explanations +for the inactivation of trans- +forming activity of dna are discussed (1) structural +deteriorations, preventing +integration of dna molecule into the genome of +recipient cell, or (2) deletion of +a chain unit out of dna chain resulting in wrong +reading of code triplets. it was +previously described in the literature that extensive +inactivation leads to a state +of dna, apparently more resistant than the initial one. +inactivation does not con- +firm to exponential kinetics. the authors discuss the +coding mistake hypothesis +as an explanation for this remarkable fact. extensive +hno2 or uv light action re- +sults in multiple lesions in the dna molecule and +leads to reactivation because +the deletions restore correct reading of the code +in a large part of dna molecule. +on the basis of this explanation reactivation of +chemically injured dna by means +of fusion and annealing with homologous but +genetically inactive dna, or by slight +fragmentation of dna by means of ultrasonic +vibrations may be expected. attempts +to achieve reactivation by both methods gave +positive results. +.I 481 +.W +2565. separation of the transforming and viral deoxyribonucleic acids of a +transducing bacteriophage of bacillus subtilis +the authors used the transducing b. subtilis +phage ps 10 and present the fol- +lowing experimental data dna isolated from +ps 10 is effective for transformation +of competent b. subtilis cells. ps 10 dna is +distinguishable from b. subtilis dna +by its higher density in a cs2so4 gradient and +its lower thermal denaturation +temperature. the transforming activity present +in dna from ps 10 denatures at +a temperature characteristic of b. subtilis dna +rather than of viral dna. the +transforming activity of ps 10 dna bands in a +cs2so4 gradient with bacterial dna. +this data indicated that bacterial dna is +incorporated into phage ps 10 without +being integrated in the viral dna. this incorporated +bacterial dna is involved +in transduction. +.I 482 +.W +2529. repair of damage induced by a monofunctional alkylating agent in a +transformable, ultraviolet-sensitive strain of bacillus subtilis +a uv sensitive, transformable strain of +b. subtilis (uvr-) was unable to carry out +host cell reactivation of the virulent +bacteriophage spo1. the ratio of the slopes +(kuvr-/kuvr+) of the uv inactivation curves +was 6-8 for cells or for whole phage, and 2 +for indole+ transforming dna or for +spo1 phage dna measured in a transforming +system. whole phage inactivated with +nitrogen mustard showed greater survival on +uvr+ cells than on uvr-; there was no such +difference for whole phage inactivated with +methyl methanesulfonate. whole uvr+ cells +recovered from uv induced damage, as +determined by an increase in extractable +transforming activity during a period of +incubation in which net dna synthesis did +not occur. uvr- cells were unable to reco- +ver from uv induced damage but they did +recover from methyl methanesulfonate +induced damage in similar experiments. +density labeled (h2n15) methyl methanesul- +fonate treated uvr+ cells incubated in (h1n14) +medium containing (h3) thymidine show- +ed a 3-fold increase in extractable transforming +activity, with no formation of new +dna molecules as determined by pyknometric +analysis. the repair of damage in- +duced by uv irradiation differs by at least one +step from the repair of damage in- +duced by methyl methanesulfonate. +.I 483 +.W +1451. the biosynthesis of 5-hydroxymethyldeoxyuridylic acid in +bacteriophage-infected bacillus subtilis +when phage e, which contains +5-hydroxymethyluracil in its dna in place of thymine, +infects b. subtilis, enzyme changes +occur in the host organism which can account +for the synthesis of the abnormal base. +deoxycytidylate deaminase increases at +least 90-fold and the product of its action, +deoxyuridylic acid, is converted directly +into the deoxynucleotide of 5-hydroxymethyluracil +by a hydroxymethylase enzyme. +the activity of thymidylate synthetase, which also +uses deoxyuridylic acid as +substrate, decreases rapidly after phage infection. +.I 484 +.W +5574. death anxiety in children with a fatal illness +the author reports studies of a series +of 50 children hospitalized because of fatal +illness due to leukemia or some other +form of cancer. it was postulated that the +younger children would experience +separation anxiety while the older children +would be more likely to experience +death anxiety. in general the hypothesis +was supported by the results of the study. +there was some evidence to indicate that +the younger children perceive death +anxiety but deal with it in more symbolic form. +in older children, it was felt that boys +tended to react to death anxiety by acting out +behavior while girls tended to become depressed. +.I 485 +.W +1209. the theory and practice of the family diagnostic. ii. theoretical +aspects and resident education +family intervention and observation have proved +useful in 3 areas. the 1st of these is observation of the +psychosocial context in the patient. on admission to a +mental hospital the phenomenon of extrusion and separ- +ation from the family is evident, and the need for study +of the interaction between the patient and his family +milieu is vital. the 2nd area where the family inter- +view has a major role is resident education. the tra- +ditional medical education of the ill prepares the stu- +dent for consideration of the multifactorial problems of +emotional disorder in which balances between mem- +bers of a group may be the issue rather than external +pathogenes. the family interview offers a unique point +of observation of factually evident and emotionally con- +vincing group data. in addition to the observation of +family phenomena, mutual understanding of others' +problems is created. finally, the family interview +serves as an instrument for data collection and hypo- +thesis seeking in relating individual psychopathology +to family adaptations. the patient and his family at +the time of admission are dealing with a crisis. some- +times this is traumatic, such as the unexpected loss +of a young marital partner, an unexpected illness, or +a financial reverse. more commonly, however, it is +developmental being a natural part of the life cycle. +characteristically, the developmental task involved +in dealing with the crises has been postponed so that +one does not see the family at the age specific and ap- +propriate time for this task. the crisis emerges dis- +ruptively because of inevitable biological maturation, +personal decision, or social expectation. a primary +concern of the leader is to determine what life task is +being faced. families have a mentally ill member not +merely because they are dealing with the vicissitudes +of life. they are unable to cope with the crisis, be- +cause of the feelings which are aroused. each life cri- +sis leads to a particular constellation of effects in any +given family. these include primarily, sadness, anger, +and guilt, but there may well be specific affective con- +stellations appropriate to different developmental tasks. +the patient's inability to cope with a life crisis is due +to his particular adaptation of a style of dealing with +feelings that is employed by other members of the family. +.I 486 +.W +265. studies in personality. ii. a bio-psychological and experimental +approach to problems of human adaptation in modern society +experimentally determined fixation-ambivalence +measures are related to some anxiety estimates obtain- +ed from a projective test in a group of male adolescents. +it is shown that (1) fixation increases with increase in +corporal injury anxiety when ambivalence is kept con- +stant, (2) ambivalence increases with increase in separa- +tion anxiety when fixation is kept constant, (3) extremely +hetero-fixated subjects show presence of intense guilt +and absence of aggression towards the mother; one ef- +fect of this system of organizers seems to be +suicidal +tendencies, (4) extremely ambivalent subjects have in- +tense separation anxiety; one effect seems to be suicidal +tendencies combined with high ambition and impaired +cognitive capacity. +.I 487 +.W +2837. early indicators of outcome in schizophrenia +the case material of 50 persons who +were seen at a child guidance center in child- +hood or adolescence and were later +hospitalized with schizophrenia were examined +intensively. the study concentrated +especially on the differences associated with +chronicity vs. hospital release. the +following 12 factors were significantly related +to chronicity (1) psychotic or schizoid +pathology in the mothering person, (2) no se- +paration of any kind from the pathogenic +families, (3) pre-illness history of poor so- +cial and sexual adjustment, (4) failure +to continue in treatment (during childhood) +for at least 3 mth., (5) less acting out +in the community, (6) neither disorientation +nor confusion on admission, (7) no +symptoms of depressive psychosis, (8) premor- +bid schizoid personality, (9) no clear +precipitating events, (10) no concern with dying +during the acute phase of the illness, +(11) length of onset over 6 mth., and (12) schi- +zophrenic reaction in patients' heredity. +items 1, 2, and 5 were derived from early +life history data and are thought to be +new to the literature of prognosis in schizo- +phrenia. the remaining 8 factors can be +scored from hospital data alone, and have +been cited in previous prognostic studies. +.I 488 +.W +4854. on the formation of object-relations and identifications of the +kibbutz child +some of the issues relevant to the early +stages of object relation formation and +identification of kibbutz children are +discussed. for this purpose the child rearing +milieu of the kibbutz child is described +and some clinical illustrations are given. +the relationship to the mother is seen +as the main object-relation and those to the +educators as transient-interchangeable +need-satisfying relationships. on the basis +of retrospective analytical material it +appears that in the course of development +the two relations as well as the two +respective, originally distinct, object represen- +tations are synthetised into one. the +conditions of communal education, character- +ised by double object-relation formation +from birth on, are seen as factors that in- +tensify the 'normative crisis of infancy', +especially the transition from the symbio- +tic to the separation-individuation stage +of object-relation development. +.I 489 +.W +4846. the meaning of crying +the multiple meanings of crying are +reviewed and, in particular, stress is laid +on tears as a response to some type of separation loss. +.I 490 +.W +2953. the death of a parent +in the case of depressive illnesses the death +of either parent prior to the child reach- +ing the age of 15 seemed to be correlated +as a significant contributory factor. with +this exception, statistical studies suggest +that it is the death of a mother in the first +7 yr. of a child's life, as opposed to that +of a father, that is potentially an etiologi- +cal factor for the future development of +psychoses, delinquency and psychoneuroses. +the case histories of 6 boys who had lost +their fathers were given. in each instance +there was distinct evidence that the psychological +symptoms and behavioral disturb- +ances were to be attributed in large measure +to the effect of the death upon the child, +and that in some cases the symptom choice was +to be correlated with specific cir- +cumstances surrounding the death of the father. +in some cases it was the unresolved +grief reaction in the mother which helped to +perpetuate the disorder in the child. re- +solution of this in the mother during therapy +led to improvement in the child's func- +tioning. in other instances improvement +occurred especially when the child ceased +to be preoccupied with a close identification +with the dead father. those boys who +were involved most closely in their mother's +grief reactions were the ones who were +most disturbed. the brief treatment given +these boys and their mothers appeared +to be responsible for the considerable +amelioration of symptoms that resulted. ther- +apeutic intervention is worthwhile, +especially in those instances where there is an +unresolved grief reaction in the mother. +.I 491 +.W +1848. the child's concept of death +in this translation of a paper, which first +appeared in 1912, it is shown, according +to freud, how far a child's appreciation +of being dead differs from its true signifi- +cance. death means a reversible decrease +in life functions, that can be interrupted +at any time, like sleep. at other times it +may mean a temporary separation; but +always it is in man's power to change it. +in this concept, the child's unconscious +finds license for his sadism. cruelty to +animals and death wishes against persons +close to him appear, in overcompensation, as +exaggerated pity for dead creatures +and the belief in man's power over life and death. +.I 492 +.W +1849. mother child interaction during separation individuation +after a stage of normal autism during the +1st weeks of extrauterine life, the infant +passes into a symbiotic phase, gradually +emerging from this stage of dual unity at +the end of the 5th mth and during the 6th mth. +just before this, the next phase +separation individuation begins. four +characteristic subphases of this separation +individuation process are described +differentiation, the practicing period, association +and a stage, characterized by unfolding +of complex cognitive functions. the relation +of mother and child throughout these +subphases are studied and illustrated by clinical +material. a poor relation between mother +and child in 1 subphase does not necessarily +or usually preclude impressive changes +for the better in the next subphase. +.I 493 +.W +2736. the emotional needs of children in hospital +hospitalization of a child for physical +reasons brings with it separation from pa- +rents, siblings and familiar surroundings, +as well as the probability of subjection +to frightening and painful procedures. +unless steps are taken to prevent or modify +the resultant stress, behavioral +disturbances may arise and may result in per- +manent damage to the developing personality. +.I 494 +.W +2906. early childhood separations +every child in this long-term study of child +rearing showed significant reactions to +ordinary separations by about 1 yr. of age. +the similar pattern of response in this +group of children suggests a biologically +determined cause. the clinging reaction +appeared when the child became mobile and +able to move away from his mother re- +gardless of the frequency or duration of his +separations. the majority of the mothers +did not understand this natural phenomenon +and regarded the clinging and crying of +the 1-year-old as evidence of spoiled or +regressed behavior. the pediatrician can +be helpful to a mother by anticipating and +explaining separation responses, by indi- +cating their universality, and by giving +specific recommendations for gradual changes +to modify these reactions. +.I 495 +.W +9787. changes in developmental quotient under two conditions of maternal +separation. +developmental scales were +administered to 2 groups of infants during and sub- +sequent to a temporary period of institutionalization. +although both groups experienced maternal separa- +tion, only 1 group was subjected to deprivation, in +that it received very much less stimulation than the +other. results from a longitudinal testing program +show that the scores of the deprived group during +the period of separation were significantly lower than +those of the nondeprived group, no progressive de- +terioration of scores took place in the course of +institutionalization, immediately following return +home, while the scores of the nondeprived group re- +mained constant, those of the deprived infants jumped +to the level of the other group. 3 theories regarding +the mechanism underlying the association between +deprivation and developmental retardation are exam- +ined and it is suggested that an explanation in moti- +vational terms best fits the results obtained. +.I 496 +.W +1808. separation anxiety a factor in the object relations of +schizophrenic patients. +the thesis is advanced that +special vulnerability to separation anxiety is a crucial +factor in the schizophrenic's difficulty in establishing +and maintaining satisfactory interpersonal relationships. +2 major reasons for this are lack of autonomy and lack +of object constancy. without a stable autonomous +capacity for self-regulation and adaptation, he is inordi- +nately dependent upon others for help, protection, and +direction. without object constancy, he is unable to +maintain a stable representation of the needed person in +the latter's absence. evidence is presented from the +intensive psychotherapy of schizophrenic patients. +many of the vicissitudes of the doctor-patient relation- +ship center about the patient's separation anxiety and +his attempted defenses against it. these include clinging, +perceptual and cognitive distortions designed to deny +separation, and recourse to substitute objects. promi- +nent in many of these efforts is the attempt to reverse +passive victimization into active mastery. the practical +implications of this thesis for the treatment of schiz- +ophrenic patients are discussed. +.I 497 +.W +9101. separation experiences and health records in a group of normal adults. +about 25% of 455 ostensibly normal ss +reported a recent "separation experience" as defined +in this study. the frequency of visits to the dis- +pensary for symptomatic complaints was not signifi- +cantly higher among those who reported separation +than among those who did not. the data suggest +that an apparent association between relatively high +cornell medical index score and history of separation +experience may be understandable in terms of a cause- +effect relationship between separation experience and illness. +.I 498 +.W +11306. separation and attempted suicide. +of 3 groups of psychiatric patients-at- +tempted suicides, those with suicidal urges, and non- +suicides-there were significantly more attempted +suicides among patients with a history of childhood and +antecedent separation than controls. in childhood the +significant difference was found primarily in the period +from birth to 7 yr. there was no significant interaction +between childhood and antecendent separation and +suicide attempt or suicide urge. +.I 499 +.W +1463. investigations of lens protein and microelectrophoresis of +hydrosoluble protein in senile cataract +the investigations on lens protein and +on agar-microelectrophoresis of hydro- +soluble protein in normal lenses and in those affected with senile cataract re- +vealed the following facts (1) in opaque +lenses, a diminution of the total protein +and the soluble protein takes place, as +well as an increase in the amount of in- +soluble protein. the decrease in the +quantity of soluble protein is higher than the +increase of insoluble protein which does +not only point to a transformation of the +soluble protein into the insoluble variety, +but also to the disappearance of a protein +fraction from the lens. changes in the +quantity of soluble protein are accompanied +by the decrease of protein in slow fractions +of the electropherogram and even by +the disappearance of these fractions and +the increase of the amount of protein in +fractions of medium velocity. with the +development of cataract and the mature +phase of cataract, all these processes +become more and more distinct. in this +respect, a strong parallelism exists between +the protein changes and the clinical +picture of senile cataract. (2) qualitative +and quantitative changes which occur in +the protein of normal lenses with advancing +age show a character similar to those +in senile cataract, however, they are less +pronounced. in this instance, the de- +crease in the quantity of soluble protein is +likewise closely associated with the +diminution of the protein content in the slow +fractions of the electropherogram. +(3) the changes in the soluble protein content +of the lens and the alterations of +the protein amounts in the slow fractions which +always accompany the former, +play the principal role in the aging process +of the lens and in the development of +senile cataract. (4) the investigations +seem to indicate that the aging processes, +of lenses as well as the development of +senile cataract are of a similar character, +but of different intensity. (5) undoubtedly, +the processes of transition from slow +fractions of soluble protein into faster ones +and the transformation of part of the +soluble protein into insoluble protein which is +likely to be associated with these +processes as well as the partial disappearance +of total protein from the lens seem +to play a very important part in the mechanisms +pertaining to the development +of cataract. +.I 500 +.W +1949. studies on the soluble proteins of bovine lens. immuno- +chemical analyses of protein fractions +the lyophilized soluble lens proteins +were dissolved in 0.005 m phosphate buffer +at ph 6.8 and the solution was subjected to +column chromatography on deae (die- +thylamino ethyl) cellulose. elution was +accomplished by changing the ph and ionic +strength of the eluting buffer. the components +were fractionated by stepwise elu- +tion. the lens proteins were separated into +17 fractions by column chromatogra- +phy. these fractions were compared with +a, b and y crystallines for electrophore- +tic mobility, and the antigenic purity of each +fraction was examined immunochemi- +cally. the results showed that while the +fractions were not completely pure they +were purer than the a, b and y crystalline +fractions, and that f-1-a, b, c and d +corresponded to y crystalline, while +f-2-a, b, c, d, e and f corresponded to b +crystalline and f-3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and +9 to a crystalline. +.I 501 +.W +3107. studies on y-crystallin from calf lens. ii. purification and +some properties of the main protein components +four proteins belonging to the y-crystallin group +were purified by chromatography +on sulphoethyl-sephadex and phosphate-cellulose +columns. the proteins were homo- +geneous in gel and immunoelectrophoresis +experiments and could be crystallized. +their molecular weights, n-terminal amino +acid sequences and antigenic structures +were all similar, but their amino acid +compositions and the sulphydryl groups con- +tained showed certain dissimilarities. it +is probable that the 4 proteins possess +small differences in their primary structure, +which are not associated with the +antigenic sites and which may have arisen +from mutations during evolution. +.I 502 +.W +3105. studies on the subunits of a-crystallin and their recombi- +nation +earlier investigations have shown that, in +the presence of high concentrations of +urea, a-crystallin from bovine lens is split +into a number of subunits with apparent- +ly different electrophoretic mobilities but +similar molecular weights. the recom- +bination of these subunits after removal of +the urea has been studied by ultracentri- +fugation and immunoprecipitation techniques. +it was found that maximal recombina- +tion was obtained when the ionic strength +during the removal of the urea was high +(>0.2), whereas at low ionic strengths a +molecule with only half the molecular weight +of native a-crystallin and a much lower +sedimentation coefficient was obtained. a +complete recovery of the structure of +native a-crystallin was never obtained, even +at high ionic strengths, as was evident +from electrophoretic and quantitative preci- +pitin analyses. the subunits were +fractionated by chromatography on deae-cellu- +lose in the presence of 7 m urea. +the purification was followed by polyacrylamide- +gel electrophoresis. after removal of +the urea at high ionic strength, 2 of the +fractions obtained showed reactions of +only partial identity with native a-crystallin +in immunodiffusion tests, but all other +fractions showed complete identity. the +differences in the electrophoretic +mobilities of the fractions in the presence of +urea persisted after removal of the urea. +all fractions had much higher sedimen- +tation coefficients in the absence of urea +than in its presence, although the values +for urea-treated unfractionated a-crystallin +obtained after removal of the urea +were not reached even at high ionic strengths. +the amino acid composition of the +fractions was found to differ. these +observations suggest that a-crystallin is com- +posed of a number of chemically different, +but related, subunits of approximately +the same size, which are bound together +by nonspecific, noncovalent bonds, pos- +sibly hydrophobic bonds. moreover, +when isolated, these subunits have the ability +to associate and form molecules of +high molecular weight. +.I 503 +.W +3106. fractionation of b-crystallin from calf lens by gel fil- +tration +b-crystallin was isolated from calf lenses +by a combination of gel filtration on +sephadex g-75 and vertical-column zone +electrophoresis. it was subdivided into +4 fractions by subsequent gel filtration on +dextran gels with low cross-linkage. +each fraction showed only 1 major peak in +the ultracentrifuge, the sedimentation +coefficients of which were 13.6, 9.6, 4.9 and +4.2 s for fractions i-iv, respectively. +however, all 4 fractions contained some +additional minor components, as revealed +by sedimentation and immunoelectrophoretic +analyses. the fractionation procedure +may be of value as a first step in the isolation +of individual proteins of the b-crystal- +lin group. +.I 504 +.W +195. properties of a cold-precipitable protein fraction in the +lens +a soluble protein fraction which precipitates +in aqueous solutions at temperatures +below 10 c has been isolated from the rat +lens. this fraction appears to be re- +sponsible for the reversible 'cold cataract' +which has been seen to develop when +young mammals are exposed to temperatures +below 10 c. as the rat ages, the +concentration of this protein fraction +decreases, but the fraction does not com- +pletely disappear, even from the lenses +of 3-year-old rats. although the molecular +species comprising this fraction appear to +be homogeneous in the ultracentrifuge, +disc electrophoresis and immunodiffusion +have shown that they are a heterogeneous +mixture of a-, b- and y-crystallin subunits. +the ability of the cold-precipitable +protein (ccp) fraction to precipitate in the +cold depends upon its concentration and +the ionic strength and ph of the solvent. in +solutions of ph 4.0, some aggregation +of the 4 s cpp occurs to form a 17 s component, +which no longer precipitates in +the cold. the ability of this protein fraction to +precipitate in the cold may depend +on hydrophobic bonding and its influence on the +conformation of the protein. +.I 505 +.W +773. the effect of radiation on lenticular epithelial enzymes +in young rabbits +the mitochondrial fraction and the soluble +fraction of the epithelial cells of the lens +from 6-week-old new zealand white male +rabbits, exposed to 800 r of whole-head +x-irradiation, were evaluated for glucose +6-phosphate dehydrogenase, isocitrate +dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, +glutathione reductase, glyceraldehydephos- +phate dehydrogenase, purine nucleoside +phosphorylase, nadph2 diaphorase, and +nadh2 cytochrome c reductase activities. +increased enzyme activities were noted +in the irradiated lenticular tissues for +purine nucleoside phosphorylase, nadph2 +diaphorase and nadh2 cytochrome c +reductase. decreased activities for glucose +6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malate +dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase and gly- +ceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase +were observed in the lenticular tissues of ir- +radiated animals. the activity of isocitrate +dehydrogenase was the same in the ir- +radiated and in the control animals. +.I 506 +.W +465. conversion of a-crystallin of bovine lens into insoluble +protein in vitro +a-crystallin can be converted into an insoluble +form by treatment with alloxan and +to a very small extent with iodoacetate. +other reagents such as hcl, naoh, reduced +glutathione, hydrogen peroxide, +mercaptoethanol, were not able to convert a-crys- +tallin into an insoluble form. the +alloxan treated insoluble a-crystallin could be made +soluble by treatment with 7 m urea. +the product thus made soluble had the same +electrophoretic mobility as a-crystallin, +but showed cross reaction with a-crystallin +in ouchterlony plate and did not have +proteolytic activity. alloxan was effective in +producing cataract of rabbit lens when very +small amounts were injected into the +aqueous. +.I 507 +.W +1972. structural studies of a-crystallin +a-crystallin has been isolated from the cortex +of ox lens by isoelectric precipitation +followed by chromatography on deae-cellulose. +the amino acid composition is in +agreement with that reported for a-crystallin +prepared by a different method. there +is one thiol group/20,000g. of protein +(20,000 is the order of magnitude of the sub- +unit molecular weight), and disulphide +bonds are absent. the thiol group has been +alkylated with radioactive iodoacetate +in the presence of urea. partial acid hydroly- +sis of the alkylated protein gives, +according to the conditions, mainly 3 radioactive +peptides or nearly exclusively one +radioactive dipeptide. the dipeptide is n-seryl- +(s-carboxymethyl) cysteine, ser-cmcys. +the 2 other peptides are probably the tri- +peptides related to ser-cmcys. the +simplest interpretation of these results is that +the sequence around the cysteine residue +is a common structural feature of the sub- +units of a-crystallin. +.I 508 +.W +1751. on the subunits of a-crystallin +a-crystallin was isolated from total +water-soluble lens extract by preparative zone +electrophoresis on starch or pevikon +c870 blocks and purified by density gradient +centrifugation and sephadex chromatography. +these preparations were treated with +urea or sodium dodecyl sulphate and +submitted to electrophoresis on polyacrylamide +gels containing either urea or sodium +dodecyl sulphate. whereas in 7 m urea a large +number of zones was detected, only +three bands were observed in 1% sodium dodecyl +sulphate. on the other hand, the +sedimentation coefficient had the same value in both +media. the authors re-investigated the +n-terminal amino acid content in the starch block +preparations and compared the result +with that obtained from the preparations isolated +according to their new procedure. the +concentration of dinitrophenyl-glutamic acid +was lower in the purified samples. +urea-treated samples had the same concentration +of n-terminal glutamic acid whereas +the concentration of the 'trace' end-groups did +not change. sedimentation-diffusion +equilibrium in the analytical ultracentrifuge +revealed a slight heterogeneity in the +purified samples. electron micrographs of +electrophoretic and of further purified +samples were very similar. at neutral or +slightly alkaline ph they showed almost +uniform spherical aggregates in which a +substructure was observed. at acid ph, +coiled filaments rather than small globules +could be demonstrated. +.I 509 +.W +1752. separation of the soluble proteins of bovine lenses on +polyacrylamide gels +the soluble proteins of bovine lenses were +separated by gel filtration on polyacryl- +amide gels. the presence of ethylenediaminetetra- +acetate in the buffer was found +to be essential for achieving a good separation +of the lens homogenate into four +fractions - a, b, c and d. ultracentrifugal, +electrophoretic and immunochemical +analyses were used to compare these fractions +with the soluble crystallin fractions +of the lens. fraction a was compared +with a-crystallin, fractions b and c with +b-crystallin and fraction d with y-crystallin. +the distribution of these four protein +fractions in the nuclear and cortical parts +of calf and cow lenses was determined. +the oxidation-sensitive protein fraction of +the calf lenses was separated from +fraction b on an se-sephadex column. +.I 510 +.W +1745. the deaggregation of bovine lens a-crystallin +sedimentation equilibrium studies of lens +a-crystallin at neutral ph indicate that +this material is composed of a number +of different sized species. a study of the +effect of alkali upon a-crystallin indicates +a progressive deaggregation of the ma- +terial with increasing ph. sedimentation +equilibrium studies were performed at ph +12.8 as well as in guanidine hydrochloride, +7 m urea, and with succinylated material. +under all of these conditions a molecular +heterogeneity was observed. the data +indicate that independent species coexisted +under most dissociating conditions. the +weight average molecular weights of the +succinylated, and of the alkali-, urea-, +and guanidine hydrochloride-treated +material were found to have an integral relation- +ship of 8 4 2 1, respectively. since a +constant ratio of m2 mw was found, it was +concluded that the same spread of +distribution of molecular species occurred for +each of the deaggregating conditions. +the results in guanidine hydrochloride could +not be evaluated in this manner because +of a small concentration dependence. these +conclusions imply that not only the +weight average molecular weight in 7 m urea +but the actual molecular weight of +each individual species in urea was one-half of +the value to be found in alkali and +one-quarter that of the succinylated material. +.I 511 +.W +1747. the problem of albuminoid +albuminoid is the main constituent of the +insoluble fraction of the lens proteins. +albuminoid from the cortex of ox lens has +been fractionated on deae-cellulose in +7 m urea; peptide maps of the fractions +are very similar to those from the corre- +sponding fractions from a-crystallin. +albuminoid can be regarded as an insoluble +a-crystallin. an undiluted ground lens +is clear but becomes turbid on dilution. if +albuminoid is present in the normal lens, +it does not cause turbidity even when the +cellular structure is disrupted. it is +perhaps more likely that the albuminoid is +formed on dilution of the lens mush. +the high concentration of proteins in the lens, +especially in the nucleus, entails a high +degree of order, which will be destroyed +on dilution this phenomenon may well be +connected with the precipitation of the +albuminoid. +.I 512 +.W +787. further autoradiographic studies of the lens epithelium. +normal and x-irradiated rat eyes +cell proliferation and migration in +the lens epithelium of normal and x-irradiated +rat eyes were studied by means of +autoradiography after labelling with tritiated +thymidine. cells of the normal lens +epithelium require 16 hr. to pass from the +beginning of the synthesizing period +to the completion of mitosis. this interval is +partitioned as follows s period, +approximately 10 hr.; g2, slightly less than 5 hr; +and mitosis, 72 min. following division, +labelled daughter cells migrate from the +germinative zone to the postequatorial +rows, and by 2 weeks after tracer injection +many radioactive nuclei are found in the +lens bow. epithelial cells irradiated while +in the dna synthesis phase undergo +degeneration beginning approximately 8 hr. +after exposure. the onset of cell death +corresponds to the time at which these cells +would normally be preparing for mitosis +indicating that they die in abortive divisions. +a small percentage of the originally +labelled cells survived until 3 days after irradi- +ation, but by 2 weeks this number fell +almost to zero. the loss of radioactive cells +occurred most rapidly in the equatorial zone. +.I 513 +.W +2627. chicken lens development epithelial cell production and +migration +in the earliest stages of chicken lens +development, cell division occurred over the +entire lens. cell division first stopped +in the posterior side of the lens vesicle, as +the cells differentiated into primary lens +fibers. after the annular pad developed, +cell division occurred, for the most part, +in the anterior surface epithelial cells. +shortly after hatching and thereafter, a +germinative zone, consisting of a narrow +band of epithelial cells adjacent to the +annular pad developed. the cells from the +germinative zone migrated slowly and +differentiated first into annular pad cells and +then into lens cortex fibers over an +estimated 2-year period. this slow migration +of cells in the lens is discussed in +relation to the failure of the adult chicken to de- +velop radiation cataracts. +.I 514 +.W +1494. selenium content of fish flour in relation to kwashiorkor and dental +caries +the fact that fish flour was shown to be a rich source of +dietary selenium (169 p.p.m. may have important implications (i.e. deleterious +effect on teeth) in the treatment and prevention of protein malnutrition. it +indicates that some disease syndromes in man may be a manifestation of selenium +deficiency. it is recommended that the role played by selenium in protein +malnutrition should be given serious consideration by research workers. +.I 515 +.W +2192. selenium content of fresh eggs +during a study of effects of traces of se on dental caries the authors +determined this element in eggs. whole egg contains appreciable +amounts of se; this is found chiefly in the yolk (mean value 0.324 +0.039 p.p.m.) with only 0.051 0.029 p.p.m. in the white. +.I 516 +.W +1541. selenium content of human milk possible effect on dental caries +selenium appears to be a factor capable of increasing susceptibility to +dental caries in children and rats. in an area considered to be +nonseleniferous, milk collected from 15 mothers (17-44 yr. old) of low +socio-economic class had a mean selenium content of 0.021 p.p.m. +(standard error 0.003). +.I 517 +.W +1577. mode of action of selenium in relation to biological activity of +tocopherols +dietary selenium at levels below 1 ppm has a partially beneficial effect +upon nutritional muscular dystrophy but is ineffective or detrimental +at higher levels. the role of selenium in improving the effectiveness of +vitamin e is due at least in part to the fact that dietary selenium increases +the retention of the a-tocopherols, especially d-a-tocopherol. this has been +shown by chemical determination of plasma tocopherols and also by tracing the +activities of tritiated tocopherols and selenium75 in serum and in various +fractions of serum proteins in chicks receiving these nutrients alone and in +combination. se75 and h3-a-tocopherol activities followed each other very +closely in the serum proteins. these studies indicated that vitamin e may be +carried by a selenolipoprotein fraction associated with serum y-globulin. thus, +one biological role of selenium appears to lie in a selenium-containing +compound which acts as a carrier of vitamin e and which may function in +absorption, retention, prevention of destruction, and perhaps transfer across +cell membranes of d-a-tocopherol, thereby enhancing its biological activity +in the blood and perhaps in cells throughout the body. +.I 518 +.W +3123. effect of sodium selenate on acute poisoning with thallium +experiments were performed on wistar rats weighing 150-200 g. thallium was ad- +ministered s.c. in doses of 20 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg. sodium selenate was +given per os in doses of 10 mg/kg 2 hr after poisoning and 5 mg/kg daily +for the next 2 days. results indicate that sodium selenate protects the +animals from death. it binds the thallium ions and increases their deposition +in organs. comparison of the level of thallium in organs of treated rats +shows that selenate increases in liver by 290.6%, in kidneys by 326.8% and in +bones by 210.0%. no influence of selenate on excretion of thallium in the +urine was found, but fecal excretion of thallium increased by an average of +45% of the treated animals. +.I 519 +.W +2281. inhibition of active transport of sugars through rat intestine in vitro. +ii. action of mepacrine, atractyloside and selenite +it is shown that mepacrine, atractyloside and selenite, which had been regarded +as inhibitors of intestinal absorption of glucose, are inhibitors of active +transport of sugars in sacs of everted jejunum of rat (wilson and wiseman's +method). mepacrine 5 x 10 -3 m and 10 -2 m inhibit, by 85% and 100% +respectively, the active transport of galactose. with atractyloside 10 -5 m +and 10 -3 m, the inhibitions were 77% and 100% and, with selenite 10 -4 m and +10 -3 m, about 70%. in general the inhibitors are effective within orders of +magnitude which are similar in vivo and in vitro. atractyloside is rather more +effective in vitro than in vivo, and mepacrine rather less. it is easier to +achieve total inhibitions of the active transport of sugars in vitro than of +intestinal absorption from isotonic solutions in vivo. +.I 520 +.W +2284. analogs parasympathetic neuroeffectors. ii. comparative pharmacological +studies of acetylcholine, its thio and seleno analogs, and their hydrolysis +products +acetylthiocholine and acetylselenocholine exert acetylcholine-like effects on +the guinea-pig ileum and frog rectus abdominis preparations. with the +latter preparation, responses to acetylthiocholine and acetylselenocholine, +in contrast to that to acetylcholine, are not enhanced by the addition of an +anticholinesterase. this is attributable to the relatively high activity of +the hydrolysis products, cholinethiol and cholineselenol; acetylthiocholine +and acetyselenocholine undergo enzymatic hydrolysis at approximately the same +rate as does acetylcholine. the hydrolysis products of acetylthiocholine and +acetylselenocholine, which have effects on the guinea-pig ileum comparable +to those of the parent esters, are readily oxidized in air to the relatively +inactive choline disulfide and choline diselenide, respectively. these +observations are helpful in explaining many of the apparently contradictory +statements in the literature regarding the actions of acetylthiocholine. +.I 521 +.W +3604. cytotoxicity of organophosphorus compounds. comparative activities of +trimethyl derivatives of thiophosphoric and selenophosphoric acids on vegetable +(pisum root) and human (hela) cells +of the 4 compounds studied, the seleno compounds were more cytotoxic for +hela cells than their thio analogues, whereas the activities on pisum +root cells were equal. the parent phosphoric acid derivatives have a +wider activity range on hela cells than the seleno and thio derivatives. +further studies are in progress. +.I 522 +.W +3640. poisoning with sodium selenite +chronic poisoning with na selenite (in the drinking water) causes hepatic +cirrhosis, usually of atrophic type, in rats. in rabbits there seems to be a +definite diabetogenic action, while attempts to demonstrate such action in +dogs have so far given inconclusive results. the difference between these +2 species is perhaps due to the technique used (different spacing of injections +for practical reasons). the action of selenite on the pancreas is discussed +and it is pointed out that se can replace s in sh groups, thus rendering the +latter ineffective. both in effects on the liver and in those on the pancreas +se seems to resemble alloxan. +.I 523 +.W +2552. the tissue distribution of se75 -selenouracil and se75 -selenourea +when selenium analogues of thiouracil and thiourea labelled with se75 were +injected into rabbits, high radioactivity appeared in lung, liver and kidney. +the animal's lungs could be visualised by photoscanning, but quality was +poor, and neither compound is recommended for trial for lung or +adrenal scanning in man. +.I 524 +.W +1142. sodium selenate toxicosis pathology and pathogenesis of sodium +selenate toxicosis in sheep +the pathogenesis of selenium toxicosis was studied in 30 ewes fed subtoxic to +toxic levels of sodium selenate for 1 to 5 mth. seventeen of the 30 died of +selenium toxicosis. the most severe and consistent pathologic changes were +found in the myocardium and lungs. myocardial alterations were focal to +diffuse degeneration, necrosis and early replacement fibrosis. pulmonary +changes, consisting of edema and interstitial hemorrhages, were typical of the +degenerative processes which characterize passive congestion of the lungs +resulting from left ventricular insufficiency. atrophy of lymphoid centers +in the spleen and lymph nodes was common. degenerative changes were +occasionally found in liver, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract. +.I 525 +.W +1143. sodium selenate toxicosis the distribution of selenium within the body +after prolonged feeding of toxic quantities of sodium selenate to sheep +the distribution of selenium in the body tissues of adult sheep fed subtoxic to +toxic quantities of sodium selenate daily for 1 to 5 mth. varied with the +tissue +type and with the level and duration of selenium consumption. selenium +concentration was highest in the liver, followed by (in descending order) +the kidneys, lungs, spleen, myocardium, skeletal muscles, and brain. +.I 526 +.W +1172. studies on selenium toxicity and chondroitin sulfate and taurine +biosynthesis in the chick embryo +fourteen-day-old chick embryos were used in in vivo experiments. a toxic +selenite treatment did not cause a reduction in the extent of sulfate-s +incorporation into chondroitin sulfate or into taurine or a reduction in the +observed tissue levels of these metabolites. rather, the taurine level was +significantly greater with the embryos which received selenium. the extent of +the incorporation of selenite-se into the metabolites was low or not +significant. +.I 527 +.W +843. reactions of seleno- and sulfoamino acids with hydroperoxides +reactions of methionine, cystine and their selenium analogues with +hydrogen peroxide and organic peroxides have been studied. methionine reacts +most rapidly with hydrogen peroxide but selenocystine causes the most +decomposition; both react much more slowly with organic peroxides. the results +suggest that selenocystine may act as a biological antioxidant. +.I 528 +.W +2127. selenium toxicity in domestic animals +the article, with an extensive bibliography, is a compendium of available +information on selenium toxicity in domestic animals. literature reveals +evidence of organically bound se being more biologically active, when given +orally to domestic animals, than inorganic se salts. there is also variation +in toxicity of organic se analogs. when exposed to ruminal digestion, there is +considerable reduction of se salts to the relatively biologically inactive +elemental se; which may result in fecal excretion of se, as such, to as much +as 40% of a single oral dose. fluorine, molybdenum, chromium, vanadium, +cadmium, zinc, cobalt, nickel and uranium increase se toxicity. arsenic and +tungsten give some protection against it. bromobenzene, benzene, and +napthalene +mobilize tissue se and stimulate its excretion. since se preparations designed +for topical application in treatment of skin disease have been available for +use +in both man and dogs, the literature has reported cases of poisoning from +misuse +of such preparations. selenium, properly used, can be a valuable therapeutic +agent, though certain salts of se must be regarded as potentially toxic. +however, there is considerable latitude between therapeutic and/or nutritional +and toxic doses of these salts. +.I 529 +.W +1845. further studies on specific transplantation antigens in rous sarcoma of +mice +mice allografted with different sarcomas, induced by the schmidt-ruppin variant +of rous sarcoma virus (rsv-sr), showed a resistance against subsequent +isografting of 9 different rous sarcomas. transplantation +resistance could also be induced by +rous mouse tumor cells x-irradiated with 8000 r +or with cell-free tumor extracts, +containing no demonstrable virus. no +transplantation resistance could be demon- +strated after allograft pretreatment with +various polyoma tumors or non-viral tu- +mors. allograft pretreatment with rous +tumors induced no demonstrable resistance +against isografting of polyoma tumors. +inoculation of rsv-sr or rous chicken sar- +coma suspension into adult mice gave +no clear cut resistance against isograft- +ing of mouse sarcomas. neither after +allografting of rous tumors nor after virus +or chicken sarcoma inoculation into adult +mice could virus-neutralizing activity be +demonstrated in the sera. the results +demonstrate the presence of common, speci- +fic transplantation antigen(s) in different +rous sarcomas in mice and speak against +an identity between the transplantation +antigen(s) and viral antigen(s). +.I 530 +.W +1846. anaphylactic tests in model tumour antigen investigations +the efficacy of anaphylactic tests in detecting +'tumor' antigen in serum was investi- +gated. a simple model of a tumor-antigen +study was carried out using rat tissue +and rat serum, with bovine y-globulin (byg) +acting as a mock cancer antigen. it +was found that if byg (absolute dosage 100 +ug.) had formed 1/6 of the antigen mix- +ture used for sensitization it was readily +detected when present in a concentration +of 10-3 in the serum used for challenge, +but not invariably detected in a concentra- +tion of 10-4. if byg (absolute dosage 50 +ug.) had formed approximately 1/50 of the +sensitizing mixture, it was infrequently +detected even when present in the challeng- +ing serum in a concentration of 10-2. it +is concluded that anaphylactic tests used in +this context do not have a very high +sensitivity or discriminatory capacity. +.I 531 +.W +1066. the effect of lymphoid cells from +the lymph of specifically immunised sheep +on the growth of primary sarcomata in +rats +the growth of primary fibrosarcomata induced in +rats with 3:4-benzpyrene was retarded by the injection +of lymphocytes obtained from the efferent duct of a +lymph node in a sheep immunized with a piece of the +tumor to be treated. the action of the heterologous lym- +phocytes was specific to the particular tumor used for +immunization suggesting that reaction against tumor- +specific antigens is involved. the cells responsible are +believed to be medium-sized pyroninophilic lymphocytes +which may stimulate the immune system of the host to +react against the autochthonous tumor. +.I 532 +.W +2570. treatment of canine neoplasms with autogenous vaccinial preparations +inbred mice with transplantable sarcoma +and carcinoma were treated with im- +plants of their tumours which had been +grown in strains of mice normally resistant +to the tumours. complete regression of +transplantable tumours was noted in 22% +of the treated mice and 78% had life +spans double that of untreated controls. +one dog with spontaneous scirrhous +mammary carcinoma and another with +lymphosarcoma were treated with implants +of their own tumours after growth in +cortisone-treated mice. regression of the +spontaneous neoplasms followed in both +cases. it is suggested that growth of a +neoplasm in a foreign host alters the mole- +cular structure of the neoplasm, making it +antigenic when returned to the original +host. antigens produced are also effective +against the original lesions. +.I 533 +.W +744. studies on protein and nucleic acid metabolism in virus-in- +fected mammalian cells. the formation of a virus-specific +antigen in krebs ii ascites-tumour cells infected with ence- +phalomyocarditis virus +krebs ii mouse ascites-tumor cells infected +with encephalomyocarditis virus were +found to contain, in addition to mature virus, +a virus-specific protein antigen. an +assay, based on the ability of this antigen +to block the neutralization of purified virus +by its specific antiserum, was developed. +this antigen was present both in the cul- +ture fluid 17 hr. after the infection of cells +with virus and intracellularly, where its +titer increased at a time when viral capsid +protein was being synthesized. within the +cell, it was mostly localized in the soluble +cell sap. in contrast with virus, the anti- +gen did not agglutinate sheep erythrocytes, +and its immunological properties were +destroyed by digestion with trypsin. ribonucleic +acid was not detected in concentrat- +ed preparations of the antigen, nor was the titer +of antigen affected by ribonuclease. +the antigen had a sedimentation coefficient (20 ) +of approx. 14s, and its diffusion co- +efficient, determined by the method of allison and +humphrey (1960), was 3.2 x 10-7 +sq. cm. sec.-1. the particle weight of the antigen +was hence 420,000 40,000. the +capsid protein from purified encephalomyocarditis +virus could be degraded by treat- +ment with ethanolamine into a protein of sedimentation +coefficient (20 ) of approx. 4s. +the 14s antigen, when similarly treated, yielded +a protein of similar size. however, +no such smaller antigen was detected in virus-infected +cells. it is concluded that the +non-hemagglutinating antigen represents a polymeric +form of the basic viral capsid- +protein molecule and that it is synthesized in the +cytoplasm of infected cells. it may +be either an intermediate or a by-product in the +process of viral capsid-protein syn- +thesis. +.I 534 +.W +1368. immunologic competence and induction of neoplasms by +polyoma virus +thymectomy at 3 days of age in several +inbred strains of mice and in an f1 hybrid +resulted in a strikingly increased frequency +of neoplasms following infection with +polyoma virus. age susceptibility was extended +to at least 30 days of age in highly +resistant c57bl mice. the usual stigmata +associated with thymectomy at birth were +not found in the 3-day thymectomized mice. +nonetheless the methods used to restore +immunologically deficient thymectomized +neonates were also effective in restoring +the capacity to resist polyoma virus tumor +induction: adult syngeneic spleen cells, +thymus tissue in millipore diffusion chambers +and syngeneic thymus grafts. growth +curves of polyoma virus in kidney, salivary +glands and liver were quite similar in +thymectomized and intact litter mates. +hemagglutination-inhibition antibodies deter- +mined periodically up to 30 days after +infection were also similar in both groups. +these results are discussed in terms of +a concept involving virus-specific 'tumor' +antigens and the immunologic status of the animal. +.I 535 +.W +1848. antigen analysis of sera from patients with malignant +tumors by immunodiffusion methods +immunoelectrophoresis and ouchterlony's +method were used for the antigen analy- +sis of sera from 320 cancer patients; 250 +normal or non-tumorous cases served as +controls. immunoelectrophoresis showed +abnormal precipitin lines which could not +be demonstrated in normal sera. most of +the abnormal antigens were demonstrated +in the a2- and b1-globulin fractions. the +distribution of these antigens differed in +individual cases and was not related to the +histopathological classification and site +of the tumors. however, these antigens +increased in parallel with growth of the +tumors and disappeared or markedly +decreased after surgical removal of the tumor +tissue. almost all sera of patients with +myeloma, leukemia, and malignant lymph- +oma formed one characteristic line in +the b2-globulin region and they could be dif- +ferentiated from the patterns in cases of carcinoma. +.I 536 +.W +2354. isoantigenic properties of tumors transgressing histocompatibility +barriers of the h-2 system +sublines capable of transgressing h-2 histocompatibility +barriers have been derived +from strictly strain-specific tumors by 1) passage +through newborn hosts of a +foreign genotype; 2) passage through adult h-2 +incompatible recipients pretreated +with isoantisera directed against the tumor cells. +the nonspecific character induced +by these procedures was usually expressed in a +number of different h-2 incompa- +tible recipients. the changes responsible for +the conversion to nonspecific growth +appeared to proceed in a stepwise fashion. +expression of the nonspecific character +required exposure to the foreign host environment +for more than 30 days. at this +stage and during the subsequent 3 transfer +generations, reversion to strain-specific +growth occurred on back-transfer to the +strain of origin; after 4 passages in the +foreign hosts the nonspecific character was +permanently established, however, and +could not be reverted by prolonged passage +in the original host genotype. the +growth rate of strain-specific tumors and +their nonspecific sublines was compared +in the strain of origin. no difference was +found with one tumor, while the strain- +specific line grew better than the nonspecific +sublines with another. this difference +was detected in the homozygous strain of +origin and in different semi-isologous f1 +hybrids. all lines grew better in the +homozygous strain than in the f1 hybrids, +however. a comparison was made +between the concentration of h-2 isoantigenic +surface determinants in strain-specific +tumors and their nonspecific sublines by a +quantitative absorption technique in +vitro. all nonspecific sublines had a lower +concentration of h-2 isoantigens than +the strain-specific tumors. this suggests +that nonspecific tumors develop as a result +of immunoselection of variants resistant +to the homograft reaction and are characterized +by a lowered concentration of +h-2 antigens. +.I 537 +.W +2371. participation of 7s and 19s antibodies in enhancement and +resistance to methylcholanthrene-induced tumours +serum factors responsible for enhancement +and resistance to methylcholanthrene- +induced tumors in a syngeneic system in mice +were studied. they were found to be +part of the serum immunoglobulin system. +the active components of specific anti- +tumor serum were always contained in the +7s (y-2) and 19s (y-1m) fraction, while +no activity was detected in the 4s fraction. +in sera which in the given dose enhanced +growth of the tumor graft, enhancing activity +was present in both the 7s and 19s +fraction of the serum and was higher in the +former. in sera which in the given dose +influenced the interaction of the organism with +the tumor by producing resistance +to the tumor graft, both fractions were again +active, the activity of fraction 19s +being higher than that of fraction 7s. +.I 538 +.W +2372. the effect of immunity against sex-antigen on a tumour +graft containing sex-antigen +the tumor bp 1 induced by benzpyrene in c57bl +male mice contains sex-antigen. +sex-antigen is not lost during growth of tumor +against immunity directed against +this antigen. the tumor, however, becomes +more resistant to immunity and the +content of sex-antigen is decreased. +.I 539 +.W +2373. factors influencing the induction of enhancement and re- +sistance to methylcholanthrene-induced tumours in a syn- +geneic system +active immunological enhancement of the +growth of methylcholanthrene-induced tu- +mors was demonstrated in a syngeneic +system in mice. enhancement was detected +3-5 wk. after preimmunization with +irradiated tumor suspension and was succeeded +after the 6th wk. by the development of +resistance to the tumor. analysis by means +of adoptive and passive transfer showed +these to be true immunological phenomena. +enhancement and resistance were transferred +by serum and by the lymph node cells +of preimmunized mice. threshold doses of +tumor cells were found to be the most +satisfactory for the detection of resistance +and enhancement in this system. +.I 540 +.W +5512. antigenic properties of human tumours +preliminary studies on the antigenic +properties of human tumours have been +carried out using heterologous antisera, +prepared in rabbits, against a number of +different cancerous and normal tissues. +after repeated absorptions, antisera +were obtained which reacted only with +tissue antigens. some antisera, after ab- +sorption with normal tissues, reacted only +with tumours. seventy-two tumour and +31 normal tissue extracts were studied +by means of the ouchterlony agar gel +double diffusion technique. the results +showed the presence of an antigen or +antigens in some human malignant tumours +which were not detectable in normal +tissues, in foetal tissues, or in hela cells. +in addition, there was some loss of +normal tissue antigens from tumours. +attempts are being made to isolate and +characterize these tumour and normal +tissue antigens. +.I 541 +.W +5514. the incorporation of sv40 genetic material into adenovirus 7 as +measured by intranuclear synthesis of sv40 tumor antigen +the l.l. strain of adenovirus 7, free of +detectable infectious sv40 virus, induced +sv40 tumour antigen, demonstrable by +fluorescent antibody staining, in green mon- +key kidney, rabbit kidney, hamster embryo +and human embryo kidney cell cultures. +in green monkey and human cell cultures +there was a cytopathic effect and more +cells contained the sv40 tumour antigen +than in the other types of culture. +adenovirus 7 viral antiserum neutralized +the sv40 tumour antigen inducing +ability of the l.l. strain virus but anti-sv40 +monkey serum and serum from sv40 +tumour bearing hamsters did not. an +adenovirus 7 preparation propagated +exclusively in human tissue did not induce +the sv40 tumour antigen. the sv40 +tumour antigen was entirely localised within +the cell nuclei and appeared to be +transmitted to daughter cells during mitosis. +.I 542 +.W +264. fluorescent antibodies to human cancer-specific dna and +nuclear proteins +specific antigens have been demonstrated +in certain cancers. in this study they were +obtained from an adenocarcinoma of the +colon and an ewing's sarcoma. homogenates +were prepared and male rabbits were +immunized. the animals were bled to death +10 days after the last injection. testing +included fluorescent antibody methods and +agar-gel horizontal double-diffusion precipitin +test. the pattern of reaction of these +antibodies against various cancers seems to +be dependent upon the source of the +cancerous dna-bound proteins and the salt +concentration used in their isolation. +human cancer-specific cross nuclear antigens +seem to be cross reacting rather +than identical in structure. the cancer-specific +antibodies could be removed only +with absorption of the immune globulins with +cancerous tissues. salt-soluble human +dna-bound proteins from an adenocarcinoma +of the colon and an ewing's sarcoma +induced the formation of cancer specific +antibodies which showed positive fta re- +actions (to a maximum titer of 1/128) against +95% of the cancerous tissues studied. +these cancer-specific antibodies gave +similar fta reactions with cell nuclei of +normal appearing liver parenchyma +adjacent to metastatic carcinoma of colon, nor- +mal appearing colon near to metastatic +carcinoma of the colon, normal appearing +colon near to carcinoma of the colon, +and a long-standing case of chronic ulcerative +colitis. evidence is shown that this finding +possibly may represent a serological +detection of an early or latent cancerous +change in morphologically normal cells. +these cancer-specific antigens have been +identified as rounded, intranuclear dna- +bodies and nuclear proteins which can be +specifically destroyed by dnase trypsin. +.I 543 +.W +266. immunology of the cancer cell: tumour-specific antigens +after a broad historical survey of immunological +studies of cancer, a review is given +of the evidence showing that antigens present in +normal cells are missing from the +malignant cells that arise from the same tissue. +this evidence is considered in con- +junction with the deletion hypothesis of carcinogenesis, +and the author emphasizes, +that in his view, the key event in carcinogenesis +is enzymatic deletion. antigenic +gain and intensification in the course of spontaneous, +chemical, and viral carcino- +genesis is reviewed, together with experiments +demonstrating the existence of +tumour-specific antigens. the question is then +posed: if tumours have specific anti- +gens, why is evidence for their rejection so scanty? +the occasional spontaneous re- +gression points to host resistance but its rarity +suggests that tolerance generally +develops. consideration is given to the +application of immunological methods to +therapy and although current achievement +in this field is limited, new immunological +stratagems might yet transform the picture. +finally a plea is made for the integra- +tion of the disciplines of immunology and +cellular differentiation. the prospect is +raised that through a synthetic and holistic +approach we might discover the suscepti- +bility of the cancer cell to re-differentiation +and re-recognition. +.I 544 +.W +effets de la carence potassique +chez le rat sur le squelette, +le cholesterol plasmatique +l'histologie des surrenales +r. habib, j. lefebvre et p. royer +potassium deficiency in the male rat at the time of weaning, +provokes an increase in the weight of the suprarenals, an +atrophy of the glomerular zone and a lipoid hypertrophy of +the fasciculae. +it causes a rise in the level of the blood cholesterol. it +reduces the phosphate level in the blood and increases the +phosphate in the urine. +the blood calcium level is not altered but a hypocalciuria is +noted. +it leads to a severe osteopathy which has been investigated +by radiography, microradiography and histological and bio- +chemical study of the skeleton. the following are the charac- +teristics : arrest of osseous growth, delay of maturation, arrest +of chondrogenesis, formation of dense metaphyseal lines or +lines of arrest, osteoporosis. +these facts are discussed and compared to the analogous +changes found in the syndrome of chronic idiopathic hypo- +kalaemia with hyperkaluria in the infant. +.I 545 +.W +vergleichende renale phosphatelearance-untersuchungen +beim hyperparathyreoidismus und beim sog. phosphatdiabetes +the analysis of the function of the kidneys give a contribution to +the pathophysiology of two different diseases of general osteopathies +whose pathogenesis or etiology are still not clear in some points. the +phosphate clearance pre- and postoperative in one patient with hyper- +parathyroidism showed that after the removal of the adenoma of the +parathyroid the renal reabsorption of phosphate improved only tempo- +rary as a secondary form of hyperparathyroidism was already present. +in a patient with a "phosphatdiabetes" the clearance examination showed +that under a high dosage of vitamin d the reabsorption of phosphate did +not increase. based on these results we have not continued therapy +with vitamin d which is certainly not indifferent. comparative renal +clearance examinations were carried out in 10 patients which did not +show any disturbances of calcium/phosphate-metabolism. +.I 546 +.W +the unreliability of the titan yellow method +for the determination of magnesium +in patients receiving intravenous +calcium gluconate +gluconate was found to interfere with the determination of magnesium by the +titan yellow method. with this method, false low results were found in the +serum and urine of patients receiving intravenous calcium gluconate. the +interference can be prevented by ashing of the specimen. +.I 547 +.W +absorption and excretion of toxogonin, an alkyl-phosphate antidote, +after intramuscular injection in man +tolerance, absorption and urinary excretion stu- +dies of toxogonin (bis-(4-hydroxyiminomethyl- +pyridine-1-methyl) ether dichloride), a specific anti- +dote in poisoning by esterase-blocking organic +phosphates, were made on 11 men by intramuscular +injection of 250 mg. (ca. 3 mg./kg.) of the drug, +given by self-injection ampoules. injections made +with the automatic ampoule autule caused no local +irritation. certain facial symptoms reported can for +the time being be regarded as resorptive side-effects +of toxogonin. maximum blood levels of 6 ug./ml. +were recorded within 20 minutes. even after four +hours the level was still 1-2 ug./ml., a concentra- +tion amply sufficient to ensure reactivation of blood +esterases. of the injected dose, 52% was excreted +in the urine after two hours, 87% after eight hours. +toxogonin appears to pass through the body un- +changed. +.I 548 +.W +the study of osteoporosis +and osteomalacia +radiological evidence strongly suggests that +osteoporosis (with the possible exception of acute +immobilization osteoporosis) may be an irrever- +sible condition. the changes therefore to be +expected in calcium balance when an osteoporotic +is treated are small compared with those often +seen in osteomalacia. methods of obtaining more +accurate calcium balances are needed to show +these small changes, especially when a high +calcium intake is used. the method of continuous +marking of stools with chromium sesquioxide +seems to provide just such a method. using this +method, it has so far proved impossible to obtain +prolonged large positive calcium balances in +osteoporosis on either high calcium intake, +anabolic hormones, or sodium fluoride. +two alternative therapies to vitamin d have +been explored for use in vitamin d-resistant +osteomalacia. atp has been found to be inneffective. +intravenous phosphate alone has been ineffective +in producing positive calcium balances, but is +effective as a complement to vitamin d under +certain conditions. +.I 549 +.W +the aetiology and treatment of +urinary calculus +investigations in this laboratory have been +based on the hypothesis that calculus formation is +primarily a process of crystallization from super- +saturated solutions rather than one of adsorption +on a specific protein matrix, as has been postulated +by boyce and his colleagues (boyce and king, +1963). that crystallization is the primary factor +is strongly suggested by the recent studies of +vermeulen, lyon and gill (1964). these authors +produced artificial concretions which closely +resembled urinary calculi by immersing a rotating +wire loop in normal urine for several days and +slowly adding the appropriate stone-forming +elements. +if the above hypothesis is correct then the +factors of primary interest in urinary stone +formation are those responsible for supersaturation, +nucleation and crystal poisoning. much remains +to be learnt about these various factors, their +inter-relationships, and their relative importance. +the significance of the urinary colloids (proteins, +muco-proteins and polysaccharides) in calculus +formation is still not clear but it is probable that +they play an important secondary role in binding +crystalline precipitates to form a non-friable +calculus. since time is an important factor in +crystal growth such non-specific binding by +proteins would increase the chances of stone +growth and retention within the upper urinary +tract. +.I 550 +.W +control of idiopathic hypercalciuria +the paper discusses the causes of hypercalciuria and describes +15 cases of different origins all of which presented similarly +with renal stones. the diagnosis of idiopathic hypercalciuria +was made by exclusion. the effects of dietary restriction of +calcium, sodium bicarbonate, cortisone, sodium phosphate, +sodium phytate, and cellulose phosphate were demonstrated by +calcium and phosphorus balance techniques. all were shown +to have some urinary-calcium-lowering effect. finally, a +chlorothiazide derivative--namely, bendrofluazide--was also +demonstrated to have a hypocalciuric effect, and the mode of +action is discussed. diff --git a/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software 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Edición/Software Adanay/Librerías/snowball-1.0.jar b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/Librerías/snowball-1.0.jar new file mode 100755 index 0000000..2c305dc Binary files /dev/null and b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/Librerías/snowball-1.0.jar differ diff --git a/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/build.xml b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/build.xml new file mode 100755 index 0000000..5a6ee57 --- /dev/null +++ b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/build.xml @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + Builds, tests, and runs the project Sistema de recuperacion de informacion. + + + diff --git a/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/build/classes/.netbeans_automatic_build b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/build/classes/.netbeans_automatic_build new file mode 100755 index 0000000..e69de29 diff --git a/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/build/classes/.netbeans_update_resources b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/build/classes/.netbeans_update_resources new file mode 100755 index 0000000..e69de29 diff --git a/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/build/classes/Fichero/Coleccion.class b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/build/classes/Fichero/Coleccion.class new file mode 100755 index 0000000..b2b321e Binary files /dev/null and b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/build/classes/Fichero/Coleccion.class differ diff --git a/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/build/classes/Fichero/Consulta.class b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera 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Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/build/classes/ISL/Principal.class b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/build/classes/ISL/Principal.class new file mode 100755 index 0000000..41458a2 Binary files /dev/null and b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/build/classes/ISL/Principal.class differ diff --git a/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/build/classes/ISL/Resultado.class b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/build/classes/ISL/Resultado.class new file mode 100755 index 0000000..9d3d5e4 Binary files /dev/null and b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/build/classes/ISL/Resultado.class differ diff --git a/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/manifest.mf b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/manifest.mf new file mode 100755 index 0000000..1574df4 --- /dev/null +++ b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/manifest.mf @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Manifest-Version: 1.0 +X-COMMENT: Main-Class will be added automatically by build + diff --git a/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/nbproject/build-impl.xml b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/nbproject/build-impl.xml new file mode 100755 index 0000000..56eb1aa --- /dev/null +++ b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/nbproject/build-impl.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1400 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Must set src.dir + Must set test.src.dir + Must set build.dir + Must set dist.dir + Must set build.classes.dir + Must set dist.javadoc.dir + Must set build.test.classes.dir + Must set build.test.results.dir + Must set build.classes.excludes + Must set dist.jar + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Must set javac.includes + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + No tests executed. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Must set JVM to use for profiling in profiler.info.jvm + Must set profiler agent JVM arguments in profiler.info.jvmargs.agent + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Must select some files in the IDE or set javac.includes + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + To run this application from the command line without Ant, try: + + + + + + + java -cp "${run.classpath.with.dist.jar}" ${main.class} + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + To run this application from the command line without Ant, try: + + java -jar "${dist.jar.resolved}" + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Must select one file in the IDE or set run.class + + + + Must select one file in the IDE or set run.class + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Must select one file in the IDE or set debug.class + + + + + Must select one file in the IDE or set debug.class + + + + + Must set fix.includes + + + + + + + + + + This target only works when run from inside the NetBeans IDE. + + + + + + + + + Must select one file in the IDE or set profile.class + This target only works when run from inside the NetBeans IDE. + + + + + + + + + This target only works when run from inside the NetBeans IDE. + + + + + + + + + + + + + This target only works when run from inside the NetBeans IDE. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Must select one file in the IDE or set run.class + + + + + + Must select some files in the IDE or set test.includes + + + + + Must select one file in the IDE or set run.class + + + + + Must select one file in the IDE or set applet.url + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Must select some files in the IDE or set javac.includes + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Some tests failed; see details above. + + + + + + + + + Must select some files in the IDE or set test.includes + + + + Some tests failed; see details above. + + + + Must select some files in the IDE or set test.class + Must select some method in the IDE or set test.method + + + + Some tests failed; see details above. + + + + + Must select one file in the IDE or set test.class + + + + Must select one file in the IDE or set test.class + Must select some method in the IDE or set test.method + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Must select one file in the IDE or set applet.url + + + + + + + + + Must select one file in the IDE or set applet.url + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/nbproject/genfiles.properties b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/nbproject/genfiles.properties new file mode 100755 index 0000000..d9f3c3c --- /dev/null +++ b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/nbproject/genfiles.properties @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +build.xml.data.CRC32=1bc330cf +build.xml.script.CRC32=cea675c0 +build.xml.stylesheet.CRC32=28e38971@1.53.1.46 +# This file is used by a NetBeans-based IDE to track changes in generated files such as build-impl.xml. +# Do not edit this file. You may delete it but then the IDE will never regenerate such files for you. +nbproject/build-impl.xml.data.CRC32=1bc330cf +nbproject/build-impl.xml.script.CRC32=788c3884 +nbproject/build-impl.xml.stylesheet.CRC32=6ddba6b6@1.53.1.46 diff --git a/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/nbproject/private/private.properties b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/nbproject/private/private.properties new file mode 100755 index 0000000..8da0e4f --- /dev/null +++ b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/nbproject/private/private.properties @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +compile.on.save=true +file.reference.Jama-1.0.3.jar=D:\\_Adanay\\_Maestr\u00eda\\_Tesis\\_Tesis\\Proyecto ISL Java\\Libreria\\Jama-1.0.3.jar +file.reference.snowball-1.0.jar=D:\\_Adanay\\_Maestr\u00eda\\_Tesis\\_Tesis\\Proyecto ISL Java\\Libreria\\snowball-1.0.jar +user.properties.file=C:\\Users\\ADANAY\\AppData\\Roaming\\NetBeans\\7.2\\build.properties diff --git a/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/nbproject/private/private.xml b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/nbproject/private/private.xml new file mode 100755 index 0000000..db03bb0 --- /dev/null +++ b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/nbproject/private/private.xml @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + + + diff --git a/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/nbproject/project.properties b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/nbproject/project.properties new file mode 100755 index 0000000..4a7771d --- /dev/null +++ b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/nbproject/project.properties @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +annotation.processing.enabled=true +annotation.processing.enabled.in.editor=false +annotation.processing.processor.options= +annotation.processing.processors.list= +annotation.processing.run.all.processors=true +annotation.processing.source.output=${build.generated.sources.dir}/ap-source-output +build.classes.dir=${build.dir}/classes +build.classes.excludes=**/*.java,**/*.form +# This directory is removed when the project is cleaned: +build.dir=build +build.generated.dir=${build.dir}/generated +build.generated.sources.dir=${build.dir}/generated-sources +# Only compile against the classpath explicitly listed here: +build.sysclasspath=ignore +build.test.classes.dir=${build.dir}/test/classes +build.test.results.dir=${build.dir}/test/results +# Uncomment to specify the preferred debugger connection transport: +#debug.transport=dt_socket +debug.classpath=\ + ${run.classpath} +debug.test.classpath=\ + ${run.test.classpath} +# This directory is removed when the project is cleaned: +dist.dir=dist +dist.jar=${dist.dir}/Sistema_de_recuperacion_de_informacion.jar +dist.javadoc.dir=${dist.dir}/javadoc +excludes= +file.reference.Jama-1.0.3.jar=D:\\Adanay\\_Maestr\u00eda\\_Tesis\\Proyecto ISL Java\\Libreria\\Jama-1.0.3.jar +file.reference.snowball-1.0.jar=D:\\ADANAY\\_Maestr\u00eda\\Biomatem\u00e1tica\\_Tesis\\Proyecto ISL Java\\Libreria\\snowball-1.0.jar +includes=** +jar.compress=false +javac.classpath=\ + ${file.reference.Jama-1.0.3.jar}:\ + ${file.reference.snowball-1.0.jar} +# Space-separated list of extra javac options +javac.compilerargs= +javac.deprecation=false +javac.processorpath=\ + ${javac.classpath} +javac.source=1.7 +javac.target=1.7 +javac.test.classpath=\ + ${javac.classpath}:\ + ${build.classes.dir} +javac.test.processorpath=\ + ${javac.test.classpath} +javadoc.additionalparam= +javadoc.author=false +javadoc.encoding=${source.encoding} +javadoc.noindex=false +javadoc.nonavbar=false +javadoc.notree=false +javadoc.private=false +javadoc.splitindex=true +javadoc.use=true +javadoc.version=false +javadoc.windowtitle= +main.class=ISL.Principal +manifest.file=manifest.mf +meta.inf.dir=${src.dir}/META-INF +mkdist.disabled=false +platform.active=default_platform +run.classpath=\ + ${javac.classpath}:\ + ${build.classes.dir} +# Space-separated list of JVM arguments used when running the project. +# You may also define separate properties like run-sys-prop.name=value instead of -Dname=value. +# To set system properties for unit tests define test-sys-prop.name=value: +run.jvmargs= +run.test.classpath=\ + ${javac.test.classpath}:\ + ${build.test.classes.dir} +source.encoding=UTF-8 +src.dir=src +test.src.dir=test diff --git a/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/nbproject/project.xml b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/nbproject/project.xml new file mode 100755 index 0000000..94f161f --- /dev/null +++ b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/nbproject/project.xml @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ + + + org.netbeans.modules.java.j2seproject + + + Sistema de recuperacion de informacion + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/src/Fichero/Coleccion.java b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/src/Fichero/Coleccion.java new file mode 100755 index 0000000..4b59b26 --- /dev/null +++ b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/src/Fichero/Coleccion.java @@ -0,0 +1,485 @@ +/* + * To change this template, choose Tools | Templates + * and open the template in the editor. + */ +package Fichero; + +import java.io.BufferedReader; +import java.io.FileReader; +import java.io.IOException; +import java.util.ArrayList; +import java.util.StringTokenizer; +import org.tartarus.snowball.ext.englishStemmer; + +/** + * + * @author Adanay + */ +public class Coleccion { + + private BufferedReader reader; + private ArrayList Stopwords; + private ArrayList LDocumentos; + private Consulta La_Consulta; + private ArrayList LRelevancia; + private ArrayList todos_terminos_doc_cons; + private int num_consulta; + private englishStemmer Stemming; + + public Coleccion() { + reader = null; + Stopwords = new ArrayList<>(); + La_Consulta = new Consulta(0, ""); + LDocumentos = new ArrayList<>(); + LRelevancia = new ArrayList<>(); + todos_terminos_doc_cons = new ArrayList<>(); + num_consulta = 0; + Stemming = new englishStemmer(); + + } + + public ArrayList getLRelevancia() { + return LRelevancia; + } + + public void setLRelevancia(ArrayList LRelevancia) { + this.LRelevancia = LRelevancia; + } + + public int getNum_consulta() { + return num_consulta; + } + + public void setNum_consulta(int num_consulta) { + this.num_consulta = num_consulta; + } + + public ArrayList getLDocumentos() { + return LDocumentos; + } + + public Documento getLDocumentos(int pos) { + return LDocumentos.get(pos); + } + + public void ConvertirFicheroRelevancia() { + + try { + + reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("D:\\MED_relevancia.txt")); + String Line = reader.readLine(); + String cons_orig = ""; + StringTokenizer rel = new StringTokenizer(Line); + + while (Line != null) { + + if ("".equals(cons_orig)) { + + cons_orig = rel.nextToken(); + } + + ArrayList Ldoc = new ArrayList<>(); + Ldoc.add(rel.nextToken()); + Line = reader.readLine(); + rel = new StringTokenizer(Line); + String cons_sig = rel.nextToken(); + + while (cons_orig.equals(cons_sig)) { + Ldoc.add(rel.nextToken()); + Line = reader.readLine(); + + if (Line != null) { + rel = new StringTokenizer(Line); + cons_sig = rel.nextToken(); + } else { + break; + } + } + Relevancia miRel = new Relevancia(cons_orig, Ldoc); + LRelevancia.add(miRel); + cons_orig = cons_sig; + + } + // Mostrar_Relevancia(); + + } catch (IOException e) { + e.printStackTrace(); + } finally { + try { + if (reader != null) { + reader.close(); + } + } catch (IOException ex) { + ex.printStackTrace(); + } + } + + } + + public void ConvertirFicheroStopword() { + + try { + String Line; + reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("D:\\stopwords_en.txt")); + + while ((Line = reader.readLine()) != null) { + // System.out.println(Line); + Stopwords.add(Line); + } + + } catch (IOException e) { + e.printStackTrace(); + } finally { + try { + if (reader != null) { + reader.close(); + } + } catch (IOException ex) { + ex.printStackTrace(); + } + } + } + + public void ConvertirFicheroDocumetos() { + + + try { + String Line; + reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("D:\\MED_doc.txt")); + String TexNew = reader.readLine(); + + while (TexNew != null) { + Line = TexNew; + Documento miDoc = new Documento("", "", ""); + // System.out.println(Line); + + StringTokenizer ide = new StringTokenizer(Line); + String a = ide.nextToken(); //toma .I + String b = ide.nextToken(); //toma el número que seria el identificador del doc + miDoc.setIdentificador(b); + + Line = reader.readLine(); + + if (".T".equals(Line)) { + String titulo = reader.readLine(); + Line = reader.readLine(); + while (!(".A".equals(Line)) && !(".W".equals(Line))) { + titulo = titulo + " " + Line; // concatena tilulo con mas de una linea + Line = reader.readLine(); + } + + // System.out.println(titulo); + miDoc.setTitulo(titulo); + } + + if (".A".equals(Line)) { + + String autores = reader.readLine(); + + while (!".W".equals(Line = reader.readLine())) { + autores = autores + ", " + Line; // concatena todos los autores separados por "," + } + + // System.out.println(autores); + miDoc.setAutor(autores); + } + + if (".W".equals(Line)) { + + Line = reader.readLine(); + + String texto = Line; + StringTokenizer tex = new StringTokenizer(texto); + String inicio = tex.nextToken(); + + while (!(".I".equals(inicio)) && (Line != null)) { + Line = reader.readLine(); + if (Line != null) { + StringTokenizer tex1 = new StringTokenizer(Line); + inicio = tex1.nextToken(); + if (!".I".equals(inicio)) { + texto = texto + " " + Line; // concatena el texto con mas de una linea + } + } + } + + texto = texto.replaceAll("[^a-zA-Z_-]", " "); + // System.out.println(texto); + ArrayList Term_Doc = Stopwords_Stemming_TermDobles(texto); + miDoc.setLTerminos(Term_Doc); + LDocumentos.add(miDoc); + // Mostrar_Terminos(Term_Doc); + TexNew = Line; + } + } + + + + } catch (IOException e) { + e.printStackTrace(); + } finally { + try { + if (reader != null) { + reader.close(); + } + } catch (IOException ex) { + ex.printStackTrace(); + } + } + + } + + public void ConvertirConsulta() { + + try { + + reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("D:\\MED_consulta.txt")); + String TexNew = reader.readLine(); + La_Consulta.setIdentificador(num_consulta); + String Texto = ""; + while (!"0".equals(TexNew) && TexNew != null) { + + if (TexNew.equals(".I " + num_consulta)) { + reader.readLine(); // .W (etiqueta) + TexNew = reader.readLine(); + String inicio = ""; + + while (!(".I".equals(inicio)) && (TexNew != null)) { + Texto = Texto + " " + TexNew; // concatena el texto con mas de una linea + TexNew = reader.readLine(); + if (TexNew != null) { + StringTokenizer tex1 = new StringTokenizer(TexNew); + inicio = tex1.nextToken(); + } else { + break; + } + + } + + TexNew = "0"; + + } else { + + TexNew = reader.readLine(); + } + } + La_Consulta.setConsulta(Texto); + Texto = Texto.replaceAll("[^a-zA-Z_-]", " "); + // System.out.println(texto); + ArrayList Term_Cons = Stopwords_Stemming_TermDobles(Texto); + La_Consulta.setLTerminosC(Term_Cons); + // Mostrar_Terminos(Term_Cons); + + } catch (IOException e) { + e.printStackTrace(); + } finally { + try { + if (reader != null) { + reader.close(); + } + } catch (IOException ex) { + ex.printStackTrace(); + } + } + + } + + public ArrayList Stopwords_Stemming_TermDobles(String texto) { + + ArrayList Lista_Temp = new ArrayList(); + + StringTokenizer texto_tok = new StringTokenizer(texto); + int cant_term = texto_tok.countTokens(); + + for (int i = 0; i < cant_term; i++) { + String palabra = texto_tok.nextToken(); + boolean es_stopword = false; + + for (int j = 0; j < Stopwords.size(); j++) { //comparando con todas las stopwords + String stopword = Stopwords.get(j); + if (palabra.equals(stopword)) { + es_stopword = true; + } + } + + if (es_stopword == false) { + + Stemming.setCurrent(palabra); + + if (Stemming.stem()) { + Termino x = new Termino(Stemming.getCurrent(), 1); + Lista_Temp.add(x); + } else { + Termino x = new Termino(palabra, 1); + Lista_Temp.add(x); + } + + } + } + Lista_Temp = Eliminar_TermDobles_CalcFrac(Lista_Temp); + return Lista_Temp; + } + + public ArrayList Eliminar_TermDobles_CalcFrac(ArrayList Todos) { + + ArrayList mis_terminos = Todos; + + for (int i = 0; i < mis_terminos.size(); i++) { + String term1 = mis_terminos.get(i).getTermino(); + + for (int j = i + 1; j < mis_terminos.size(); j++) { + String term2 = mis_terminos.get(j).getTermino(); + + if (term1.equals(term2)) { + + int frec = mis_terminos.get(i).getFrecuencia() + 1; + mis_terminos.get(i).setFrecuencia(frec); + mis_terminos.remove(j); + j--; + } + } + } + return mis_terminos; + } + + public void Total_terminos_Doc_Cons() { //conforma una lista con todos los terminos de los doc y la consulta dada + + for (int i = 0; i < LDocumentos.size(); i++) { //ciclo para los documentos + Documento unDoc = LDocumentos.get(i); + int cant_term_doc = unDoc.getLTerminos().size(); + + for (int j = 0; j < cant_term_doc; j++) { //ciclo para la lista de terminos en cada Doc + boolean existe_term = false; + String term_doc = unDoc.getLTerminos().get(j).getTermino(); + + if (i == 0) { + todos_terminos_doc_cons.add(term_doc); + } else { + + for (int k = 0; k < todos_terminos_doc_cons.size(); k++) { //ciclo para verificar si ya está el term en la list del total de terminos + String term_list = todos_terminos_doc_cons.get(k); + if (term_doc.equals(term_list)) { + existe_term = true; + } + } + + if (existe_term == false) { + todos_terminos_doc_cons.add(term_doc); + } + } + } + } + + + //Mostrar_Total_Terminos_Doc_Cons(); + } + + public double[][] Matriz_frecuencia_term() { //conforma la matriz a partir de todos terminos los doc y la cons seleccionada + + int fila = todos_terminos_doc_cons.size(); + int col = LDocumentos.size() + 1; + double[][] frecuencia_TxD = new double[fila][col]; + + for (int i = 0; i < todos_terminos_doc_cons.size(); i++) { + + String term = todos_terminos_doc_cons.get(i); + + for (int j = 0; j < LDocumentos.size(); j++) { + + Documento actualDoc = LDocumentos.get(j); + int cant_term = actualDoc.getLTerminos().size(); + + int frec_term_doc = 0; + + for (int k = 0; k < cant_term; k++) { + + String term_doc = actualDoc.getLTerminos().get(k).getTermino(); + + if (term.equals(term_doc)) { + frec_term_doc = actualDoc.getLTerminos().get(k).getFrecuencia(); + } + } + frecuencia_TxD[i][j] = frec_term_doc; + } + + + int cant_term_cons = La_Consulta.getLTerminosC().size(); + + int frec_term_cons = 0; + + for (int m = 0; m < cant_term_cons; m++) { + + String term_cons = La_Consulta.getLTerminosC().get(m).getTermino(); + + if (term.equals(term_cons)) { + frec_term_cons = La_Consulta.getLTerminosC().get(m).getFrecuencia(); + } + } + int pos = col - 1; + frecuencia_TxD[i][pos] = frec_term_cons; + + } + + // Mostrar_frec_TxD(frecuencia_TxD); + return frecuencia_TxD; + } + +//-----------------------------Para mostrar info por consola-------------------- + public void Mostrar_Terminos(ArrayList MyTerminos) { + + for (int i = 0; i < MyTerminos.size(); i++) { + System.out.print(" "); + System.out.print(MyTerminos.get(i).getFrecuencia() + "--"); + System.out.print(MyTerminos.get(i).getTermino()); + } + System.out.println(); + } + + public void Mostrar_Total_Terminos_Doc_Cons() { + System.out.print(todos_terminos_doc_cons.size()); + System.out.println(); + for (int i = 0; i < todos_terminos_doc_cons.size(); i++) { + System.out.println(); + System.out.print(todos_terminos_doc_cons.get(i)); + } + } + + public void Mostrar_frec_TxD(double[][] frecuencia_TxD) { + + int fila = todos_terminos_doc_cons.size(); + int col = LDocumentos.size() + 1; // incluye la columna de la consulta + System.out.print(fila + " x " + col); + for (int i = 0; i < fila; i++) { + // System.out.print(todos_terminos_doc_cons.get(i) + ": "); + for (int j = 0; j < col; j++) { + System.out.print(frecuencia_TxD[i][j]); + System.out.print(" "); + } + System.out.println(); + } + } + + public void Mostrar_frec_vector(double[] frecuencia_V) { + + int fila = todos_terminos_doc_cons.size(); + for (int j = 0; j < fila; j++) { + // System.out.print(todos_terminos_doc_cons.get(j) + ": "); + System.out.print(frecuencia_V[j]); + System.out.println(); + } + System.out.println(); + + } + + public void Mostrar_Relevancia() { + + int cant = LRelevancia.size(); + for (int i = 0; i < cant; i++) { + System.out.println(LRelevancia.get(i).getId_Cons() + ": "); + for (int j = 0; j < LRelevancia.get(i).getLista_doc().size(); j++) { + System.out.print(LRelevancia.get(i).getLista_doc().get(j) + "--"); + } + System.out.println(); + } + } +} diff --git a/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/src/Fichero/Consulta.java b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/src/Fichero/Consulta.java new file mode 100755 index 0000000..80b81e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/src/Fichero/Consulta.java @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +/* + * To change this template, choose Tools | Templates + * and open the template in the editor. + */ +package Fichero; + +import java.util.ArrayList; + +/** + * + * @author Adanay + */ +public class Consulta { + + private int identificador; + ArrayList LTerminosC; + String consulta; + + public Consulta(int identificador, String consulta) { + this.identificador = identificador; + this.consulta = consulta; + LTerminosC = new ArrayList<>(); + } + + public String getConsulta() { + return consulta; + } + + public void setConsulta(String consulta) { + this.consulta = consulta; + } + + public int getIdentificador() { + return identificador; + } + + public ArrayList getLTerminosC() { + return LTerminosC; + } + + public void setIdentificador(int identificador) { + this.identificador = identificador; + } + + public void setLTerminosC(ArrayList LTerminosC) { + this.LTerminosC = LTerminosC; + } + + + +} diff --git a/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/src/Fichero/Documento.java b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/src/Fichero/Documento.java new file mode 100755 index 0000000..ba7c4fc --- /dev/null +++ b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/src/Fichero/Documento.java @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +/* + * To change this template, choose Tools | Templates + * and open the template in the editor. + */ +package Fichero; + +import java.util.ArrayList; + +/** + * + * @author Adanay + */ +public class Documento { + + private String identificador; + private String titulo; + private String autor; + private ArrayListLTerminos; + + public Documento(String identificador, String titulo, String autor) { + this.identificador = identificador; + this.titulo = titulo; + this.autor = autor; + LTerminos = new ArrayList<>(); + + } + + public ArrayList getLTerminos() { + return LTerminos; + } + + public void setLTerminos(ArrayList LTerminos) { + this.LTerminos = LTerminos; + } + + public String getIdentificador() { + return identificador; + } + + public void setIdentificador(String identificador) { + this.identificador = identificador; + } + + public String getTitulo() { + return titulo; + } + + public void setTitulo(String titulo) { + this.titulo = titulo; + } + + public String getAutor() { + return autor; + } + + public void setAutor(String autor) { + this.autor = autor; + } + + + +} diff --git a/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/src/Fichero/Relevancia.java b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/src/Fichero/Relevancia.java new file mode 100755 index 0000000..b141792 --- /dev/null +++ b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/src/Fichero/Relevancia.java @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +/* + * To change this template, choose Tools | Templates + * and open the template in the editor. + */ +package Fichero; + +import java.util.ArrayList; + +/** + * + * @author ADANAY + */ +public class Relevancia { + + private String id_Cons; + private ArrayListLista_doc; + + public Relevancia(String id_Cons, ArrayList Ldoc) { + this.id_Cons = id_Cons; + this.Lista_doc = Ldoc; + } + + public String getId_Cons() { + return id_Cons; + } + + public ArrayList getLista_doc() { + return Lista_doc; + } + + public void setLista_doc(ArrayList Lista_doc) { + this.Lista_doc = Lista_doc; + } + + public void setId_Cons(String id_Cons) { + this.id_Cons = id_Cons; + } + + + + + +} diff --git a/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/src/Fichero/Termino.java b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/src/Fichero/Termino.java new file mode 100755 index 0000000..61bf3ba --- /dev/null +++ b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/src/Fichero/Termino.java @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +/* + * To change this template, choose Tools | Templates + * and open the template in the editor. + */ +package Fichero; + +/** + * + * @author ADANAY + */ +public class Termino { + + private String termino; + private int frecuencia; + + public Termino(String termino, int frecuencia) { + this.termino = termino; + this.frecuencia = frecuencia; + } + + public String getTermino() { + return termino; + } + + public void setTermino(String termino) { + this.termino = termino; + } + + public int getFrecuencia() { + return frecuencia; + } + + public void setFrecuencia(int frecuencia) { + this.frecuencia = frecuencia; + } + + + + +} diff --git a/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/src/ISL/ISL.java b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/src/ISL/ISL.java new file mode 100755 index 0000000..baeb0df --- /dev/null +++ b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/src/ISL/ISL.java @@ -0,0 +1,523 @@ +package ISL; + +import Jama.*; + +public class ISL { + + private Matrix Matriz_inicial; + private Matrix Matriz_TxD; + private int T; + private int D; + private Matrix U; + private Matrix S; + private Matrix Vt; + private SingularValueDecomposition SVD; + private Matrix Uk; + private Matrix Sk; + private Matrix Vk; + private Matrix Consulta; + private Matrix q; + private double distancia[]; + + public ISL(double a[][], int F, int C) { + this.T = F; + this.D = C - 1; + Matriz_inicial = new Matrix(a); + Matriz_TxD = new Matrix(T, D); + Consulta = new Matrix(1, F); + } + + public double getDistancia(int pos) { + return distancia[pos]; + } + + public void Calcular_peso() { + + int fila = Matriz_inicial.getRowDimension(); + int col = Matriz_inicial.getColumnDimension(); + Matrix Matriz_temp = new Matrix(fila, col); + + + Matrix LG = G_tf_x_idf(); + // Matrix G = G_Entropia(); + + /* for (int i = 0; i < Matriz_inicial.getRowDimension(); i++) { + double valorG = G.get(i, 0); + for (int j = 0; j < Matriz_inicial.getColumnDimension(); j++) { + double valorL = L.get(i, j); + double W = valorL * valorG; + Matriz_temp.set(i, j, W); + + } + }*/ + + Matrix W = N_Coseno_Normalizacion(LG); + + Asignar_Valores_Matriz_TxD_Consulta(W); + } +//------------Funciones de peso local------------------ + + public Matrix L_Maxima_Normalizacion() { + + double tf; + double resultado; + + int fila = Matriz_inicial.getRowDimension(); + int col = Matriz_inicial.getColumnDimension(); + Matrix Matriz_temp = new Matrix(fila, col); + + for (int j = 0; j < Matriz_inicial.getColumnDimension(); j++) { + for (int i = 0; i < Matriz_inicial.getRowDimension(); i++) { + + double tfmax = 0; + tf = Matriz_inicial.get(i, j); + + for (int h = 0; h < Matriz_inicial.getRowDimension(); h++) { + if (Matriz_inicial.get(h, j) > tfmax) { + tfmax = Matriz_inicial.get(h, j); + } + } + + if (tfmax != 0) { + resultado = tf / tfmax; + } else { + resultado = 0; + } + + + Matriz_temp.set(i, j, resultado); + } + } + + //Asignar_Valores_Matriz_TxD_Consulta(Matriz_temp); + //Mostrar(Matriz_temp, Matriz_temp.getRowDimension(), Matriz_temp.getColumnDimension()); + return Matriz_temp; + } + + public Matrix L_Maxima_Normalizacion_Aumentada() { + + double tf; + double resultado; + int fila = Matriz_inicial.getRowDimension(); + int col = Matriz_inicial.getColumnDimension(); + Matrix Matriz_temp = new Matrix(fila, col); + + for (int j = 0; j < Matriz_inicial.getColumnDimension(); j++) { + for (int i = 0; i < Matriz_inicial.getRowDimension(); i++) { + + double tfmax = 0; + tf = Matriz_inicial.get(i, j); + + for (int h = 0; h < Matriz_inicial.getRowDimension(); h++) { + if (Matriz_inicial.get(h, j) > tfmax) { + tfmax = Matriz_inicial.get(h, j); + } + } + + if (tfmax != 0) { + resultado = 0.5 + (0.5 * (tf / tfmax)); + } else { + resultado = 0; + } + + Matriz_temp.set(i, j, resultado); + } + } + + // Asignar_Valores_Matriz_TxD_Consulta(Matriz_temp); + // Mostrar(Matriz_temp, Matriz_temp.getRowDimension(), Matriz_temp.getColumnDimension()); + return Matriz_temp; + } + + public Matrix L_Normalizacion_log() { + + double tf; + double resultado; + + int fila = Matriz_inicial.getRowDimension(); + int col = Matriz_inicial.getColumnDimension(); + Matrix Matriz_temp = new Matrix(fila, col); + + for (int i = 0; i < Matriz_inicial.getRowDimension(); i++) { + for (int j = 0; j < Matriz_inicial.getColumnDimension(); j++) { + + tf = Matriz_inicial.get(i, j); + + if (tf != 0) { // Verifico porque si es =0 me da NAN o infinito + resultado = Math.log10(tf) + 1; + } else { + resultado = 0; + } + + Matriz_temp.set(i, j, resultado); + } + } + // Asignar_Valores_Matriz_TxD_Consulta(Matriz_temp); + // Mostrar(Matriz_temp, Matriz_temp.getRowDimension(), Matriz_temp.getColumnDimension()); + return Matriz_temp; + } + + public Matrix L_Normalizacion_Promedio() { + + double tf; + double resultado; + + int fila = Matriz_inicial.getRowDimension(); + int col = Matriz_inicial.getColumnDimension(); + Matrix Matriz_temp = new Matrix(fila, col); + + for (int j = 0; j < Matriz_inicial.getColumnDimension(); j++) { + for (int i = 0; i < Matriz_inicial.getRowDimension(); i++) { + + double promediotf; + double suma = 0; + tf = Matriz_inicial.get(i, j); + + for (int h = 0; h < Matriz_inicial.getRowDimension(); h++) { + + if (h != i) { + suma = suma + Matriz_inicial.get(h, j); + } + } + + if (tf != 0 && suma != 0) { // Verifico porque si es =0 me da NAN o infinito + promediotf = suma / (T - 1); + resultado = (1 + Math.log10(tf)) / (1 + Math.log10(promediotf)); + } else { + resultado = 0; + } + + + Matriz_temp.set(i, j, resultado); + + } + } + //Asignar_Valores_Matriz_TxD_Consulta(Matriz_temp); + // Mostrar(Matriz_temp, Matriz_temp.getRowDimension(), Matriz_temp.getColumnDimension()); + return Matriz_temp; + } + //-----------Funciones de Peso Global--------------------------------------- + + public Matrix G_tf_x_idf() { + + double tf; + double idf; + double resultado; + + int fila = Matriz_inicial.getRowDimension(); + int col = Matriz_inicial.getColumnDimension(); + Matrix Matriz_temp = new Matrix(fila, col); + + for (int i = 0; i < Matriz_inicial.getRowDimension(); i++) { // tranformar la matriz + for (int j = 0; j < Matriz_inicial.getColumnDimension(); j++) { + + int n = 0; + tf = Matriz_inicial.get(i, j); + + for (int h = 0; h < Matriz_inicial.getColumnDimension(); h++) { + if (Matriz_inicial.get(i, h) != 0) { + n++; + } + } + + if (n != 0) { + idf = Math.log(D / n); + } else { + idf = 0; + } + + resultado = tf * idf; + Matriz_temp.set(i, j, resultado); + } + } + return Matriz_temp; + // Asignar_Valores_Matriz_TxD_Consulta(Matriz_temp); + // Mostrar(Matriz_temp, Matriz_temp.getRowDimension(), Matriz_temp.getColumnDimension()); + + } + + public Matrix G_idf() { + + double tf; + double idf; + + int fila = Matriz_inicial.getRowDimension(); + int col = Matriz_inicial.getColumnDimension(); + Matrix Matriz_temp = new Matrix(fila, 1); + + for (int i = 0; i < Matriz_inicial.getRowDimension(); i++) { // tranformar la matriz + for (int j = 0; j < Matriz_inicial.getColumnDimension(); j++) { + + int n = 0; + tf = Matriz_inicial.get(i, j); + + for (int h = 0; h < Matriz_inicial.getColumnDimension(); h++) { + if (Matriz_inicial.get(i, h) != 0) { + n++; + } + } + if (n != 0) { + idf = Math.log(D / n); + } else { + idf = 0; + } + + Matriz_temp.set(i, 0, idf); + } + } + return Matriz_temp; + // Asignar_Valores_Matriz_TxD_Consulta(Matriz_temp); + // Mostrar(Matriz_temp, Matriz_temp.getRowDimension(), Matriz_temp.getColumnDimension()); + + } + + public Matrix G_Entropia() { + + double tf; + double F; + double entropia; + double sumatoria; + + int fila = Matriz_inicial.getRowDimension(); + // int col = Matriz_inicial.getColumnDimension(); + Matrix Matriz_temp = new Matrix(fila, 1); + + for (int i = 0; i < Matriz_inicial.getRowDimension(); i++) { + + sumatoria = 0; + F = 0; + + for (int h = 0; h < Matriz_inicial.getColumnDimension(); h++) { + F = F + Matriz_inicial.get(i, h); + } + + for (int j = 0; j < Matriz_inicial.getColumnDimension(); j++) { + tf = Matriz_inicial.get(i, j); + if (tf != 0) { + sumatoria = sumatoria + ((tf / F) * Math.log10(tf / F)) / Math.log10(D); + } + + } + entropia = 1 + sumatoria; + Matriz_temp.set(i, 0, entropia); + } + + //Mostrar(Matriz_TxD, Matriz_TxD.getRowDimension(), Matriz_TxD.getColumnDimension()); + return Matriz_temp; + + } +//--------Funciones de Normalizacion-------------------------------------------- + + public Matrix N_Coseno_Normalizacion(Matrix Matriz_LG) { + + + double resultado; + double normalizacion; + + int fila = Matriz_LG.getRowDimension(); + int col = Matriz_LG.getColumnDimension(); + Matrix Matriz_temp = new Matrix(fila, col); + + for (int j = 0; j < Matriz_LG.getColumnDimension(); j++) { + + double suma = 0; + for (int i = 0; i < Matriz_LG.getRowDimension(); i++) { + + suma = suma + Math.pow(Matriz_LG.get(i, j), 2); + } + + if (suma != 0) { // Verifico porque si es =0 me da NAN o infinito + normalizacion = 1 / Math.sqrt(suma); + } else { + normalizacion = 0; + } + for (int i = 0; i < Matriz_LG.getRowDimension(); i++) { + + double term = Matriz_LG.get(i, j); + resultado = term * normalizacion; + Matriz_temp.set(i, j, resultado); + } + } + + // Mostrar(Matriz_temp, Matriz_temp.getRowDimension(), Matriz_temp.getColumnDimension()); + return Matriz_temp; + } + + public Matrix N_Pivote_Normalizacion(Matrix Matriz_LG) { + + + double resultado; + double pivote; + double b_old; + double normalizacion; + int fila = Matriz_LG.getRowDimension(); + int col = Matriz_LG.getColumnDimension(); + Matrix Matriz_temp = new Matrix(fila, col); + + for (int j = 0; j < Matriz_LG.getColumnDimension(); j++) { + + double suma = 0; + double suma_2 = 0; + int cant = 0; + for (int i = 0; i < Matriz_LG.getRowDimension(); i++) { + + suma_2 = suma_2 + Math.pow(Matriz_LG.get(i, j), 2); + + if (Matriz_inicial.get(i, j) != 0) { + suma = suma + Matriz_LG.get(i, j); + cant++; + } + + } + pivote = suma / cant; + + if (suma_2 != 0) { // Verifico porque si es =0 me da NAN o infinito + b_old = Math.sqrt(suma_2); + } else { + b_old = 0; + } + + normalizacion = 1 / ((0.2 * b_old) + (1 - 0.2) * pivote); + + for (int i = 0; i < Matriz_LG.getRowDimension(); i++) { + + double term = Matriz_LG.get(i, j); + resultado = term * normalizacion; + Matriz_temp.set(i, j, resultado); + } + } + // Mostrar(Matriz_temp, Matriz_temp.getRowDimension(), Matriz_temp.getColumnDimension()); + return Matriz_temp; + } +//--------Descomposicion en valores singulares------subespacio K---------------- + + public void MatrizU() { + + SVD = new SingularValueDecomposition(Matriz_TxD);// aqui tengo que entrar la matriz ya normalizada TxD + + U = SVD.getU(); + // Mostrar(U, U.getRowDimension(), U.getColumnDimension()); + } + + public void MatrizUk(int k) { + + Uk = new Matrix(U.getRowDimension(), k); + for (int i = 0; i < U.getRowDimension(); i++) { + for (int j = 0; j < k; j++) { + Uk.set(i, j, U.get(i, j)); + } + } + + // Mostrar(Uk, U.getRowDimension(), k); + } + + public void MatrizS() { + + S = SVD.getS(); + // Mostrar(S, S.getRowDimension(), S.getColumnDimension()); + + } + + public void MatrizSk(int k) { + + + Sk = new Matrix(k, k); + for (int i = 0; i < k; i++) { + for (int j = 0; j < k; j++) { + Sk.set(i, j, S.get(i, j)); + } + } + //Mostrar(Sk, k, k); + + } + + public void MatrizV() { + + Vt = SVD.getV().transpose(); + // Mostrar(Vt, Vt.getRowDimension(), Vt.getColumnDimension()); + } + + public void MatrizVk(int k) { + + Vk = new Matrix(k, Vt.getColumnDimension()); + + + for (int i = 0; i < k; i++) { + for (int j = 0; j < Vt.getColumnDimension(); j++) { + Vk.set(i, j, Vt.get(i, j)); + } + } + //Mostrar(Vk, Vk.getRowDimension(), Vk.getColumnDimension()); + } +//------------------Consulta---------------------------------------------------- + + public void TransformarVectorConsulta() { + + Matrix a = Consulta.times(Uk); + q = a.times(Sk.inverse()); + // Mostrar(q, q.getRowDimension(), q.getColumnDimension()); + } + + public double[] Distancia() { + + int fila = Vk.getRowDimension(); + int col = Vk.getColumnDimension(); + distancia = new double[col]; + + for (int j = 0; j < col; j++) { + + Matrix columnaVk = Vk.getMatrix(0, fila - 1, j, j); + Matrix mult_qxcolumnaVk = q.times(columnaVk); + double q_x_columnaVk = mult_qxcolumnaVk.get(0, 0); + double norma_q = q.normF(); + double norma_columnaVk = columnaVk.normF(); + + distancia[j] = q_x_columnaVk / (norma_q * norma_columnaVk); + + } + + Matrix A = new Matrix(distancia, 1); + // Mostrar(A, A.getRowDimension(), A.getColumnDimension()); + return distancia; + } + + //------------LLenar las Matrices---------------------------------------------- + public void Asignar_Valores_Matriz_TxD_Consulta(Matrix Matriz1) { + + int col = Matriz1.getColumnDimension() - 1; + int fila = Matriz1.getRowDimension(); + + for (int j = 0; j < col; j++) { + + for (int i = 0; i < fila; i++) { + double valor = Matriz1.get(i, j); + Matriz_TxD.set(i, j, valor); + } + + } + + for (int i = 0; i < fila; i++) { + double valor = Matriz1.get(i, col); + Consulta.set(0, i, valor); + } + + // Mostrar(Matriz_TxD, Matriz_TxD.getRowDimension(), Matriz_TxD.getColumnDimension()); + // Mostrar(Consulta, Consulta.getRowDimension(), Consulta.getColumnDimension()); + } + +//-----Para Mostrar los resultados---------------------------------------------- + public void Mostrar(Matrix A, int fila, int col) { + + System.out.println(); + System.out.println(); + + for (int i = 0; i < fila; i++) { + for (int j = 0; j < col; j++) { + System.out.print(A.get(i, j)); + System.out.print(" "); + } + System.out.println(); + } + + } +} diff --git a/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/src/ISL/Principal.java b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/src/ISL/Principal.java new file mode 100755 index 0000000..8bb58cf --- /dev/null +++ b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/src/ISL/Principal.java @@ -0,0 +1,140 @@ +package ISL; + +import Fichero.*; +import java.util.ArrayList; +import java.util.Scanner; + +public class Principal { + + private static Coleccion MiColeccion; + private static ISL MiMatriz; + private static ArrayList LResultados; + + public static void main(String[] args) { + Scanner consola = new Scanner(System.in); + // System.out.print("Entre el num de la pregunta (1-35): "); + // int num_cons = consola.nextInt(); + + + + for (int cons = 1; cons <= 19; cons++) { + MiColeccion = new Coleccion(); + LResultados = new ArrayList<>(); + MiColeccion.ConvertirFicheroStopword(); + MiColeccion.ConvertirFicheroRelevancia(); + MiColeccion.ConvertirFicheroDocumetos(); + + System.out.println("Consulta : " + cons); + System.out.println(); + + MiColeccion.setNum_consulta(cons); + MiColeccion.ConvertirConsulta(); + MiColeccion.Total_terminos_Doc_Cons(); + + double[][] matriz_txd = MiColeccion.Matriz_frecuencia_term(); // + + int filas; + filas = matriz_txd.length; + MiMatriz = new ISL(matriz_txd, filas, 551); + + MiMatriz.Calcular_peso(); + + MiMatriz.MatrizU(); + MiMatriz.MatrizS(); + MiMatriz.MatrizV(); + + int k = 20; + MiMatriz.MatrizUk(k); + MiMatriz.MatrizSk(k); + MiMatriz.MatrizVk(k); + + MiMatriz.TransformarVectorConsulta(); + MiMatriz.Distancia(); + + Lista_Resultado_Ordenado(); + Calcular_Doc_Rel_Recup(); + + //----PAra calcular Presicion Exhaustividad y Medida F + + float doc_relev_recup = 0; + float doc_recup = LResultados.size(); + int pos = MiColeccion.getNum_consulta() - 1; + Relevancia MisDocsRel = MiColeccion.getLRelevancia().get(pos); + float doc_relev = MisDocsRel.getLista_doc().size(); + + for (int i = 0; i < doc_recup; i++) { + + for (int j = 0; j < MisDocsRel.getLista_doc().size(); j++) { + + if (LResultados.get(i).getDoc().getIdentificador().equals(MisDocsRel.getLista_doc().get(j))) { + doc_relev_recup++; + } + + } + } + System.out.println("doc relevantes: " + doc_relev); + System.out.println("doc relevantes recuperados: " + doc_relev_recup); + System.out.println("doc recuperados: " + doc_recup); + + int B = 1; + + float exhaustividad = (doc_relev_recup) / (doc_relev); + float precision = doc_relev_recup / doc_recup; + + double medida_F = ((Math.pow(B, 2) + 1) * precision * exhaustividad) / ((Math.pow(B, 2) * precision) + exhaustividad); + + System.out.println("Precision: " + precision); + System.out.println("Cobertura: " + exhaustividad); + System.out.println("Medida-F: " + medida_F); + + System.out.println(); + System.out.println("-------------------------------------------------------"); + System.out.println(); + + } + } + + public static void Lista_Resultado_Ordenado() { + + LResultados = new ArrayList<>(); + + for (int i = 0; i < MiColeccion.getLDocumentos().size(); i++) { + + if (MiMatriz.getDistancia(i) > 0.5) { //Se recuperan los que la distancia sea > 0 (umbral) + Resultado unResult = new Resultado(MiColeccion.getLDocumentos(i), MiMatriz.getDistancia(i)); + LResultados.add(unResult); + } + } + + for (int j = 0; j < LResultados.size() - 1; j++) { // ordena los resultados de mayor a menor + for (int k = j + 1; k < LResultados.size(); k++) { + + if (LResultados.get(j).getSimilitud() < LResultados.get(k).getSimilitud()) { + Resultado resul_temp1 = LResultados.get(j); + Resultado resul_temp2 = LResultados.get(k); + LResultados.set(j, resul_temp2); + LResultados.set(k, resul_temp1); + } + } + } + + + //Mostrar_Result(); + } + + public static void Mostrar_Result() { + + for (int k = 0; k < LResultados.size(); k++) { + System.out.print(LResultados.get(k).getDoc().getIdentificador() + ": "); + System.out.println(); + System.out.print(LResultados.get(k).getSimilitud()); + System.out.println(); + System.out.println(); + } + + + } + + public static void Calcular_Doc_Rel_Recup() { + } +} diff --git a/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/src/ISL/Resultado.java b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/src/ISL/Resultado.java new file mode 100755 index 0000000..3c7e281 --- /dev/null +++ b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Adanay/src/ISL/Resultado.java @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +/* + * To change this template, choose Tools | Templates + * and open the template in the editor. + */ +package ISL; + +import Fichero.Documento; + +/** + * + * @author ADANAY + */ +public class Resultado { + + private Documento Doc; + private double similitud; + + public Resultado(Documento Doc, double similitud) { + this.Doc = Doc; + this.similitud = similitud; + } + + public Documento getDoc() { + return Doc; + } + + public void setDoc(Documento Doc) { + this.Doc = Doc; + } + + public double getSimilitud() { + return similitud; + } + + public void setSimilitud(double similitud) { + this.similitud = similitud; + } + + +} diff --git a/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Amaury/Grafos de las matrices/MF-C.bmp b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Amaury/Grafos de las matrices/MF-C.bmp new file mode 100755 index 0000000..358e2ce Binary files /dev/null and b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Amaury/Grafos de las matrices/MF-C.bmp differ diff --git a/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Amaury/Grafos de las matrices/MI-C.bmp b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Amaury/Grafos de las matrices/MI-C.bmp new file mode 100755 index 0000000..16eb1ad Binary files /dev/null and b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Amaury/Grafos de las matrices/MI-C.bmp differ diff --git a/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Amaury/Modelo matemático/Modelo_matem_tico.jar b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Amaury/Modelo matemático/Modelo_matem_tico.jar new file mode 100755 index 0000000..e46e0a5 Binary files /dev/null and b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Amaury/Modelo matemático/Modelo_matem_tico.jar differ diff --git a/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Amaury/Modelo matemático/README.TXT b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Amaury/Modelo matemático/README.TXT new file mode 100755 index 0000000..b7b990a --- /dev/null +++ b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Amaury/Modelo matemático/README.TXT @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +======================== +BUILD OUTPUT DESCRIPTION +======================== + +When you build an Java application project that has a main class, the IDE +automatically copies all of the JAR +files on the projects classpath to your projects dist/lib folder. The IDE +also adds each of the JAR files to the Class-Path element in the application +JAR files manifest file (MANIFEST.MF). + +To run the project from the command line, go to the dist folder and +type the following: + +java -jar "Modelo_matem_tico.jar" + +To distribute this project, zip up the dist folder (including the lib folder) +and distribute the ZIP file. + +Notes: + +* If two JAR files on the project classpath have the same name, only the first +JAR file is copied to the lib folder. +* Only JAR files are copied to the lib folder. +If the classpath contains other types of files or folders, these files (folders) +are not copied. +* If a library on the projects classpath also has a Class-Path element +specified in the manifest,the content of the Class-Path element has to be on +the projects runtime path. +* To set a main class in a standard Java project, right-click the project node +in the Projects window and choose Properties. Then click Run and enter the +class name in the Main Class field. Alternatively, you can manually type the +class name in the manifest Main-Class element. diff --git a/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Amaury/Modelo matemático/lib/AbsoluteLayout.jar b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Amaury/Modelo matemático/lib/AbsoluteLayout.jar new file mode 100755 index 0000000..343dc2e Binary files /dev/null and b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Amaury/Modelo matemático/lib/AbsoluteLayout.jar differ diff --git a/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Leysi/Aplicacion.rar b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Leysi/Aplicacion.rar new file mode 100755 index 0000000..35c8ed3 Binary files /dev/null and b/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Leysi/Aplicacion.rar differ diff --git a/para Zulimary de luci/1 Memorias Escritas Primera Edición/Software Leysi/léeme.txt b/para Zulimary 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